This document proposes a mechanical model to estimate the elasticity of the flexor digitorum muscle-tendon complex (MTC) in the human hand. It describes measuring the relationship between joint angle and fingertip force applied during loading and unloading of the finger. The results show an exponential curve for loading and hysteresis between loading and unloading, consistent with tendon behavior. It also measures the relationship between joint angle and angular velocity when the finger is released, again showing hysteresis. This simple model allows estimating the elastic properties of the MTC without expensive equipment, providing insight into hand function and application to sports coaching.
The document discusses various techniques for direct measurement of movement, including goniometers, electrogoniometers, accelerometers, and imaging techniques. Goniometers measure joint angles by attaching one arm to each limb segment around a joint. Electrogoniometers use potentiometers to determine joint angles from changes in electrical resistance. Accelerometers measure limb segment acceleration by detecting reaction forces. Imaging techniques discussed include video cameras, high-speed cameras, and basic lens optics.
This document discusses angular kinetics and its application to human movement. It provides explanations of key concepts such as torque, moment of force, moment arm, and inertia. Examples are given to illustrate how these principles can be used to analyze human motions like sprinting starts, gymnastic skills, and strength testing positions. Key points covered include definitions of torque and inertia, factors that influence torque magnitude, and how to calculate and sum torques at joints to determine net torque and equilibrium.
This chapter discusses clinical biomechanics, which applies biomechanics concepts to treat patients. It examines statics and dynamics and how forces affect living organisms. Key topics covered include kinesiology, the forces of gravity, contact, inertia, muscle contraction types, elasticity, force composition and resolution, lever systems, stresses and strains from different load types, and how loading affects biological tissue according to Wolff's law.
IRJET- A Review on Biomechanics of Knee JointIRJET Journal
This document reviews the biomechanics of the knee joint. It discusses the role of the knee joint in allowing locomotion with minimal energy and stability over different terrains. The document outlines the movements of the knee including flexion, extension, and rotation. It describes the forces acting on the knee joint, which can be 2-3 times body weight during walking. The document provides an example calculation of the net joint forces and moments at the knee using inverse dynamics. It determines the horizontal and vertical reaction forces at the knee and calculates the net joint moment to be 592.3 Nm, indicating knee extension.
This document defines key terms related to joints, angles, and movement of the body. It discusses goniometry as the science of measuring angles, especially for evaluating the range of motion of joints. The principal tool used in goniometry is the goniometer, which has fixed arms, mobile arms, and a fulcrum to measure angles according to the axis of movement. Goniometry is used to design prosthetics and surgeries, evaluate range of motion, and adapt patients through measures and palpation by physical therapists.
This document provides an overview of biomechanics and its key concepts. It discusses how biomechanics studies the forces acting on the human body both internally from muscles and externally. It covers the history and academic backgrounds of biomechanics. The key concepts of kinematics and kinetics are explained, including concepts like displacement, velocity, acceleration, forces, torque, inertia, and momentum. Ground reaction forces and their analysis are also discussed.
This document discusses diarthrodial joints and joint motion. It identifies important connective tissue structures in diarthrodial joints like synovial fluid, articular cartilage, meniscus, ligaments, tendons, and muscles. These structures provide lubrication, load distribution, joint stability, and transmission of forces. Joints allow six degrees of freedom consisting of three translations and three rotations. Applying statics to joint biomechanics problems requires assumptions like known axes of rotation and muscle attachments, negligible friction, and consideration of only two-dimensional forces. Anthropometric data provides average human body measures used in the analysis.
This document proposes a mechanical model to estimate the elasticity of the flexor digitorum muscle-tendon complex (MTC) in the human hand. It describes measuring the relationship between joint angle and fingertip force applied during loading and unloading of the finger. The results show an exponential curve for loading and hysteresis between loading and unloading, consistent with tendon behavior. It also measures the relationship between joint angle and angular velocity when the finger is released, again showing hysteresis. This simple model allows estimating the elastic properties of the MTC without expensive equipment, providing insight into hand function and application to sports coaching.
