Joints connect bones and allow movement. There are 230 joints in the body which are classified structurally as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial joints depending on how the bones connect, and functionally as synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, or diarthrosis based on movement. Common joint disorders include sprains, dislocations, bursitis, tendonitis, and various forms of arthritis such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

1. JOINTS
By:- Yatendra Singh
Ph.D. (P), M. Pharm

2. Yatendra Singh
Introduction of Joints
Joint is a junction between two or
more bones or cartilages. It is a
device to permit movement.
With the exception of the hyoid
bone, every bone in the body is
connected to or forms a joint.
There are 230 joints in the body

3. Functions of joint
Hold the skeletal bones together.
Allow the skeleton some flexibility so gross movement can
occur.
Make bone growth possible.
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4. Classification of joints
Joint are classified into structural and functional.
Structural classification is determined by how the bones
connect to each other, while functional classification is
determined by the degree of movement between the
articulating bones.
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5. Structural Classification of Joints
 Fibrous
(Fixed)
A.Sutures
1. Plane
2. Squamous
3. Serrate
4. Dentate
5. Schindylesis
B. Gomphosis
C. Syndesmosis
Cartilaginous
(Slightly movable)
A. Primary
Cartilaginous joints
(Synchondrosis)
B. Secondary
Cartilaginous joints
(Symphysis)
 Synovial Freely
(movable)
1. Plane
2. Hinge
3. Pivot
4. Bicondylar
5. Ellipsoid
6. Saddle
7. Ball and socket
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6. Structural classification cont…
Fibrous Joints :- Bones are joined by
fibrous tissue/dense connective tissue, consisting mainly
of collagen. The fibrous joints are further divided into
three types:-
1. Sutures or synostoses :- Found between bones of the
skull. In fetal skulls the sutures are wide to allow slight
movement during birth. They later become rigid
(synarthrodial).
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7. Types of Sutures..
(lambdoid suture)
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8. 2. Syndesmoses are joints where two
adjacent bones are join together by a
greater amount of connective tissue than
in sutures in the form of interosseous
ligaments and membranes.
Eg-interosseous radioulanr
joint,interosseous tibiofibular joint.
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9. 3. Gomphoses :- It is a specialized
fibrous joint restricted to fixation of
teeth in alveolar sockets of the
maxilla or mandible. The root of
tooth is attached to the socket with
in alveolus by periodontal ligament.
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10. CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS
In this type of joint the bones are joined by cartilage.
There are two types of cartilaginous joints:
1. Primary cartilaginous joints
2. Secondary cartilaginous joints
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11. 1. Primary cartilaginous joints
joints - Known as "synchondroses".
Bones forming joints are connected by
a plate of hyaline cartilage. These
joints are immovable and mostly
temporary in nature. This cartilage
may ossify with age.
Examples in humans are the joint
between the first rib and the
manubrium of the sternum
Joint between epiphysis and diaphysis
of growing long bone.
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12. 2. Secondary cartilaginous joints
Known as "symphysis". In these joints the
articular surfaces of bone forming the joints are
covered by thin plates of hyaline cartilage,which
are connected by a disc of fibrocartilage.
Example:-symphysis pubis
Intervertebral disc
Manubriosternal joint
Symphysis menti.
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13. SYNOVIAL JOINTS
These joints possess a cavity and the articular ends of bones
forming the joint are enclosed in a fibrous capsule.As a result
they are seprated by a narrow cavity,the articular cavity,which
is filled with a fluid called synovial flud.
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14. Characteristic features
The articular surfaces are covered by a thin plate of
hyaline cartilage.
The joint cavity is enveloped by an articular capsule
which consists of outer fibrous capsule and inner
synovial membrane.
The cavity of joint is lined everywhere by synovial
membrane except over articular cartilages.
The cavity is filled with synovial fluid secreted by
synovial membrane which provides nutrition to
articular cartilage and lubrication of articular
surfaces.
Some joint cavity completely or incompletely divided
by articular disc/ menisc.
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15. Types of synovial joints
Plane Joint
Hinge Joint
Pivot Joint
Condylar Joint
Ellipsoid joint
Saddle Joint
Ball-and-Socket Joint
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16. Plane Joint
Articular surfaces are more or less
flat.
They permit gliding movements in
various directions.
Examples; intercarpal
joints,intertarsal joints,jts
between articular process of
adjacent vertebrae.
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17. Hinge Joint
Hinge Joint: the articular surface are
pulley shaped. This type of joint permits
movement in one plane around
transverse axis. This movement consists
of flexion and extension.
These joints have stong collateral
ligaments to prevent other movements.
Two examples are the elbow joint, knee
joint, interphalangeal joint ,ankle joint.
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18. Pivot Joint
The articular surface of one bone
is rounded and fits into concavity
of another bone.further,rounded
part is surrounded by a
ligamentous ring.
Movement is limited to the
rotation around a central axis.
Examples of this type of joint are
the joints between the proximal
ends of the radius and ulna
.atlanto axial joint.
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19. Condylar Joint
The round articular surface of one bone
fits into socket type articular surfae of
another bone.
The end of bone bearing round articular
surface is called condyle .these joint
permit movements in 2 direction.
Examples – right and left
temporomandibular joints. knee joint
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20. Ellipsoid joint
Elliptical convex surface of one bone
articulates with elliptical concave
surface of another bone.
The movements are permitted in two
directions.
Eg; wrist joint , atlanto occipital
joint,metacarpo phalangeal
joints,metatarso phalangeal joint
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21. Saddle Joint
Saddle Joint: The articular surfaces
are reciprocally saddle shaped i.e
.concavo -convex.this unique
artiulation is modified condyloid
joint that allows a wide range of
movement.
An example would be the joint
between the trapezium and the
metacarpal bones of the
thumb,sternoclavicular joint.
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22. Ball-and-Socket Joint
Ball-and-Socket Joint: consists of a bone
with a ball-shaped head that attaches with
the cup-shaped cavity of another bone.
This type of joint allows for a wider range of
motion than any other kind.
It permits movement in all planes, and a
rotational movement around a central axis.
Two examples of this type of joint would be
the hip, shoulder joints and incudostapedial
joint.
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23. FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION
Synarthrosis :- Synarthroses permit little or no mobility. Most synarthrosis
joints are fibrous joints.Egcranial sutures in adult.
Amphiarthrosis :-Amphiarthroses permit slight mobility. The two bone
surfaces at the joint are both covered in hyaline cartilage and joined by
strands of fibrocartilage. eg: secondary cartilaginous joints
Diarthrosis:- Permit a variety of movements. Only synovial joints are
diarthrodial.
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24. Classification According to number of
articulating bones
Simple Joint: 2 articulation surfaces (eg. shoulder joint, hip joint)
Compound Joint: 3 or more articulation surfaces (eg. radiocarpal joint)
Complex Joint: 3 or more articulation surfaces and an articular disc or
meniscus (eg . knee joint)
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25. PARTS OF AJOINTS
A). fibrous Capsule
B). Reinforcing Ligaments
C). Synovial membrane
D). Articular Cartilage
E). Articular Discs
F). Fatty Pads
G). Bursae Flattened sacs
that contain synovial
fluid. Function to reduce
friction
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26. PARTS OF AJOINTS
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27. Joint Disorder

