Batching section is the first section to produce jute yarn in spinning section. The jute or bale of jute which is selected for the preparation of yarn with specific quality standards and required count in the combination of different qualities of jute for making yarn according to the customer's demand is called the said yarn batch. This presentation is specially about the jute batching, next presentation is coming about the jute softener machine and spreader machine.
Hairiness is characterized by the quantity of freely moving fibre ends or fibre loops projecting from a yarn or textile fabric (woven, knitted or non woven fabrics).
In term of measurement Hairiness corresponds to the total length of the protruding fibres in unit length of one centimeter.
Batching section is the first section to produce jute yarn in spinning section. The jute or bale of jute which is selected for the preparation of yarn with specific quality standards and required count in the combination of different qualities of jute for making yarn according to the customer's demand is called the said yarn batch. This presentation is specially about the jute batching, next presentation is coming about the jute softener machine and spreader machine.
Hairiness is characterized by the quantity of freely moving fibre ends or fibre loops projecting from a yarn or textile fabric (woven, knitted or non woven fabrics).
In term of measurement Hairiness corresponds to the total length of the protruding fibres in unit length of one centimeter.
Warp knitting is a family of knitting methods in which the yarn zigzags along the length of the fabric, i.e., following adjacent columns ("wales") of knitting, rather than a single row ("course"). For comparison, knitting across the width of the fabric is called weft knitting.Warp knitting machines--needles are mounted collectively and rigidly in a horizontal metal bar (the needle bar that runs the full knitting width of the machine).
In this presentation , i am trying to present some basic information about terry towel. Such as - Manufacturing flow chart,Types of yarn used , different parts of towel, pile structure, Design of terry through CAD software, types of selvage etc.
Sizing is the process of giving a protective coating on the warp yarn to minimize yarn breakage during weaving.
Sizing is the most important operation in preparing warp yarn for weaving especially with cotton yarn. The smallest error in sizing process may be very harmful. This may increase warp breakage rate on the looms and consequently reduce weaving production and quality. Therefore sizing is termed as the “Heart of Weaving”.
In the last two decades, spectacular progress has been made in the field of weaving technology and the most significant being the replacement of convectional looms by shuttleless looms for increasing productivity and quality of the end product. New developments in weaving have taken place in such a direction, which ensures reduced time, energy and cost involved. Heavy mechanical parts are now being replaced with electronic or microprocessor controlled alternatives.
Warp knitting is a family of knitting methods in which the yarn zigzags along the length of the fabric, i.e., following adjacent columns ("wales") of knitting, rather than a single row ("course"). For comparison, knitting across the width of the fabric is called weft knitting.Warp knitting machines--needles are mounted collectively and rigidly in a horizontal metal bar (the needle bar that runs the full knitting width of the machine).
In this presentation , i am trying to present some basic information about terry towel. Such as - Manufacturing flow chart,Types of yarn used , different parts of towel, pile structure, Design of terry through CAD software, types of selvage etc.
Sizing is the process of giving a protective coating on the warp yarn to minimize yarn breakage during weaving.
Sizing is the most important operation in preparing warp yarn for weaving especially with cotton yarn. The smallest error in sizing process may be very harmful. This may increase warp breakage rate on the looms and consequently reduce weaving production and quality. Therefore sizing is termed as the “Heart of Weaving”.
In the last two decades, spectacular progress has been made in the field of weaving technology and the most significant being the replacement of convectional looms by shuttleless looms for increasing productivity and quality of the end product. New developments in weaving have taken place in such a direction, which ensures reduced time, energy and cost involved. Heavy mechanical parts are now being replaced with electronic or microprocessor controlled alternatives.
Jute Industry, an Online B2B Marketplace providing relevant and detailed information on a wide variety of jute products like Jute Bags, Jute Handicrafts, Jute Apparels, Jute Textiles, and so. This B2B marketplace is also a gateway to reach reliable manufacturers & suppliers of jute products.
The two types of jute/cotton blended yarn whose jute and cotton fibres were respectively blended at the opening and drawing stages were spun by using the ring & Rotor spinning technology.In this report we know about the different operational sector for the producing cotton-jute blended yarn, Fabric. Also understand about the different product, which produce by the cotton-jute blended fabric.