The document discusses various techniques for direct measurement of movement, including goniometers, electrogoniometers, accelerometers, and imaging techniques. Goniometers measure joint angles by attaching one arm to each limb segment around a joint. Electrogoniometers use potentiometers to determine joint angles from changes in electrical resistance. Accelerometers measure limb segment acceleration by detecting reaction forces. Imaging techniques discussed include video cameras, high-speed cameras, and basic lens optics.
This document discusses angular kinetics and its application to human movement. It provides explanations of key concepts such as torque, moment of force, moment arm, and inertia. Examples are given to illustrate how these principles can be used to analyze human motions like sprinting starts, gymnastic skills, and strength testing positions. Key points covered include definitions of torque and inertia, factors that influence torque magnitude, and how to calculate and sum torques at joints to determine net torque and equilibrium.
This chapter discusses clinical biomechanics, which applies biomechanics concepts to treat patients. It examines statics and dynamics and how forces affect living organisms. Key topics covered include kinesiology, the forces of gravity, contact, inertia, muscle contraction types, elasticity, force composition and resolution, lever systems, stresses and strains from different load types, and how loading affects biological tissue according to Wolff's law.
IRJET- A Review on Biomechanics of Knee JointIRJET Journal
This document reviews the biomechanics of the knee joint. It discusses the role of the knee joint in allowing locomotion with minimal energy and stability over different terrains. The document outlines the movements of the knee including flexion, extension, and rotation. It describes the forces acting on the knee joint, which can be 2-3 times body weight during walking. The document provides an example calculation of the net joint forces and moments at the knee using inverse dynamics. It determines the horizontal and vertical reaction forces at the knee and calculates the net joint moment to be 592.3 Nm, indicating knee extension.
This document defines key terms related to joints, angles, and movement of the body. It discusses goniometry as the science of measuring angles, especially for evaluating the range of motion of joints. The principal tool used in goniometry is the goniometer, which has fixed arms, mobile arms, and a fulcrum to measure angles according to the axis of movement. Goniometry is used to design prosthetics and surgeries, evaluate range of motion, and adapt patients through measures and palpation by physical therapists.
This document provides an overview of biomechanics and its key concepts. It discusses how biomechanics studies the forces acting on the human body both internally from muscles and externally. It covers the history and academic backgrounds of biomechanics. The key concepts of kinematics and kinetics are explained, including concepts like displacement, velocity, acceleration, forces, torque, inertia, and momentum. Ground reaction forces and their analysis are also discussed.
This document discusses diarthrodial joints and joint motion. It identifies important connective tissue structures in diarthrodial joints like synovial fluid, articular cartilage, meniscus, ligaments, tendons, and muscles. These structures provide lubrication, load distribution, joint stability, and transmission of forces. Joints allow six degrees of freedom consisting of three translations and three rotations. Applying statics to joint biomechanics problems requires assumptions like known axes of rotation and muscle attachments, negligible friction, and consideration of only two-dimensional forces. Anthropometric data provides average human body measures used in the analysis.
This document summarizes a seminar on mechanical concepts in orthodontics given by Dr. Sandhya Anand under the guidance of Prof. Ashima Valiathan. It discusses key concepts including scalars and vectors, resultants and components of orthodontic force systems, centers of resistance, moments of force, and couples. Understanding these basic mechanical principles is important for optimizing tooth movement, anchorage control, and designing new orthodontic appliances.
Biomechanics is the scientific study of the mechanics of living beings, specifically focusing on the musculoskeletal system. It is the application of mechanical principles to movement of the human body. Biomechanics can be divided into kinematic (descriptive analysis of motion) and kinetic (causal analysis considering forces) categories. The key components of the musculoskeletal system that biomechanics analyzes are bones, joints, and muscles.
11 kinematics and kinetics in biomechanicsLisa Benson
This document outlines the key topics to be covered in the BIOE 3200 biomechanics course for Fall 2015. Students will learn to define and distinguish between kinematics, which describes motion without regard to causes, and kinetics, which analyzes the forces that cause motion using Newton's laws. The course will teach how to draw free body diagrams, apply equations of motion, and use kinematic relationships to solve biomechanics problems involving subjects extending their legs as quickly as possible.
