Cholera is an infection of the small intestine caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. The main symptoms are profuse watery diarrhea and vomiting, which can lead to rapid dehydration. Transmission is primarily through consuming contaminated drinking water or food infected with the Vibrio cholerae bacteria. Treatment involves oral rehydration solutions and antibiotics for severe cases.

1. Cholera is an infection of the small intestine caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae . The main symptoms are profuse watery diarrhea and vomiting. Transmission is primarily through consuming contaminated drinking water or food. The severity of the diarrhea and vomiting can lead to rapid dehydration. Primary treatment is with oral dehydration solution and if these are not tolerated fluids, Antibiotics are beneficial in those with severe disease. Worldwide it affects 3-5 million people and causes 100,000-130,000 deaths a year as of 2010. Cholera was one of the earliest infections to be studied by epidemiological methods . CHOLERA

2. The Russian-born bacteriologist Waldemar Haffkine developed the first cholera vaccine around 1900. The bacterium had been originally isolated forty five years earlier (1855) by Italian Filippo Pacini, but its exact nature and his results were not widely known. One of the major contributions to fighting cholera was made by the physician and pioneer medical scientist John Snow (1813–1858), who in 1854 found a link between cholera and contaminated drinking water. DISCOVERED

3. Waldemar Mordecai Wolff Haffkine ,

4. Cholera is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholera. This bacterium can, however, live naturally in aquatic environments. Vibrio cholerae (also Kommabacillus ) is a gram negative comma-shaped bacterium with a polar flagellum that causes cholera in humans. In this model, the genetic deficiency in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator channel proteins interferes with bacteria binding to the gastrointestinal epithelium, thus reducing the effects of an infection. CAUSING ORGANISM

5. The bacterium Vibrio cholerae

6. A person with severe dehydration due to cholera. Note the sunken eyes and decreased skin turgor which produces wrinkled hands The primary symptoms of cholera are profuse painless diarrhea and vomiting of clear fluid. These symptoms usually start suddenly, one to five days after ingestion of the bacteria. The diarrhea is frequently described as "rice water" in nature and may have a fishy odor. An untreated person with cholera may produce 10-20 liters of diarrhea a day. For every symptomatic person there are 3 to 100 people who get the infection. SIGNS AND SYMBOLS

7. Cholera is typically transmitted by either contaminated food or water. Transmission is primarily due to the fecal contamination of food and water. In the developed world, seafood is the usual cause, while in the developing world it is more often water. People infected with cholera often have diarrhea, and if this highly liquid stool, colloquially referred to as "rice-water," contaminates water used by others, disease transmission may occur. The source of the contamination is typically other cholera sufferers when their untreated diarrhea discharge is allowed to get into waterways or into groundwater or drinking water. TRANSMISSION

8. A number of safe and effective oral vaccines for cholera are available an orally administered, inactivated whole cell vaccine, has an efficacy of 85%, with minimal side effects. It is available in over 60 countries. However, it is not currently recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for most people traveling from the United States to the third world. One injectable vaccine was found to be effective for two to three years. It has limited availability. however, as of 2010. Work is under way to investigate the role of mass vaccination. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends immunization of high risk groups. TREATMENT

9. VACCINATION Cholera may be life-threatening, prevention of the disease is normally straightforward if proper sanitation practices are followed. In developed countries, due to nearly universal advanced water treatment and sanitation practices, cholera is no longer a major health threat. The last major outbreak of cholera in the United States occurred in 1910-1911. Fluids: Rice-based solutions are preferred to glucose-based ones due to greater efficacy. A ntibiotics: A ntibiotic treatments for one to three days shorten the course of the disease and reduce the severity of the symptoms.

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