Jute and Coir Products with Cultivation and ProcessingAjjay Kumar Gupta
Jute & Coir are one of the important fibre crops in India. India is the largest producer of Jute & Coir, contributing more than 60% of the total world production. Besides being the cheapest and the most important material of all textile fibers, Jute & Coir products are bio-degradable eco-friendly with numerous environmental advantages. The Demand of Jute and Coir Products are increasing rapidly because of their environment friendly nature. Jute is one of the most affordable natural fibers and is second only to cotton in amount produced and variety of uses of vegetable fibers. Jute fibers are composed primarily of the plant materials cellulose and lignin. Jute is the name of the plant or fiber that is used to make burlap, hessian or gunny cloth. Coir is a versatile natural fibre extracted from mesocarp tissue, or husk of the coconut fruit. Generally fibre is of golden color when cleaned after removing from coconut husk; and hence named as “The Golden Fibre".
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Activated carbon is a non-graphitic form of carbon, which could be produced by activation of any carbonaceous material such as jute sticks, coconut shells, bamboo, wood chips, sawdust, coal, lignite, paddy husk etc. Without adding any additives, chemicals or bonding agents, our Charcoal Powder is completely natural and odor-free. By reducing waste discharged into the environment, or rather, by making full use of our resources, makes Charcoal Powder environmental friendly, and the world, a better place to live.
The Charcoal Powder itself has numerous of pores, the Charcoal Powder pores can effectively to suck air and all kinds of floating material, to sulfide, hydride, methanol, benzene, phenol and other harmful chemical substances to absorption, decomposition odor and deodorization.
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Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
3. Jute Spinning Technology
Jute is long soft, shiny vegetable fiber that can be spun into yarn. Jute is one of the
cheapest natural fibers. Raw jute in the form of bales are processed in jute mills to
produce Hessian, sacking, jute yarn, bags, and other useful products. Raw jute bales from
jute fields or suppliers, carried by trucks are unloaded are stacked in the jute mills
godown.
Characteristics of Jute Fibre:
Jute is a long, soft, shiny fibre that can be spun into coarse, strong threads. It is one of the
cheapest natural fibres, and is second only to cotton in amount produced and variety of
uses :
Jute fibres are composed primarily of the plant materials cellulose, lignin, and pectin. Both
the fibre and the plant from which it comes are commonly called jute.
Jute Spinning Technology
4. Jute
Jute is a long, soft, shiny vegetable fiber that can be spun into coarse, strong
threads. It is produced from plants in the genus Corchorus, family Tiliaceae.
Jute is one of the cheapest natural fibres
5. Raw jute in the form of
bales are processed in
jute mills to produce
hessian, sacking, jute
yarn, bags, and other
useful products. Raw
jute bales from jute
fields or suppliers,
carried by trucks are
unloaded are stacked in
the jute mills gowdown.
Jute fibres are composed primarily of the plant materials cellulose (major
component of plant fibre) and lignin (major components wood fibre). It is thus a
ligno-cellulosic fibre that is partially a textile fibre and partially wood. It falls into
the bast fibre category (fibre collected from bast or skin of the plant) along with
kenaf, industrial hemp, flax (linen), ramie, etc. The industrial term for jute fibre
is raw jute. The fibres are off-white to brown, and 1–4 meters (3–12 feet) long.
Jute
11. Bangla White Jute –
White /Creamy White/Light
Cream/Straw / Light Grey/Light
Reddish Or Any color.
Generally raw jute is divided into two main categories:
Bangla Tossa Jute -
Golden/Red/Grey/Coppery Grey/Mixed
in Color.
Raw Jute Fiber Grading:
12. Physical properties:
1. Specific gravity- 1.48
2. Moisture – St. M.R 13.75 & absorb 35 – 40% water of its dry weight.
3. Strength- Tenacity-dry 3.5-5 g/d wet lower than dry.
4. Elasticity-Breaking extension – 1.8% Recovery (%) very low. For high tenacity,
less extension, high stiffness Jute fibres is brittle & can holds less twist. So
Emulsion is
5. added to make it soft.
6. Specific heat is 0.325
7. Resiliency-bad, Abrasion resistance moderate, Dimensional stability-good.
13. Chemical properties:
1. Effect of bleaches: Not affect by oxidizing or reducing bleaches.
2. Acids & Alkalis: Easily damaged by hot dilute or cold concentrated acids. Resistant
3. to alkalis.
4. Organic solvents: Resistant to organic solvents.
5. Sun light & heat: Poor resistant scorches at high temperature.
6. Resistant to stains: Poor resistant to water borne stains.
7. Biological properties: Scoured jute has good to excellent resistant to
microorganisms
8. & insects.