This document discusses the field of biomechanics and its importance in physical education, exercise science, and sports. Biomechanics applies principles of physics to understand human and sports movements. It emerged as a specialized field of study in the 1960s-1970s and has since developed various professional organizations and journals. Biomechanics research examines topics like injury prevention, sport technique analysis, and equipment design in order to improve athletic performance, safety, and physical skills.
The document discusses angular kinetics and torque, including:
1) Torque is the turning effect of a force applied at a distance from an axis, and is caused by both external forces and internal muscle forces.
2) Inverse dynamics analysis uses motion capture and force plate data to calculate internal joint torques during movements like walking.
3) Calculated joint torques provide insight into motor control strategies and how they may differ between populations.
Angular Kinetics of Human Movement discusses angular analogues to linear motion concepts. [1] Moment of inertia is the angular equivalent to mass, representing resistance to angular acceleration based on an object's mass distribution from the axis of rotation. [2] During human movement like walking, the leg's moment of inertia depends on the knee angle, changing the mass distribution. [3] Angular momentum is the product of moment of inertia and angular velocity, remaining constant in the absence of external torque like linear momentum.
This document discusses iso-inertial exercise technology as an additive in sports medicine physiotherapy. It defines iso-inertial exercise as movements with a constant load facilitated by devices using flywheels to provide constant resistance throughout range of motion. Such technology is beneficial for improving muscle strength, power and preventing injuries in athletes and those in rehabilitation by providing high intensity eccentric training. The document concludes iso-inertial exercise technology is a useful physiotherapy tool for sports professionals seeking to enhance performance.
A STUDY ON THE MOTION CHANGE UNDER LOADED CONDITION INDUCED BY VIBRATION STIM...csandit
To assist not only motor function but also perception ability of elderly and/or handicapped
persons, the power-assist robots which have perception-assist function have been developed.
These robots can automatically modify the user’s motion when the robot detects inappropriate
user’s motion or a possibility of accident such as collision between the user and obstacles. For
this motion modification in perception-assist, some actuators of power-assist robot are used. On
the other hand, since some elderly persons, handicapped persons or some workers need not use
power-assist function but perception-assist function only, another new concept perception-assist
method was investigated in our previous study. In this perception-assist method, only vibrators
are used for generating motion change with kinesthetic illusion to assist perception-ability only.
In this study, since the perception-assist is often used during tasks under a loaded condition, the
features of motion change under the loaded condition are investigated.
This document provides an introduction to biomechanics and its importance in analyzing sports techniques. It outlines various biomechanical concepts including kinematics, kinetics, angular motion, and fluid mechanics. These concepts are important for understanding human movement in different sports such as running, jumping, throwing, and other track and field techniques. The document serves as an overview of biomechanics and how it can be applied to analyzing sports performance.
This document provides an overview of biomechanics and its key concepts. It begins by defining biomechanics as the application of mechanical principles to the study of living organisms. It then discusses the importance of biomechanics in understanding forces on the body, improving devices, and informing treatments. The document outlines key biomechanics topics like kinematics, kinetics, arthrokinematics, and kinetic chains. It provides examples of each concept and their clinical relevance. In summary, the document introduces biomechanics and surveys its fundamental terms and applications.
This document discusses key biomechanical concepts related to strength training exercises. It defines biomechanics as the study of movement and the forces acting on the human body. It emphasizes the importance of stability when performing exercises with free weights to ensure safety and effectiveness. It describes the components of force, angle of muscle pull, inertia, and Newton's laws of motion. It also discusses concepts like work, power, levers, and the equal and opposite reaction principle and how they relate to weightlifting and bodybuilding exercises.
