This document discusses bioethics issues involved in cloning. It begins by defining bioethics and the different types of cloning technologies, including recombinant DNA technology, reproductive cloning, and therapeutic cloning. Reproductive cloning aims to generate an organism with the same nuclear DNA as another, while therapeutic cloning destroys embryos to harvest stem cells. The document outlines various bioethical considerations that must be addressed for cloning research, including risks, consent, and respect for subjects. It discusses specific ethical issues around animal cloning, human cloning, and religious and legal perspectives on cloning. Overall, the summary provides a high-level overview of the key bioethics topics related to cloning technologies.
Basics of BioSafety
This lesson will define and present information on
methods used to provide biosafety in facilities
where potentially infectious agents are used.
These include:
Containment
Biological safety cabinets
Personal protection equipment
The facility as barrier
Secondary barriers
Biosafety is the application of safety precautions that reduce a Laboratory based risk of exposure to a potentially infectious material and limit contamination of the working and surrounding environment.
The primary principle of biosafety is “Containment”.
Containment
The action of keeping harmful things under control and within limits
Or
A series of safe methods for managing infectious bacteria in the laboratory.
Workplace safety is an important aspect to protect personnel against injury or serious accident.In case of animal cell culture safety takes a front seat due to nature of work i.e. handling of human cells and tissues, viruses with high potential to cause infections to humans and other adventitious micro organisms. This presentation presents various methods of safety to protect lab personnel from infectious biological agents.
Ethical issues related to animal biotechnologyKAUSHAL SAHU
Introduction
Why are genetically modified animals produced?
Examples of transgenic animals
Why are animals used instead of genetically modified microbes or plants?
Ethical issues
Religious concerns
Responsibility of Scientists
Need for Guidelines
Conclusion
References
Ethical considerations in molecular & biotechnology researchDr Ghaiath Hussein
A lecture presented by Dr. Ghaiath Hussein in University of Khartoum for the students of the MSc programme in Genetics/Molecular Biology.
Session 1 (Introduction): Definition of ethics, bioethics and medical ethics.
What is an ethical issue?
International approaches to medical ethics
Islamic approaches to medical ethics
Basics of BioSafety
This lesson will define and present information on
methods used to provide biosafety in facilities
where potentially infectious agents are used.
These include:
Containment
Biological safety cabinets
Personal protection equipment
The facility as barrier
Secondary barriers
Biosafety is the application of safety precautions that reduce a Laboratory based risk of exposure to a potentially infectious material and limit contamination of the working and surrounding environment.
The primary principle of biosafety is “Containment”.
Containment
The action of keeping harmful things under control and within limits
Or
A series of safe methods for managing infectious bacteria in the laboratory.
Workplace safety is an important aspect to protect personnel against injury or serious accident.In case of animal cell culture safety takes a front seat due to nature of work i.e. handling of human cells and tissues, viruses with high potential to cause infections to humans and other adventitious micro organisms. This presentation presents various methods of safety to protect lab personnel from infectious biological agents.
Ethical issues related to animal biotechnologyKAUSHAL SAHU
Introduction
Why are genetically modified animals produced?
Examples of transgenic animals
Why are animals used instead of genetically modified microbes or plants?
Ethical issues
Religious concerns
Responsibility of Scientists
Need for Guidelines
Conclusion
References
Ethical considerations in molecular & biotechnology researchDr Ghaiath Hussein
A lecture presented by Dr. Ghaiath Hussein in University of Khartoum for the students of the MSc programme in Genetics/Molecular Biology.
Session 1 (Introduction): Definition of ethics, bioethics and medical ethics.
What is an ethical issue?
International approaches to medical ethics
Islamic approaches to medical ethics
In Sciences, my 7th graders were asked to present a PPt on "My Scientist". Each chose a different scientist and then their teacher of English took it one step further and asked them to do the same in English! Here is the result :) Nicolaus Copernicus, by Diogo
Is Human Reproductive Cloning Morally Permissible?Gwynne Brunet
The subject of human reproductive cloning is a complicated one which contains many issues that need to be understood, and considered; before a course of action can be taken. In regards to cloning, any decision that will be agreed upon, in our distant future, will not be simply black and white, but instead it will be a colorful array of restrictions, rules, laws, supervision, and ethical standards. In this paper, I will evaluate the facts, and determine, through moral reasoning, whether human reproductive cloning is morally permissible.
History of bioethics describes the evolution of medical ethics over centuries and the reasons for introduction of various ethical decelerations and codes.
Cloning, types and challenges
What types of cloning have been successful?
What are the Three Types of Cloning?
