A PowerPoint describing what Cholera is and the effects it has on people. Graphs showing cases and deaths around the world are shown as well as a case study of Cholera in Zimbabwe.
A PowerPoint describing what Cholera is and the effects it has on people. Graphs showing cases and deaths around the world are shown as well as a case study of Cholera in Zimbabwe.
Cholera is a acute diarrhoeal disease caused by Vibrio cholerae.
Majority of infection are mild or asymptomatic.
IV B.PHARM, 8-SEMESTER ,SOCIAL AND PREVENTIVE PHARMACY.
CHOLERA DISESASE
DEFINITION, SYMPTOMS, CAUSES, TREATMENT, PREVENTION.
Cholera is devastating diarrheal disease caused by V. Cholerae that has been responsible for seven global pandemics.
Epidemic cholera remains a significant public health concern in the developing world today.
Cholera is a acute diarrhoeal disease caused by Vibrio cholerae.
Majority of infection are mild or asymptomatic.
IV B.PHARM, 8-SEMESTER ,SOCIAL AND PREVENTIVE PHARMACY.
CHOLERA DISESASE
DEFINITION, SYMPTOMS, CAUSES, TREATMENT, PREVENTION.
Cholera is devastating diarrheal disease caused by V. Cholerae that has been responsible for seven global pandemics.
Epidemic cholera remains a significant public health concern in the developing world today.
This talks about the HAV, HBV and HCV , intro, properties, epidemiology and transmission, pathogenesis , clinical findings , laboratory diagnosis, and prevention
A bunch of topic were selected for our subject Communicable Diseases, surprisingly I picked up "Cholera El tor"...
I have done enough research regarding this topic from Brunner and Suddarths MedSurg books and other resources. I collated the ideas and came up to this presentation...
Hope it will be able to help my colleagues, students and those people who needs to know the what, why's, and how of Cholera!
xoxo ^___^
Vibrio cholera and Halophilic vibrio.pptDrmayuribhise
A 4-year-old boy developed severe watery diarrhea and vomiting. The stool collected has a rice water type of appearance. It was sent for bacteriological analysis.
a. What is the probable etiological diagnosis of this condition?
b. Describe in detail the pathogenesis of this condition.
c. Add a note on its laboratory diagnosis.
Which of the following media can be used as transport medium for vibrio?
a. Selenite F broth
b. Nutrient broth
c. Tetrathionate broth
d. Venkatraman–Ramakrishnan medium
All of the following tests can differentiate between classical and El Tor biotypes of V. cholerae, except:
a. β-hemolysis on sheep blood agar
b. Chick erythrocyte agglutination
c. Growth on TCBS agar
d. Polymyxin B (50 IU)
Pathogenesis of V. cholerae involves one of the following second messenger systems:
a. cGMP
b. cAMP
c. Ca2+
d. IP3
Selective media for Vibrio cholerae:
a. TCBS
b. Mannitol salt agar
c. Robertson cooked meat medium
d. Modified Thayer Martin medium
All of the following Vibrio species are halophilic, except:
a. V. cholerae
b. V. parahaemolyticus
c. V. alginolyticus
d. V. vulnificus
O139 (Bengal strain)—all are true, except:
a. Capsulated
b. Toxigenic
c. Clinically similar to El Tor
d. More common than El Tor
All are selective media for V. cholerae, except:
Alkaline peptone water
Alkaline bile salt agar
TCBS agar
Monsur’s agar (GTTTA) medium
Which of the following confirms the isolate of V. cholerae as Hikojima serotype?
a. If agglutinated with Ogawa antisera
b. If agglutinated with Inaba antisera
c. If agglutinated with Hikojima antisera
d. If agglutinated with both Ogawa and Inaba antisera
Gram negative
Rigid, curved rods
“Vibrio” – vibratory motility
Non - sporing
Non - capsulated
Present in marine environments & surface waters worldwide
1854 – observed by Pacini
1883 – first isolated by Koch
Vibrio cholerae Top
V. cholerae was first described as the cause of cholera by Pacini in 1854. Pathogenic V. cholerae
produces a heat-sensitive enterotoxin that causes the characteristic cholera symptoms, including
"rice water stool." The species comprises several somatic (O) antigen groups, including O-group1, which is associated with classical and El Tor biotypes. V. cholerae Ol may have several
serotypes, including Inaba, Ogawa, and Hikojima. V. cholerae non-O1 (referred to in older
literature as nonagglutinable or NAG vibrios) also can cause gastrointestinal disease, though
typically less severe than that caused by V. cholerae O1 (Yamamoto et al., 1983). Serotype O139
is an exception, and produces classic cholera symptoms. This serotype was first identified in
1992 (CWG, 1933) as the cause of a new epidemic of cholera in India and Bangladesh. Non-O1
V. cholerae is found more readily in estuarin! e waters and seafood in the United States than is
the Ol serogroup; however, the 0139 serogroup has not yet been found here. Because this species
can grow in media lacking sodium chloride, it is not considered a halophilic Vibr
Cholera is an acute diarrheal illness caused by infection of the intestine with Vibrio cholerae bacteria. People can get sick when they swallow food or water contaminated with cholera bacteria. The infection is often mild or without symptoms, but can sometimes be severe and life-threatening.
this presentation show information about skin disease as scabies , impetigo ,small pox ,-pityriasis versicolor and anthrax with discuss their diagnosis ,treatment and other.
a lot in information in simple way.
this article include useful information about antibiotic working in DNA inhibitor may direct action as sulfonamide or indirect action as fluroquinolone groups.
the presentation show mechanism of actions,uses , adverse effect ,also resistance and pharma-cokinetic properties of each drug.
in simple way and a lot of picture to describe information this work is done .
thanks
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
4. Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal disease can kill
within hours if left untreated. Cholera is caused by
ingestion of food or water contaminated with the
bacterium “ Vibrio cholerae”.