Analysis of Muscles and gripping Activities of human Hand During drilling o...Mohammed H Alaqad
This document analyzes muscles and gripping activities of the human hand during drilling operations. It discusses how electromyography and accelerometers can be used to measure muscle fatigue and vibration during drilling. Specifically, it focuses on the extensor carpi radialis, biceps brachii, and trapezius pars descendens muscles. The study finds that muscle activity increases with longer vibration exposure durations and higher vibration levels. It also finds that grip strength can reduce hand drill vibration. The document concludes that hand-held vibrating tools most affect the upper and lower arm and that future work could involve different gripping materials and evaluating loads on muscles.
This document discusses key concepts relating to angular kinetics of human movement including:
- Moment of inertia, which is the angular analogue of mass and depends on mass and its distribution from the axis of rotation.
- Angular momentum depends on mass, distribution of mass from the axis of rotation, and angular velocity.
- Newton's laws of motion have angular analogues relating to torque and angular acceleration.
- Centripetal force is necessary to maintain circular motion and depends on mass, velocity, radius, and angular velocity.
Monitoring muscle strength is one of the ways physical therapists and other healthcare practitioners can objectively assess overall health. The best tool for accurately evaluating muscle strength are what is know as Hand Held Dynamometers. Every move a body makes is powered by muscle strength. Muscle strength describes the force generated when a muscle (or group of muscles) contract. Maintaining muscle strength is an important part of daily life as it affects many aspects.
This document discusses muscle and skeletal physiology, including:
- The relationship between stability and mobility, and how losing harmony between the two increases injury potential.
- Classifications of muscle types (voluntary vs involuntary) and fascicle patterns (pennate vs fusiform).
- Principles of biomechanics related to levers, force, resistance, and movement mechanics.
- Concepts like ligament creep and hysteresis - how applying constant stress over time can elongate ligaments and tendons.
This document provides an introduction to biomechanics. It defines biomechanics as the study of the structure and function of biological systems through the methods of mechanics. Biomechanics applies mechanical principles to understand the human body. The document outlines the key concepts in mechanics including kinematics, kinetics, and simple machines. It discusses areas of biomechanics like developmental, exercise, and rehabilitation biomechanics. Examples of levers in the body and their application to sports are also provided.
The document discusses the application of statics principles to analyze forces in the human body, using the elbow joint as an example. It describes the bones and muscles that make up the elbow joint. It then presents a mechanical model of the forearm, showing the forces acting on it - the tension in the biceps muscle, the weight of the forearm and object in the hand, and the reaction force at the elbow joint. The example problem sets up the free body diagram and defines the known forces and distances to enable solving for the unknown muscle and joint reaction forces using static equilibrium equations.
This document defines goniometry as a technique used to measure range of motion in joints. It discusses the definition, uses, parts of a goniometer, degrees of freedom in joints, and procedures for goniometric measurement. Key points covered include that a goniometer consists of stationary, moving, and body arms to measure angles in degrees, and it is used to identify contractures or decreased range of motion from injury or disuse, help develop treatment goals, and evaluate rehabilitation progress. Normal ranges of motion are provided for the shoulder and elbow.
The document discusses the three types of levers found in the human body - 1st, 2nd, and 3rd order levers. A 1st order lever provides stability with or without mechanical advantage, such as when nodding the head. A 2nd order lever is the lever of power, with the fulcrum between the effort and weight, like when standing on the toes. A 3rd order lever has a mechanical disadvantage but provides speed and range of motion, like when flexing the elbow. Examples of each type of lever are described.
For sightseeing, Northern Kyushu, Japan, has excellent cities and cultures! From Hakata, Fukuoka, which is the largest city in Kyushu, most of the cities in Kyushu can be easily reached by train or bus.
The Japanese slides report an approach to monitor Tsushima-Yamaneko, a kind of wildcat, by using UAVs.
In addition, an out-reaching activity for children in Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan was held in August 2015.
This document summarizes a seminar on mechanical concepts in orthodontics given by Dr. Sandhya Anand under the guidance of Prof. Ashima Valiathan. It discusses key concepts including scalars and vectors, resultants and components of orthodontic force systems, centers of resistance, moments of force, and couples. Understanding these basic mechanical principles is important for optimizing tooth movement, anchorage control, and designing new orthodontic appliances.