Human Cloning: The Good and The Bad
Ethical Issues regarding Human Reproductive Cloning
Challenges
Global and Religious Views
Final Thought
Stem cells are the master builder cells
of the body.
There are two basic categories of stem
cells, embryonic and adult.
Stem cell research is the effort to give
nature a boost by harnessing the
regenerative power of stem cells and
getting them to treat a broader range of
conditions.
I have uploaded the complete document, with all the pages including the cover page, the acknowledgement, certificate and contents along with the Project content. Just download it and modify it and your project is ready, if that is all you have wanted. Otherwise use it as a reference for your project. "!!! IF YOU FIND IT WORTHY AT ALL, THEN GIVE ME A LIKE !!!" - It will motivate me to upload more such documents. -THANK YOU
cell cloning- Therapeutic and reproductive cloningAlisha Shaikh
Cloning is a process where genetically identical types of cells, tissues or organism is being produced. There are two types of cloning- Reproductive and therapeutic cloning.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
MASS MEDIA STUDIES-835-CLASS XI Resource Material.pdf
BIOETHICS INVOLVED IN CLONING
1. TOPIC: BIOETHICS INVOLVED IN CLONING
PRESENTED BY:
MOHSIN SHAD (2013-BC-005)
PRESENTED TO:
MAM SHAGUFTA SAEED
1
2. WHAT IS BIO-ETHICS?
• The study of the ethical and moral implications of new
biological discoveries and biomedical advances, as in
the fields of genetic engineering and drug research
2
3. CLONING: WHAT IS IT ?
•The production of multiple, exact copies of a single
gene, DNA fragment, cell line, or organism.
•3 types of cloning technology today:
1.Recombinant DNA technology,
2.Reproductive cloning
3.Therapeutic cloning
3
4. RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
• The gene of interest is cut from the genome using
restriction enzymes.
• It is then joined with a similarly cut DNA molecule, a
plasmid. The plasmid is known as the cloning vector.
• Plasmids are circular molecules found in bacteria that
are separate from the bacterium’s normal genome.
• Plasmids are self-replicating, allowing the new
recombinant DNA molecule to produce its gene product
in its new environment.
4
5. •Plasmids are not the only cloning vectors
that can be used, but they are very common.
•Each vector has a limitation to the size (in
base pairs) of the DNA fragment that can be
cloned.
•This technology has been used since the
1970s; it is fairly common practice in
molecular biology labs today.
5
6. REPRODUCTIVE CLONING
• The generation of a new animal that has the same nuclear DNA as a
previously existing animal.
• Artificial Embryo Twinning: A blastomere is induced to split, forming
identical twins.
• Nuclear Somatic Transfer: The nucleus of an adult body (somatic) cell is
transferred into an egg which has had its nucleus removed. After
treatment to make it begin dividing, the embryo is transplanted into a
host uterus.
• Dolly was created using nuclear somatic transfer.
• Extremely inefficient, most eggs do not develop into an organism.
6
8. THERAPEUTIC CLONING
• Uses the process of nuclear somatic transfer to create an embryo.
• However, the embryo is destroyed and harvested for stem cells.
• Stem cells are undifferentiated and retain the ability to develop
into many cell types depending on their potency.
• Totipotent cells can develop into any tissue in the human body,
plus tissues needed for development such as placental cells.
• Pluripotent cells can develop into almost all cells, but cannot
produce a new organism.
8
9. THERAPEUTIC CLONING
• Also multipotent and unipotent cells that can only develop into a
specific tissue or cell type. These are obviously less useful.
• These cell cultures are maintained in a “lineage.” Dr. Hwang claimed to
have several human stem cell lineages.
• An embryo must be destroyed, whether it be naturally or artificially
created.
• Can possibly use stem cells to treat cancer, regrow damaged nerve or
muscle cells, etc.
• Due to the controversy stirred by recent events, it is unclear how far
science has progressed towards creating and maintaing human stem
cell lines.
9
10. BIOETHICS REQUIRED FOR CLONING OR RESEARCH
• Cloning is one of the most controversial issues in today’s society
due to every person’s own set of moral beliefs.
• There are many different policies that must be considered when
conducting clinical research.
1) Value - when doing experimentation with cloning, we must first
decide whether or not the conclusions will lead to some sort of
improvement in health and well-being.
2) Scientific Validity – there must be a clear objective for cloning.
Cloning research must be based on proven scientific knowledge
and methods.
10
11. BIOETHICS REQUIRED FOR CLONING OR RESEARCH
3) Fair Subject Selection - In choosing subjects to take part in
cloning, there mustn’t be any biases or discrimination.
