hey this is Vedika Agrawal and this presentation is TO EXPLAIN AND HELP YOU UNDERSTAND ANATOMY OF FOREARM.
The topic is usually mixed with hand making it difficult to understand and so i seperated it to make it easy for you.
Hey this is Vedika Agrawal and my presentation explains about anatomy of forearm which covers almost every diagram and key point required to understand this topic.
This topic is usually mixed with antaomy of hand and so I separated to keep it easy for you.
reference: BD Chaurasia
ARTERIAL SUPPLY OF UPPER LIMBThe arterial supply to the .docxrossskuddershamus
ARTERIAL SUPPLY
OF UPPER LIMB
The arterial supply to the upper limb begins in the chest as the subclavian artery. The right subclavian artery arises from the brachiocephalic trunk, while the left subclavian branches directly off the arch of aorta.
When the subclavian arteries cross the lateral edge of the 1st rib, they enter the axilla, and are called axillary arteries.
IN THE AXILLA
The axillary artery passes through the axilla, just underneath the pectoralis minor muscle, enclosed in the axillary sheath.
At the level of the humeral surgical neck, the posterior and anterior circumflex humeral arteries arise. They circle posteriorly around the humerus to supply the shoulder region. The largest branch of the axillary artery also arises here – the subscapular artery.
The axillary artery becomes the brachial artery at the level of the teres major muscle.
Anteriorly
(i) Skin.
(ii) Superficial fascia
(iii) Deep fascia.
(iv) Clavicular part of the pectoralis major.
(v) Clavipectoral fascia with cephalic vein, lateral pectoral nerve, and thoracoacromial vessels.
Posteriorly
(i) First intercostal space with the external intercostal muscle.
(ii) First and second digitations of the serratus anterior with the nerve to serratus anterior.
(iii) Medial cord of brachial plexus with its medial pectoral
branch
laterally
Lateral and posterior cords of the brachial plexus.
Medially
Axillary vein
The first part of the axillary artery is enclosed (together with the brachial plexus) in the axillary sheath, derived from the prevertebral layer of deep cervical fascia.
Anteriorly
(i) Skin.
(ii) Superficial fascia.
(iii) Deep fascia.
(iv) Pectoralis major.
(v) Pectoralis minor
Posteriorly
(i) Posterior cord of brachial plexus.
(ii) subscapularis
Medially
(i) Medial cord of brachial plexus,
(ii) Medial pectoral nerve,
(iii) Axillary vein.
Laterally
Lateral cord of brachial plexus.
Anteriorly
(i) Skin.
(ii) Superficial fascia,
(iii) Deep fascia.
(iv) In the upper part there are the pectoralis major and medial root of the median nerve.
Posteriorly
(i) Radial nerve.
(ii) Axillary nerve in the upper part,
(iii) Subscapularis in the upper part,
(iv) Tendons of the latissimus dorsi and the teres major in the lower part.
Laterally
Coracobrachialis.
Musculocutaneous nerve in the upper part,
Lateral root of median nerve in the upper part,
Trunk of median nerve in the lower part.
Medially
(i) Axillary vein,
(ii) Medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm and ulnar nerve
(iii) Medial cutaneous nerve of arm
1st part:
Superior Thoracic artery
2nd part:
Acromiothoracic artery
Lateral Thoracic artery
3rd part:
Subscapular artery
Ant circumflex humeral artery
Post circumflex humeral artery
CLINICAL RELEVANCE: AXILLARY ARTERY ANEURYSM
An aneurysm is dilation of a blood vessel to more than twice its original size. Although rare, axillary artery aneurysms can occur as a result of atherosclerosis, thoracic out.
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Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
3. It is an arterial
arcade (arch) and the
dominant vascular
structure of the palm.
It is defined as
the anastomoses
between the
superficial branch of
the ulnar artery and
superficial palmar
branch of the radial
Artery(usually).
There are some
variations seen in
this too i.e. The arch
is variable.
4. SITUATION:
• The convexity of the arch is directed
towards the fingers.
• The distal point of the arch lies at the
same level as the distal border of thenar
eminence when the thumb is fully extended.
5. FORMATION:
Medially: Normally,it begins as a terminal
branch of the ulnar artery on the flexor
retinaculum distal to the pisiform bone.
The arch: It then crosses the hook of the
hamate bone and turns laterally deep to the
palmar aponeurosis.
Laterally: It passes between abductor
and flexor digiti minimi. It joins the
superficial palmar branch of the radial artery.
6.
7. RELATIONS:
Superficially: Palmar Aponeurosis
Palmaris brevis
Deeply: Flexor digiti minimi
Flexor tendons of fingers
The lumbricals
The digital branches of median
nerve.
8. BRANCHES:
The branches arise from the convexity of the arch. The
main branches are the 4 palmar digital arteries.
The most medial is the PROPER PALMAR DIGITAL
BRANCH, supplying the medial side of the little finger.
The other three called the COMMON PALMAR DIGITAL
BRANCHES, pass to the interdigital clefts.
There, each receives the corresponding palmar metacarpal
artery from the deep palmar arch.
Then they divide into 2 PROPER PALMAR DIGITAL BRANCHES
to the adjacent sides of two fingers.
Thus, these branches supply the adjacent sides of little
and ring, ring and middle, middle and index fingers.
THE PALAMR DIGITAL ARTERIES SUPPLY THE MEDIAL 3&½
FINGERS.
9. VARIATIONS:
The superficial palmar arch is formed
predominantly by the ulnar artery, with a
contribution from the superficial palmar
branch of the radial artery. However, in
some individuals the contribution from the
radial artery might be absent, and instead
anastomoses with either the princeps
pollicis artery, the radialis indicis
artery, or the median artery, the former
two of which are branches from the radial
artery.
10.
11. ARTERIAL PATTERN IN THE PULP OF FINGERS:
The two digital branches
running along the sides of the
fingers ends in a rich arterial
anastomoses at the pulp space on
the fingers.
12. DEEP PALMAR
ARCH
The deep palmar arch (or deep volar arch) is
an arterial network found in the palm, deep to the
superficial palmar arch.
It provides a second channel connecting the
ulnar and radial arteries.
FORMATION:
The deep palmar arch is formed mainly by the
terminal part of the radial artery, and is completed
maedially at the base of the fifth metacarpal bone by
the deep palmar branch of the ulnar artery.
13.
14. RELATIONS:
Superficially:
• the oblique head of the adductor
pollisis muscle,
• the flexor tendons of the fingers,
• the lumbricals of the hand.
deeply:
• the bases of the metacarpal bones,
• the interossei of the hand.
15. BRANCHES:
From its convexity i.e. from its distal side, the
arch gives of three palmar metacarpal arteries, which
distally in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th spaces, supply the
medial 4 metacarpals, and terminate at the finger
clefts by joining the common digital branches of the
superficial palmar arch.
Dorsally, the arch gives off three (proximal)
perforating arteries which pass through the medial
three interosseous spaces to anastomose with the dorsal
metacarpal arteries.
The digital perforating arteries connect the palmar
digital branches of the superficial palmar arch with
the dorsal metacarpal arteries.
Recurrent branch arises from the concavity of the
arch and pass proximally to supply the carpal bones and
joints, and ends in the palmar carpal arch.
16. APPLIED ASPECTS:
The presence of variations in
the superficial palmar arch is of
surgical importance and whenever a
surgery in done in the palmar
aspect of hand,these variations if
present, must be identified and
approached accordingly.