Biomechanics is the scientific study of the mechanics of living beings, specifically focusing on the musculoskeletal system. It is the application of mechanical principles to movement of the human body. Biomechanics can be divided into kinematic (descriptive analysis of motion) and kinetic (causal analysis considering forces) categories. The key components of the musculoskeletal system that biomechanics analyzes are bones, joints, and muscles.
11 kinematics and kinetics in biomechanicsLisa Benson
This document outlines the key topics to be covered in the BIOE 3200 biomechanics course for Fall 2015. Students will learn to define and distinguish between kinematics, which describes motion without regard to causes, and kinetics, which analyzes the forces that cause motion using Newton's laws. The course will teach how to draw free body diagrams, apply equations of motion, and use kinematic relationships to solve biomechanics problems involving subjects extending their legs as quickly as possible.
This document discusses the field of biomechanics and its importance in physical education, exercise science, and sports. Biomechanics applies principles of physics to understand human and sports movements. It emerged as a specialized field of study in the 1960s-1970s and has since developed various professional organizations and journals. Biomechanics research examines topics like injury prevention, sport technique analysis, and equipment design in order to improve athletic performance, safety, and physical skills.
The document discusses angular kinetics and torque, including:
1) Torque is the turning effect of a force applied at a distance from an axis, and is caused by both external forces and internal muscle forces.
2) Inverse dynamics analysis uses motion capture and force plate data to calculate internal joint torques during movements like walking.
3) Calculated joint torques provide insight into motor control strategies and how they may differ between populations.
Angular Kinetics of Human Movement discusses angular analogues to linear motion concepts. [1] Moment of inertia is the angular equivalent to mass, representing resistance to angular acceleration based on an object's mass distribution from the axis of rotation. [2] During human movement like walking, the leg's moment of inertia depends on the knee angle, changing the mass distribution. [3] Angular momentum is the product of moment of inertia and angular velocity, remaining constant in the absence of external torque like linear momentum.
This document discusses iso-inertial exercise technology as an additive in sports medicine physiotherapy. It defines iso-inertial exercise as movements with a constant load facilitated by devices using flywheels to provide constant resistance throughout range of motion. Such technology is beneficial for improving muscle strength, power and preventing injuries in athletes and those in rehabilitation by providing high intensity eccentric training. The document concludes iso-inertial exercise technology is a useful physiotherapy tool for sports professionals seeking to enhance performance.
A STUDY ON THE MOTION CHANGE UNDER LOADED CONDITION INDUCED BY VIBRATION STIM...csandit
To assist not only motor function but also perception ability of elderly and/or handicapped
persons, the power-assist robots which have perception-assist function have been developed.
These robots can automatically modify the user’s motion when the robot detects inappropriate
user’s motion or a possibility of accident such as collision between the user and obstacles. For
this motion modification in perception-assist, some actuators of power-assist robot are used. On
the other hand, since some elderly persons, handicapped persons or some workers need not use
power-assist function but perception-assist function only, another new concept perception-assist
method was investigated in our previous study. In this perception-assist method, only vibrators
are used for generating motion change with kinesthetic illusion to assist perception-ability only.
In this study, since the perception-assist is often used during tasks under a loaded condition, the
features of motion change under the loaded condition are investigated.
This document provides an introduction to biomechanics and its importance in analyzing sports techniques. It outlines various biomechanical concepts including kinematics, kinetics, angular motion, and fluid mechanics. These concepts are important for understanding human movement in different sports such as running, jumping, throwing, and other track and field techniques. The document serves as an overview of biomechanics and how it can be applied to analyzing sports performance.
This document provides an overview of biomechanics and its key concepts. It begins by defining biomechanics as the application of mechanical principles to the study of living organisms. It then discusses the importance of biomechanics in understanding forces on the body, improving devices, and informing treatments. The document outlines key biomechanics topics like kinematics, kinetics, arthrokinematics, and kinetic chains. It provides examples of each concept and their clinical relevance. In summary, the document introduces biomechanics and surveys its fundamental terms and applications.