9. Heat: Burns rapidly, Soldering red after glow.
10. Conductivity: Moderate conductor of electricity & heat.
15. Count:
The weight in lb of 1 spindle or 14,400 of jute yarn is the count of that yarn.
Batch:
A blend of different types of jute is made up to suit the particular class of yarns
being spun, this blend is known as batch.
i.e. In batch the no. of bales of jute is selected for making a particular type of
yarn.
For example, to produce 8 lbs/ spindle Hessian warp yarn, the batch is
Count:
16. Batching:
All the process preparatory to carding includes in the batching. It is the primary
stage of jute processing.
Object of batching:
1. To help the fiber movement freely during processing.
2. To get expected dampness and flexibility.
3. To reduce harshness or stiffness.
4. To control and reduce the yarn cost.
5. To reduce waste.
6. To intermix the batch component effectively.
7. To produce improve graded yarn.
Batching:
17. 1. Cost of raw materials.
2. Physical properties and quality of jute
3. Availability of jute.
4. Quality of yarn being spun.
5. The processing machineries.
6. Suitability of spinning and weaving.
7. Customers demand.
8. Cost of production.
Factors considered for batch selection
18. Emulsion:
A mixture of some lubricating agents which is applied on jute fiber to make the
fiber soft and flexible.
An emulsion is an intimate mixture of two immiscible liquid where one is
dispersed in small globules on the other and addition of a third substance brings
stability. Emulsion is made by splitting up oil into minute drops which are
prevented from reuniting in water.
General recipe:
Water 73%
Oil 25.4%
Emulsifier 1.6%
Emulsifier: Emulsifiers are surface active agents. These are soaps, detergents,
wetting agents.
Emulsion:
19. 1. It should be stable for certain time.
2. It should have no bed effect on jute fiber.
3. It should be colorless.
4. It should have high softening capacity.
5. The droplet of emulsion should be so small that it can easily
penetrate on the fiber.
6. It must be odor less.
7. It must be cheap and available.
Characteristics of good quality emulsion:
20. Requirements of good batching oil:
1. It must have no harmful effect on jute fiber.
2. Its color must be acceptable so that it does not stain on the fiber.
3. There must be no danger of spontaneous combustion.
4. It should not be rancid or sticky on storage.
5. It must be cheap and plentiful in supply.
6. It should have low viscosity.
7. It should have high lubricating value.
Requirements of good batching oil:
21. Function of oil:
1. It lubricates the fiber.
2. It helps free movement of fiber during processing.
3. It cleans pins and rollers of the machine.
4. It makes fiber soft and gives good spinning property.
Function of water:
1. It increases extensibility of fiber which resists fiber breakage during
processing.
2. It gives sufficient dampness and flexibility.
Function of emulsifier:
1. It removes temporary hardness of water.
2. It reduces surface tension.
3. It stabilizes the emulsion.
Function of urea:
1. It helps easy penetration of emulsion into the fiber.
2. It helps the fiber to be softening quickly.
3. It reduces maturity time to half generally fiber is stored 48 hrs incase of
normal emulsion. When emulsion contain urea, it keeps maturity time 24
hrs.
Function of emulsion ingredients:
22. 1. Creaming: when an emulsion is prepared, it is impossible to make all the drops
exactly same size, some will be much smaller than others and there will be a few
quite large drops. In general, the smaller the drops and the less scatter there is in
their diameters the better is the emulsion. If there are a number of comparatively
large drops of oil they will slowly rise to the top of the emulsion because of their
lower specific gravity until a layer of them forms at the surface of the emulsion.
This is known as “creaming”. This can be overcome by arranging a slow-running
paddle to keep the contents of all emulsion stage tank in gentle motion as
creaming will only occur in a standing emulsion.
2. Breaking: breaking can be regarded as the opposite of emulsification where the
droplets of the internal oil phase unite to form large drops which then float to the
surface of the emulsion. It is a sign of complete instability in the emulsion and
once begun cannot be arrested. No amount of re-agitation will split these drops
once they have formed and a broken emulsion is useless.
Defects in emulsions:
23. Types of emulsion making machine:
1. Paddle mixer and agitators – (OD batch mixture m/c)
2. Homogenizers.
3. Colloid mills.
4. Ultrasonic emulsion plant.
Types of emulsion making machine:
24. OD Automatic Batch Mixer:
Specification:
1. Capacity of mixing cylinder: 1000L
2. Motor for paddle(1 HP)
3. Volume of machine: Length 5’’-3’’, width 2”-2 ¾,Height 5”-10”.
4. Power of production:1-6 tones/hr.
‘OD’ batch mixer is a simple automatic m/c for producing batching emulsion for
jute. The percentage of emulsifier, oil and water are measured accurately and
automatically by volume.
