ITFT - IP adressing
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IP addresses have a structure that includes a network prefix and host number. Subnetting splits the host number portion into a subnet number and smaller host number, creating a three-layer IP address hierarchy of network, subnet, and host. This allows organizations to independently manage multiple internal networks while keeping subnet structure invisible externally, improving efficiency of IP address usage and reducing router complexity.
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The system development life cycle (SDLC) involves a multistep process to develop information system solutions. The phases include investigation, analysis, feasibility study, design, construction, testing, and implementation and maintenance. During the investigation phase, the business problem or opportunity is understood. The analysis phase involves an in-depth study of user information needs and present systems. The design phase plans the user interface, data, processes, and system specifications. In the construction phase, programs are coded, debugged, and tested. The implementation phase ensures success of new systems. During maintenance, operational systems are monitored, evaluated, and modified for improvements.
ITFT - Networking protocols
The document discusses various network protocols supported by Windows NT and factors to consider when choosing a protocol. It provides details on NetBEUI, NWLink, and TCP/IP protocols, describing what each is used for and their relative requirements and limitations. It also covers the structure and purpose of the Windows registry, which stores configuration settings in a central location replacing older .INI files.
ITFT - Modes of information
The document discusses various modes of communication. It describes traditional means like postal services and telegraphs as well as modern technologies like telephone, radio, television, telex, fax, email, newspapers, cinema, kiosks, and the internet. The government department of Posts and Telegraphs oversees postal services. Telephone provides direct communication while radio and television allow mass communication of information and entertainment.
ITFT - Hardware & software concept
The document discusses hardware and software components of a computer system. It describes the four main hardware components as the CPU, memory, input devices, and output devices. It then explains the two main types of software: application software which performs specific tasks, and system software like operating systems and compilers that support the execution of other programs. Finally, it provides some common examples of application software like Microsoft Word, PowerPoint, web browsers, and multimedia programs.
ITFT - Basic multimedia
Multimedia combines multiple forms of media like text, graphics, audio, video and animation in an integrated digital form that can be delivered electronically. It is defined as the combination of these different elements delivered interactively to the user through electronic or digital means. The key elements of multimedia include text, graphics, audio, video and animation, which are used together to engage and inform the user. Interactive multimedia allows the user to control the different elements, while hypermedia links these elements together to create a non-linear experience for the user.
ITFT- Basic internet concept
The document provides an overview of the Internet and the World Wide Web. It explains that the Internet is a global network that connects computers together, allowing them to exchange data, while the Web is a system that uses the Internet to share hyperlinked documents. It also describes key components such as browsers, servers, URLs, domain names, and how users can access and search the Internet and Web.
Basic computer fundamentals_itft college chandigarh,india
A computer is a programmable machine that can execute a list of prerecorded instructions. It has two main components - hardware and software. Hardware refers to the physical parts like processors, memory, storage devices, and peripherals. Software includes operating systems and programs that make the computer functional. Key hardware components include the CPU for processing, RAM for temporary memory, ROM for startup programs, hard disks for permanent storage, and peripherals like keyboards, printers and displays. Software is made up of programs and operating systems that control the hardware and allow it to perform tasks. The most important software is the operating system, which manages the computer's basic functions and allows other programs to run.
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ITFT - IP adressing
- 1. IP Addresses • Structure of an IP address • Subnetting • CIDR • IP Version 6 addresses
- 2. IP Addresses Application dataTCP HeaderEthernet Header Ethernet Traile Ethernet frame IP Header version (4 bits) header length Type of Service/TOS (8 bits) Total Length (in bytes) (16 bits) Identification (16 bits) flags (3 bits) Fragment Offset (13 bits) Source IP address (32 bits) Destination IP address (32 bits) TTL Time-to-Live (8 bits) Protocol (8 bits) Header Checksum (16 bits) 32 bits
- 3. IP Addresses Application dataTCP HeaderEthernet Header Ethernet Trailer Ethernet frame IP Header 0x4 0x5 0x00 4410 9d08 0102 00000000000002 128.143.137.144 128.143.71.21 12810 0x06 8bff 32 bits
- 4. What is an IP Address? • An IP address is a unique global address for a network interface • An IP address: - is a 32 bit long identifier - encodes a network number (network prefix) and a host number
- 5. Dotted Decimal Notation • IP addresses are written in a so-called dotted decimal notation • Each byte is identified by a decimal number in the range [0..255]: • Example: 1000111110000000 10001001 10010000 1st Byte = 128 2nd Byte = 143 3rd Byte = 137 4th Byte = 144 128.143.137.144
- 6. • The network prefix identifies a network and the host number identifies a specific host (actually, interface on the network). • How do we know how long the network prefix is? • The network prefix is implicitly defined (see class- based addressing) • The network prefix is indicated by a netmask. Network prefix and Host number network prefix host number
- 7. • Example: ellington.cs.virginia.edu • Network id is: 128.143.0.0 • Host number is: 137.144 • Network mask is: 255.255.0.0 or ffff0000 • Prefix notation: 128.143.137.144/16 • Network prefix is 16 bits long Example 128.143 137.144
- 8. Subnetting Subnetting • Problem: Organizations have multiple networks which are independently managed • Solution 1: Allocate one or more addresses for each network • Difficult to manage • From the outside of the organization, each network must be addressable. • Solution 2: Add another level of hierarchy to the IP addressing structure University Network Medical School Library Engineering School
- 9. Basic Idea of Subnetting • Split the host number portion of an IP address into a subnet number and a (smaller) host number. • Result is a 3-layer hierarchy • Then: • Subnets can be freely assigned within the organization • Internally, subnets are treated as separate networks • Subnet structure is not visible outside the organization network prefix host number subnet numbernetwork prefix host number extended network prefix
- 10. • Each layer-2 network (Ethernet segment, FDDI segment) is allocated a subnet address. 128.143.17.0 / 24 128.143.71.0 / 24 128.143.7.0 / 24 128.143.16.0 / 24 128.143.8.0 / 24 128.143.22.0 / 24 128.143.136.0 / 24 Typical Addressing Plan for an Organization that uses subnetting 128.143.0.0/16
- 11. Advantages of Subnetting • With subnetting, IP addresses use a 3-layer hierarchy: • Network • Subnet • Host • Improves efficiency of IP addresses by not consuming an entire address space for each physical network. • Reduces router complexity. Since external routers do not know about subnetting, the complexity of routing tables at external routers is reduced. • Note: Length of the subnet mask need not be identical at all subnetworks.