This document discusses key biomechanical concepts related to strength training exercises. It defines biomechanics as the study of movement and the forces acting on the human body. It emphasizes the importance of stability when performing exercises with free weights to ensure safety and effectiveness. It describes the components of force, angle of muscle pull, inertia, and Newton's laws of motion. It also discusses concepts like work, power, levers, and the equal and opposite reaction principle and how they relate to weightlifting and bodybuilding exercises.
Analysis of Muscles and gripping Activities of human Hand During drilling o...Mohammed H Alaqad
This document analyzes muscles and gripping activities of the human hand during drilling operations. It discusses how electromyography and accelerometers can be used to measure muscle fatigue and vibration during drilling. Specifically, it focuses on the extensor carpi radialis, biceps brachii, and trapezius pars descendens muscles. The study finds that muscle activity increases with longer vibration exposure durations and higher vibration levels. It also finds that grip strength can reduce hand drill vibration. The document concludes that hand-held vibrating tools most affect the upper and lower arm and that future work could involve different gripping materials and evaluating loads on muscles.
This document discusses key concepts relating to angular kinetics of human movement including:
- Moment of inertia, which is the angular analogue of mass and depends on mass and its distribution from the axis of rotation.
- Angular momentum depends on mass, distribution of mass from the axis of rotation, and angular velocity.
- Newton's laws of motion have angular analogues relating to torque and angular acceleration.
- Centripetal force is necessary to maintain circular motion and depends on mass, velocity, radius, and angular velocity.
Monitoring muscle strength is one of the ways physical therapists and other healthcare practitioners can objectively assess overall health. The best tool for accurately evaluating muscle strength are what is know as Hand Held Dynamometers. Every move a body makes is powered by muscle strength. Muscle strength describes the force generated when a muscle (or group of muscles) contract. Maintaining muscle strength is an important part of daily life as it affects many aspects.
This document discusses muscle and skeletal physiology, including:
- The relationship between stability and mobility, and how losing harmony between the two increases injury potential.
- Classifications of muscle types (voluntary vs involuntary) and fascicle patterns (pennate vs fusiform).
- Principles of biomechanics related to levers, force, resistance, and movement mechanics.
- Concepts like ligament creep and hysteresis - how applying constant stress over time can elongate ligaments and tendons.
This document provides an introduction to biomechanics. It defines biomechanics as the study of the structure and function of biological systems through the methods of mechanics. Biomechanics applies mechanical principles to understand the human body. The document outlines the key concepts in mechanics including kinematics, kinetics, and simple machines. It discusses areas of biomechanics like developmental, exercise, and rehabilitation biomechanics. Examples of levers in the body and their application to sports are also provided.
The document discusses the application of statics principles to analyze forces in the human body, using the elbow joint as an example. It describes the bones and muscles that make up the elbow joint. It then presents a mechanical model of the forearm, showing the forces acting on it - the tension in the biceps muscle, the weight of the forearm and object in the hand, and the reaction force at the elbow joint. The example problem sets up the free body diagram and defines the known forces and distances to enable solving for the unknown muscle and joint reaction forces using static equilibrium equations.
This document defines goniometry as a technique used to measure range of motion in joints. It discusses the definition, uses, parts of a goniometer, degrees of freedom in joints, and procedures for goniometric measurement. Key points covered include that a goniometer consists of stationary, moving, and body arms to measure angles in degrees, and it is used to identify contractures or decreased range of motion from injury or disuse, help develop treatment goals, and evaluate rehabilitation progress. Normal ranges of motion are provided for the shoulder and elbow.
The document discusses the three types of levers found in the human body - 1st, 2nd, and 3rd order levers. A 1st order lever provides stability with or without mechanical advantage, such as when nodding the head. A 2nd order lever is the lever of power, with the fulcrum between the effort and weight, like when standing on the toes. A 3rd order lever has a mechanical disadvantage but provides speed and range of motion, like when flexing the elbow. Examples of each type of lever are described.