28. Sprains
 The ligaments reinforcing a joint are
stretched or torn
 Partially torn ligaments slowly repair
themselves
 Completely torn ligaments require prompt
surgical repair
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29. Dislocations
 Occur when bones are forced out of alignment
 Usually accompanied by sprains, inflammation,
and joint immobilization
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30. Inflammatory and Degenerative Conditions
 Bursitis
 An inflammation of a bursa, usually caused by a blow
or friction
 Symptoms are pain and swelling
 Treated with anti-inflammatory drugs; excessive fluid
may be aspirated
 Tendonitis
 Inflammation of tendon sheaths typically caused by
overuse
 Symptoms and treatment are similar to bursitis
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31. Arthritis
 More than 100 different types of inflammatory or
degenerative diseases that damage the joints
 Most widespread crippling disease in the U.S.
 Symptoms – pain, stiffness, and swelling of a joint
 Acute forms are caused by bacteria and are treated
with antibiotics
 Chronic forms include osteoarthritis, rheumatoid
arthritis, and gouty arthritis
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32. Osteoarthritis (OA)
 Most common chronic arthritis; often called
“wear- and-tear” arthritis
 Affects women more than men
 85% of all Americans develop OA
 More prevalent in the aged, and is probably
related to the normal aging process
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33. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
 Chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease of
unknown cause, with an insidious onset
 Signs and symptoms include joint tenderness,
anemia, osteoporosis, muscle atrophy, and
cardiovascular problems
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