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Cholera
Cholera is an acute intestinal infection caused by ingesting the Vibrio cholerae bacteria. It has caused several pandemics throughout history and is still prevalent in low-income and developing areas with poor sanitation. The disease causes profuse watery diarrhea which can lead to severe dehydration and death if untreated. While symptoms are often mild, transmission is through contaminated food or water. Treatment focuses on oral rehydration and antibiotics can reduce symptoms. Prevention relies on access to clean water, food safety, and basic hygiene.
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Cholera
- 2. OVERVIEW • Define cholera •Hystory • Vibrio cholerea • Physiology • Symptoms • Transmission • Vaccine • Treatment • Conclusion
- 3. Vibrio Cholerae What is cholera? •Cholera is an acute intestinal infection that occurs when a certain bacteria is ingested. • This disease is hard to diagnose.
- 4. HISTORY • Filippo Pacini discoveredcholera in 1854. • He discovered and studied the bacteria with a microscope.
- 5. • Origins fromIndia, cases reported in 1563 • About 8 pandemics are indicated in world: • 1817- 1823 : First Pandemic • 1829- 1850 : Second Pandemic • 1852- 1860 : Third Pandemic * Pacini • 1863- 1879 : Fourth Pandemic • 1881- 1896 : Fifth Pandemic *conclusively by Koch • 1899- 1923 : Sixth Pandemic • 1961 : Seventh Pandemic • 1992 : Eighth Pandemic • According to the WHO, 56,958 cases of cholera were reported in 2007.
- 6. Vibrio Cholerae Taxonomy • Reign:Bacteria • Phylum: Proteobacterea • Class: Gama Proteobacterea • Order: Vibreonales • Family: Vibrionacea • Genus: Vibreo • Species: Vibrio Cholerae
- 7. PHYSIOLOGY • Curved rods •Motile via polar flagellum • Facultative anaerobic • Toxigenic (AB) • No capsulated, no sporing • Growth stimulated by NaCl • pH (6 – 10) • Temperature (18 – 37)ºC
- 8. symptoms • Dehydration • Irritability •Drowsiness • Dry/shriveled skin • vascular collapse • An irregular heart beat The symptoms of cholera include :
- 9. profuse, watery diarrhea stomach pains leg crampsMild fever Vomiting Sunken eyes and cheeks Having a dry mouth with extreme thirst Decreased urinary output symptoms
- 10.
- 11. Transmissions • Cholera isnot a contagious disease: we can’t “catch” cholera. • Vibrio Cholerae is transmitted by: Drinking contaminated water Eating raw or undercooked foods ex: shellfish
- 12. Where is cholera mostcommon? • Cholera is most common in low- income areas and in 3rd world countries. • Cholera is more prevalent in areas where a natural disaster has occurred.
- 13. What is themortality incidence of cholera? • Untreated cases: Average- 50% Epidemics- 90% • Treated cases: Less than 1%
- 14. Vaccine for cholera •There is a vaccine for cholera, but it only gives you 25% to 50% immunity from the disease.
- 15. Oral rehydration salts •Up to 80% of cases can be treated through this. Intravenous fluids (Ringer lactate) • For severe cases. Antimicrobial Therapy • can diminish duration of diarrhea, reduce volume of rehydration fluids needed, and shorten duration of V. cholerae excretion. TREATMENT
- 16. PREVENTION • Basic healtheducation and hygiene • Chemoprophylaxis • Provision of safe water and sanitation • The bacterium doesn’t like acid environment “block with acidic water and acid food… CONCLUSION