The document discusses TCP/IP addressing and related networking concepts. It covers IP addresses and how they identify devices on a network. IP addresses have a network and host portion. It also describes classes of IP addresses, private vs public addressing, and protocols like DHCP that configure network settings.

1. Mahmmoud Mahdi

2.  Understanding TCP/IP Addressing
 The Domain Name System (DNS)
 The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
(DHCP)
 The Routing & Remote Access (RRAS)
service
 The Network Access Protection (NAP)
service

4.  Provide the logical "language" for
communication
 Two computers must be configured
with the same network protocols in
order to communicate and transfer
information.

5.  The most common networking
protocol
 Consists of a suite of different
protocols that work in concert to allow
computers to communicate on a
TCP/IP network.
 By subdividing TCP/IP networks into
smaller groupings called subnets.

6.  In order for any computer or host, a computer,
printer, or other device configured with a
network interface, to communicate on a
TCP/IP network, it must be configured with a
valid IP address.
 IP address:
 Is a software address, not a hardware address
 Used for finding hosts on a local network.
 Allow hosts on one network to communicate with a
host on a different network.

7. 192.168.2.1 192.168.2.3
192.168.2.4
192.168.2.2
192.168.2.5

8.  Each IP address consists of two components:
 Network Address:
▪ This portion of the IP address is shared by all TCP/IP hosts
on a particular network or subnet.
 Host Address:
▪ This comprises the portion of me IP address that is unique
to a particular computer or host.
 IP address = the network address + the host
address
 must be unique across an entire TCP/IP network.

9.  In addition to the IP address, each TCP/IP
host must be configured with the following:
 Subnet Mask
▪ Used to identify which network the TCP/IP host
resides on by defining where the network address
stops and the host address begins.
 Default Gateway
▪ Allows a host to communicate with devices that reside
on a remote network or location.

10.  The first implementation of the Internet
Protocol (IP)
 It uses 32 bits (4 bytes, or octets) for
addressing.
 providing a limit of 232 possible addresses
 Represented using dotted-decimal notation
 the decimal value of each byte is shown using
periods to separate the bytes
 for example:
 192.1.120.84 or 192.5.18.102

11. 192.168.2.1
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
1
2
4
8
16
32
64
128
128+64=192

12.  Network address:
 Uniquely identifies each network.
 Every host on the same network share that
network address as a part of its IP address
 Used in routing to send packets to a remote
network
▪ Ex: 10.0.0.0, 172.16.0.0, 192.168.10.0
 Host address:
 Uniquely identifies each host on a network

13.  Broadcast address:
 Used by application and hosts to send
information to all nodes on a network.
 Ex: 255.255.255.255
▪  all networks, all hosts
 Ex: 172.16.255.255
▪  all subnets and hosts on a network 172.16.0.0

14.  Classful Addressing
 The field for the network number was a
different length for different classes of network,
and the remaining bits were used for the host
number.

15. 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits
Class A: Network Host Host Host
Class B: Network Network Host Host
Class C: Network Network Network Host
Class D: Multicast
Class E: Research

16. Network Leading Bits for Number Bits for Maximum
Class Bits Network of Host Hosts
Number Networks Number
Class A 0 7 126 24 16,777,214
Class B 10 14 16,384 16 65,534
Class C 110 21 2,097,152 8 254
Class D 1110
(multicast)
Class E 1111
(reserved)

17.  Class A  Class D
 00000000 = 0  11100000 = 224
 01111111 = 127  11101111 = 239
 Class B  Class E
 10000000 = 128  11110000 = 240
 10111111 = 191  11111111 = 255
 Class C
 11000000 = 192
 11011111 = 223

18. Network Class Starting Ending Address Bitmask
Address
Class A 0.0.0.0 127.255.255.255 255.0.0.0
Class B 128.0.0.0 191.255.255.255 255.255.0.0
Class C 192.0.0.0 223.255.255.255 255.255.255.0
Class D (multicast) 224.0.0.0 239.255.255.251
Class E (reserved) 240.0.0.0 255.255.255.255

19. Address Function
Network address of all 0’s Mean this network
Network address of all 1’s Mean all networks
Network 127.0.0.1 Reserved for loopback tests
Host address of all 0’s Mean network address
Host address of all 1’s Mean all hosts
Entire IP address set to all 0’s The default route, Any network
Entire IP address set to all 1’s Broadcast to all hosts on the
current network

20.  Two Types of IP Addresses
 Public
▪ Obtained from ISP
▪ One for every computer directly connected to the Internet
▪ Block – A group of IP addresses sharing a single network ID
 The addresses included within the address block
 Private
▪ Freely assigned in private network

21.  Can be used on private network
 Not routable through the internet
 Creating a measure of well-needed security
 Saves valuable IP address space
 Network Address Translation (NAT)
 Takes a private IP address and convert it for use
on the internet.

22. Address Class Address Range
Class A 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255
Class B 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255
Class C 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255

23. Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA)
169.254.0.0 - 169.254.255.255
 Self-assigned private IP address
 Allows computers to communicate without
requiring DHCP or manual IP configuration.

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