1. Emulsion
Emulsion is a mixture of some lubricating agents which is applied on jute fibre
to make the fibre soft and flexible.
An emulsion is an intimate mixture of two immiscible liquids where one is
dispersed in small globules on the other and addition of a third. Substance
brings stability .emulsion is made by splitting up oil into minute drops which
are prevented from reuniting in water.
General recipe:
Water : 72.5%
Oil : 25.4%
Emulsifier : 1.6%
Urea : 0.5%
Emulsifier: Emulsifier is surface active agents. These are soaps, detergents,
wetting agents.
Characteristic of good quality emulsion:
 It should be stable for certain time.
 It should have no bed effect on jute fiber.
 It should be colorless.
 It should have high softening capacity.
 The droplet of emulsion should be so small that it can easily penetrate
in the fibre.
 It must be odorless.
 It must be cheap and available.
Requirements of good batching oil:
 It must have no harmful effect on jute fibre.
 Its color must be acceptable so that it does not sustain on the fibre.
 There must be no damage 0f spontaneous combination.
 It should not be rancid or sticky on storage.
 It must be cheap and plentiful in supply
 It should have low viscosity.
 It should have high lubricating value.

2.  FUNCTION OF EMULSION INGREDIENTS
Function of oil:
 It lubricates the fibre.
 It helps free movements of fibre during processing.
 It cleans pins and rollers of the machine.
 It makes fiber soft and gives good spinning property.
Function of water:
 It increases extensibility of fiber which resists fiber breakage during
processing,
 It gives sufficient dampness and flexibility.
Function of Emulsifier:
 It removes temporary hardness of water,
 It reduces surface tension,
 It stabilizes the emulsion.
Function of urea:
 It helps easy penetration of emulsion into the fiber.
 It helps the fibre to be soften quickly,
 It reduces maturity time to half.
Generally, fibre is stored 48 hours incase of normal emulsion. When
contain urea, it keeps maturity time 24 hours.
DEFECTS IN EMULSION
CREAMING:
When an emulsion is prepared it is impossible to make all the drops exactly the
same size, some will be much smaller than others and there will be a few quite
large drops .In general, the smaller the drops and the less scatter. There is in
their diameter the better is the emulsion. If there are a number of comparatively
large drops of oil they will slowly rise to the tops of the emulsion because of
their lower specific gravity until a large of them forms at the surface of the
emulsion. This is known as creaming. This can be overcome by arranging a
slow running paddle to keep the contents of all emulsion storage tank in gentle
motion as creaming will only occur in a standing emulsion.

3. BREAKING:
Breaking can be regarded as the opposite of emulsification where the droplets of
the internal oil phase unite to form large drops, which then float to the surface
of the emulsion. It is a sign of instability in the emulsion and once begun cannot
be arrested. No amount of re-agitation will split these drops once they have
formed and a broken emulsion is useless.
TYPES OF EMULSION MAKING MACHINE
 Paddle mixture and agitators-(OD batch mixer m/c),
 Homogenizers,
 Colloid mills,
 Ultra sonic emulsion plant.
Paddle mixture and agitators-(OD batch mixer m/c):
The simplest type of emulsifying plant and one that is common in jute industry
consists of a tank with a rotating paddle inside it .there are usually three tanks
situated above the mixing tank so that their contents can be fed to it by gravity
.the dimension of the are in direct proportion to the amounts needed for the
emulsion, one the hold water, another hold the oil, and the third the emulsifying
agent. To stop the content of the mixing tank swirling as a mass when the
paddle is running, baffles must be fitted to sides of the tank. These break up the
motion of the liquids and give the shearing action which is so necessary.
Fig: OD batch mixer m/c.

4. It is good practice to have a small well in the foot of the mixing tank with
emulsifier and water which are added first are mixed efficiently from the mixing
the emulsion is pumped to a storage tank this type of equipment will prepare
emulsion which are adequate for jute batching but, nevertheless, the emulsion
are not a high standard. Where an emulsion does not have to remain stable for
long periods of the time there is no need to install highly efficient emulsify
plant, and as most jute emulsions are used within a few hours of mixing adopt
the view that good emulsifying machinery is not too expensive and is worth
installing for the sank of getting correct emulsification with the minimum of
mistakes.
Viscolizer vacuum homogeneous emulsion machine:
Adopts upper coaxial tertiary mixer, hydraulic pressure lift cover opening,
rotate speed of rapid homogenate stirring0-4500r/Min (frequency control),
rotate speed of slow scrapping mixer10-100r/Min (frequency control), the
homogenate head adopts high shear turbulent emulsification mixer, slow
scrapping stirring automatic cling to the bottom of the pot and the
wall. Viscolizer vacuum homogeneous emulsion machine adopts vacuum
suction, vacuum suction, to powder material avoids dust flying specially. The
entire working procedure carries under vacuum condition, prevents the material
producing bubble after high speed stirring to reach sanitary and aseptic.
Fig: Viscolizer vacuum homogeneous emulsion machine.
This system equips with CIP cleaning system, the contact department of
vessel and material are SUS316L material, the internal surface mirror surface
polish 300EMSH (hygienic level) in order to guarantee the control section to be
stable.

5. COLLOID MILLS:
This machine are capable of producing extremely fine droplets and, like
homogenizers, they usually work on course pre mixed emulation, basically, the
machine consist of a high speed rotating disk on or cone fitting closely inside a
shield .The liquid passes between the disk & the shield and in so doing is
subjected to strong sharing forces which reduce the practical size .Collide mills
may carry out the work of emulsification or reduce the droplet size of a course
premixed emulsion.
Fig: Colloid mills for jute emulsion.
ULTRASONIC EMALCIFACIATION MACHINE:
A plant based on ultrasonic emulsification has been used for a few years .the
principal is analog that use a wood wind musical instruments in this air from
mouth is blow across thin reed causing it to vibrate .the vibration produce air
waves which the air interprets as a sound . Ultrasonic vibrations are similar
pressure waves but a frequency too great for the air to detect .in ultrasonic
homogenizer a jet of liquid strikes the edge of a thin blade, setting up vibrations
of the order of 22000c/s .these extremely rapid vibrations cause miniature
explosions’ whet in the liquid, tearing in to the fine drops.
Fig: Ultrasonic emulsification machine.