The percentage of oil and emulsifier can be adjusted easily by setting the pointers
on oil and emulsifier scale. When adjusted, the machine automatically adds the
required percentage of water to complete 1000L. Once the required percentages
are set, the machine will automatically continue to measure and mix these
percentages each time.
OD Automatic Batch Mixer:
25. After all the ingredients are added, the agitator or paddle starts to rotate at a high
r.p.m. then emulsion is formed which is then stored to the storage tank under the
mixing tank.
OD Automatic Batch Mixer:
26. 1. Single softener M/c,.
2. Tandem softener m/c.
3. Good softener m/c.
Jute softener machine:
27. Single softener m/c:
Construction:
These machines consist of 24-64pairs of rollers and these rollers are spirally
fluted and jute goes through them. A feed sheet and a delivery sheet is placed
before feed rollers and after deliver rollers respectively.
Single softener m/c:
28. Working principle:
1. In this machine, material is feed manually on feed sheet.
2. Then the material goes throw a series of spirally flutted rollers. Spirally flutted
rollers have right hand and left hand spiral flutes alternatively.
3. After passing 1/3 area between the feed rollers and delivery roller emulsion is
applied over material, which soften jute and a tray below the machine collects
excess emulsion.
4. Then through the delivery roller, the material is delivered from delivery sheet.
Working principle:
29. Pilling or conditioning:
The process by which after applied emulsion, jute fiber is stored at a specific
condition for certain time is called pilling.
Objects:
1. To soften and split up of jute fiber.
2. To loosen the fiber.
3. To convert the rooty material into spinnable fiber.
Pilling or conditioning:
31. Carding:
Carding is a combining operation where jute reeds are spitted and extraneous
matters are removed. Jute fibers are formed into ribbon called "sliver".
Breaker Carding :
In different jute mills the carding operations has been carried out in two ways:
a. Hand feed breaker carding
b. Rool feed breaker carding
The material after piling more than 24 hours is used in hand feed breaker where
the material after piling for 12 hours used in the rool feed carding.
Finisher Carding:
Finisher carding machine make the sliver more uniform and regular in length and
weight obtained from the Breaker carding machine. Finisher carding machine is
identical to the Breaker carding machine, having more pair of rollers, staves,
pinning arrangement and speed. Nearly 4 to 12 slivers obtained from Breaker
carding machine is fed on this machine. The material thus obtained is send to
drawing section.
Jute Spinning
32. Drawing:
Drawing is a process for reducing sliver width and thickness by simultaneously
mixing 4 to 6 sliver together. There are three types of Drawing Frame machine.
First Drawing:
The first drawing frame machines makes blending, equalizing the sliver and
doubling two or more slivers, level and provide quality and
colour. This machines includes delivery roller, pressing roller, retaining roller,
faller screw sliders, check spring, back spring, crimpling box etc.
Second Drawing:
In second drawing, the Second Drawing Frame machine obtain the sliver from
the First drawing machine. The Second Drawing machine makes more uniform
sliver and reduce the jute into a suitable size for third drawing.
Jute Spinning
33. Drawing Process (%) Productivity Mt/mc/shift
Ist Drawing 55 - 73 1.75 - 2.2
IInd Drawing 64 - 74 1.62 - 1.9
IIIrd Drawing 67 - 70 1.31 - 1.4
Third Drawing:
In the third drawing, the Third Drawing frame machine uses the sliver from second
drawing. The Third Drawing machine is of high speed makes the sliver more crimpled and
suitable for spinning. The comparison of the three drawing process:
Jute Spinning
34. Winding
Winding is a process which provides yarn as spools and cops for the requirement
of beaming and weaving operations. There are two types of winding :
(i) Spool Winding
(ii) and Cope Winding
Spoll Winding:
In Spool Winding yarn is produces for warp .Spool winding machine consists of a
number of spindles. .The Spool are used in making sheets of yarn to form warp
portion used during interlacement of weaving
Cop Winding:
Cop Winding machine obtain yarns from the spinning machines. The spinning
bobbins are placed on a suitable pin on top of the cop machine and yarn tension
is maintained by means of a small leaver.
Winding