4) Favorable risk-benefit ratio - minimize the risk and maximize the
benefits of cloning.
5) Independent Review – A board reviews the topics and ethical
issues of cloning.
6) Consent – When human cloning begins it will be relevant that the
subject give consent to the experimentation.
7) Respect for Enrolled Subjects – Those who take place in cloning
research or processes must be guaranteed their human rights and be
given the proper respect
11
12. BIOETHICS INVOLVED IN ANIMAL CLONING
Different Bioethics involved in cloning described below:
• Survival rate of cloned embryos low
• Over weighing of calves at birth
• Breeders may want to keep their animal unique
• Breeders may want to create better offspring
•Poor development of heart, lung and immune system
• Might have genetic disorder
12
13. BIOETHICS INVOLVED IN HUMAN CLONING
Humans Cloning is Ethically Unacceptable due to following
factors;
• Controlling Someone Else's makeup
• Instrumentality
• Infertility - an Exception to Instrumentality
• Psychological Effects - Identity and Relationship
• Physical Risk
• Social Risk
13
14. WHY HUMANS CLONING IS ETHICALLY UNACCEPTABLE
1. CONTROLLING SOMEONE ELSE‘S GENETIC MAKEUP:
Child can reject any aspect of its upbringing, but it could never reject the
genes that were chosen for it
• Such control by one human over another is incompatible with the ethical
notion of human freedom, in the sense of that each individual's genetic
identity should be inherently unpredictable and unplanned
2. INSTRUMENTALALITY:
• Cloning raises a number of concerns arising from its consequences, of which
instrumentality and risk are of especial importance.
14
15. 3.INFERTILITY - AN EXCEPTION TO INSTRUMENTALITY:
• An exception to this objection would be the idea of producing
a child from an infertile couple by cloning one of them.
• But this raises other problems. Instead of being the unique
genetic product of both parents, the child is a copy of one of
them.
• It would not be the biological child of both parents in the
normal sense.
15
16. 4.PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS - IDENTITY AND RELATIONSHIP:
• Would the clone feel that he or she was just a copy of
someone else who's already existed and not really
themselves?
• Am I really someone else but put into a different womb?
• What will be my relationship to the one I was cloned from?
• No one can predict with any degree of assurance what the
response would be.
16
17. 5.PHYSICAL RISK:
• To repeat the same thing on humans would be giving both the mother and
the potential fetus an unacceptably high risk of damage.
• How many abnormal babies would have to be produced to get one right?
• Roslin researchers have said that there is no experiment that could be done
to prove the safety of human cloning without causing serious risk to
humans in the process.
6. SOCIAL RISK:
Human cloning would bring grave risks of abuses to human dignity and
exploitation by unscrupulous people.
17
18. RELIGIOUS VIEWS ABOUT CLONING
Religious views about cloning are mixed
ISLAM:
• The cloning of specific parts of the human body for medical
purposes is not prohibited in ISLAM but to clone the whole
human body would not be permitted under any circumstances
but on the issue of animal ethics he takes a more lenient
position.
18
19. RELIGIOUS VIEWS ABOUT CLONING
CHRISTIANITY:
The World Council of Churches opposed cloning of both human
embryos and whole humans in February 2006.
The United Methodist Church opposed research and reproductive
cloning in May 2000 and again in May 2004.
RAELISM:
is the only religious group of which any part (specifically, the
religion's medical arm Cloned) has claimed to have successfully
cloned a human being. Cloned claims that cloning will bring
humanity closer to immortality
19
20. LAW'S THAT CONTROL CLONING
• There have been numerous bills that have been introduced into
Congress to prohibit or control cloning practices.
• Congress explains that cloning is illegal in the following terms:
• “It shall be unlawful for any person or entity –
1) to perform or attempt human cloning
2) to participate in an attempt to perform human cloning
3) to ship or receive the product of human cloning for any purpose.
• Federal funding of cloning is prohibited in the US.
20
21. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HEALTH
According to National Institute of Health:
•Research should be allowed on preexisting embryos.
•In certain compelling instances, researchers would be allowed
to remove embryonic cells from embryos that were meant for
in vitro fertilization.
•Impregnating clone embryos into humans should be banned.
21
22. NATIONAL BIOETHICS ADVISORY COMMISSION
According to National Bioethics Advisory Commission:
• It is morally unacceptable for anyone in public or private sector
to clone humans.
•Any attempt to clone humans is irresponsible and unethical.
•It is ok to clone DNA sequences, cell lines, and animals
because it does not raise the issues human cloning does.
•There should be regulations on the humane useof animals.
22