5. Two serogroups of and
cause outbreaks.
causes the majority of outbreaks, while –– is
confined to South-East Asia.
can cause mild diarrhoea but do not
generate epidemics.
new variant strains have been detected in several parts of Asia
and Africa. Observations suggest that these strains cause more severe
cholera with higher case fatality rates.
Cholerae strains
6. The main reservoirs of V. cholerae are people
and aquatic sources such as brackish water
and estuaries, often associated with algal
blooms. Recent studies indicate that global
warming creates a favourable environment
forthe bacteria.
7. ingestion of food or water contaminated with the bacterium stomach
The small intestine (thick mucus to get to the intestinal walls,that lines the
small intestine )cholerae bacteria start up production of the hollow
cylindrical protein flagellin to make flagella , the curly whip-like
tails, cholerae start producing the toxic proteins that give the infected
person a watery diarrhea. This carries the multiplying new
generations of V. The cholera toxin (CTX or CT) is an oligomeric
complex made up of six protein subunits: a single copy of the A
subunit (part A), and five copies of the B subunit (part B), connected
by a disulfide bond.
8. Among people who develop
symptoms,
80% have mild or moderate
symptoms,
while around 20% develop
acute watery diarrhoea
with severe dehydration.
This can lead to death if
untreated.
9. clinical diagnosis may be made by taking a history and doing a briefexamination
A rapid dip-stick test is available to determine the presence of V. cholerae
Stool and swab samples collected in the acute stage of the disease
The special media have been employed for the cultivation for cholera vibrios. are classified as
follows:
Enrichment media
Alkaline peptone water at pH 8.6
Monsur's taurocholate tellurite peptone water at pH 9.2
Plating media
Alkaline bile salt agar (BSA): The colonies are very similar to those on nutrient agar.
Monsur's gelatin Tauro cholate trypticase tellurite agar (GTTA) medium: Cholera
produce translucent colonies with a greyish black center.
TCBS medium: This the mostly widely used medium; it contains thiosulphate, citrate,
bile salts and sucrose. Cholera vibrios produce flat 2–3 mm in diameter, yellow
nucleated colonies.
Direct microscopy of stool is not recommended, as it is unreliable.
Diagnosis can be confirmed, as well, as serotyping done by agglutination with specific
sera.
10. Treatment
Cholera is an easily treatable disease . Up to
80% of people can be treated successfully
through prompt administration of oral
rehydration salts ,There are an estimated 3–5
million cholera cases and 100 000–120 000
deaths due to cholera every year. Treatment
is usually started without or before
confirmation by laboratory analysis.
13. In most cases, cholera can be successfully treated with oral
rehydration therapy (ORT), which is highly effective, safe,
and simple to administer. Rice-based solutions are preferred
to glucose-based ones due to greater efficacy. In severe cases
with significant dehydration, intravenous rehydration may be
necessary. Ringer's lactate is the preferred solution
If commercially produced oral rehydration solutions are too
expensive or difficult to obtain, solutions can be made. One
such recipe calls for 1 liter of boiled water, 1 teaspoon of salt,
8 teaspoons of sugar, and added mashed banana for
potassium and to improve taste]
Fluids
16. Electrolytes
As there frequently is initially acidosis, the potassium level
may be normal, even though large losses have occurred.As
the dehydration is corrected, potassium levels may decrease
rapidly, and thus need to be replaced.
18. Antibiotic treatments for one to three days shorten the course of
the disease and reduce the severity of the symptoms.
People will recover without them, however, if sufficient hydration.
Doxycycline is typically used first line, although some strains of
V. cholerae have shown resistance.
Other antibiotics that have been proven effective include
1-cotrimoxazole, erythromycin,
2-tetracycline, chloramphenicol,
3- furazolidone.
4-Fluoroquinolones, such as norfloxacin.
In many areas of the world, antibiotic resistance is increasing ,New
generation antimicrobials have been discovered which are
effective against in in vitro studies.
19. Oral cholera vaccines
There are two types of safe and effective oral cholera
vaccines currently available on the market. Both
are whole-cell killed vaccines, one with a
recombinant B-sub unit, the other without. Both
have sustained protection of over 50% lasting for
two years in endemic settings.
One vaccine (Dukoral) is WHO prequalified and
licensed in over 60 countries. has been shown to
provide short-term protection of 85–90%against V.
cholerae O1 among all age groups at 4–6 months
following immunization
20. The other vaccine (Shanchol) is pending WHO
prequalification and provides longer-term
protection against V. cholerae O1 and O139 in
children under five years of age.
Both vaccines are administered in two doses
given between seven days and six weeks apart.