For sightseeing, Northern Kyushu, Japan, has excellent cities and cultures! From Hakata, Fukuoka, which is the largest city in Kyushu, most of the cities in Kyushu can be easily reached by train or bus.
The Japanese slides report an approach to monitor Tsushima-Yamaneko, a kind of wildcat, by using UAVs.
In addition, an out-reaching activity for children in Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan was held in August 2015.
We investigate the quality of "partial caging", where a position-controlled robotic hand confines an object geometrically but the object can escape from the hand through a narrow gap. Which arrangement of the fingers can capture the object more restrictedly?
Presented in Int. conf. on Advanced Mechatronics 2015.
It gives a series of methods to detect scissors by vision system and to generate robotic caging grasp motions by Choreonoid, a motion planner.
Icam2015 presentation poster - Object Recognition and Planning of Ring-type C...
Similar to Isb2015 presentation - Estimation of Elastic and Dynamic Properties of a Finger Attributed to Muscle-Tendon Complex by Measuring Joint Angles
Statistical analysis of range of motion and surface electromyography data for...IJECEIAES
This work introduces a statistical analysis of knee range of motion (ROM) and surface electromyography (EMG) data gathered from a knee extension rehabilitation device. Real-time ROM and EMG signals of rehabilitation users are measured using a single angle sensor and a two-channel EMG device (for the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis muscles). These signals are collected by the NI-myRIO embedded device in accordance with the designed rehabilitation program. The main contribution and novelty of this study is that real-time signals are automatically processed and transformed into statistical data for use by users and medical experts. A solution for extracting raw signals is proposed, in which several statistical functions such as range, mean, standard deviation, skewness, percentiles, interquartile range, and total knee holding times above the threshold level, are implemented and applied. The proposed solution is tested using data acquired from healthy people, which includes gender, age, body size, knee side, exercise behavior, and surgical experience. Results indicated that real- time signals and related statistical data on the knee’s performance can be efficiently monitored. With this solution, rehabilitation users can practice and learn about their knee performance, while medical experts can evaluate the data and design the best rehabilitation program for users.
The document discusses lower limb biomechanics, including:
1) The knee plays an important role in walking by maintaining the body's center of gravity and providing shock absorption during stance phase.
2) Orthoses that limit knee flexion can result in an abnormal gait pattern due to the significant impact of the knee on walking.
3) Ground reaction forces during activities like walking and squats produce moments at the ankle, knee, and hip joints that must be counteracted by specific muscle groups to maintain stability.
Postgraduate orthopaedics march 2015 biomechanicsnickcaplan23
The document provides an overview of orthopaedic biomechanics. It defines biomechanics as the study of mechanics in living things. Key topics covered include Newton's laws of motion, free body diagrams, kinetics, kinematics, gait analysis, and examples analyzing the hip and knee. Units of measure, forces, moments, and assumptions of biomechanical models are also discussed. Examples of gait data from healthy and osteoarthritic patients are presented to demonstrate biomechanical analysis.
Application of EMG and Force Signals of Elbow Joint on Robot-assisted Arm Tra...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Flexion-extension based on the system's robotic arm has the potential to increase the patient's elbow joint movement. The force sensor and electromyography signals can support the biomechanical system to detect electrical signals generated by the muscles of the biological. The purpose of this study is to implement the design of force sensor and EMG signals application on the elbow flexion motion of the upper arm. In this experiments, the movements of flexion at an angle of 45º, 90º and 135º is applied to identify the relationship between the amplitude of the EMG and force signals on every angle. The contribution of this research is for supporting the development of the Robot-Assisted Arm Training. The correlation between the force signal and the EMG signal from the subject studied in the elbow joint motion tests. The application of sensors tested by an experimental on healthy subjects to simulating arm movement. The experimental results show the relationship between the amplitude of the EMG and force signals on flexion angle of the joint mechanism for monitoring the angular displacement of the robotic arm. Further developments in the design of force sensor and EMG signals are potentially for open the way for the next researches based on the physiological condition of each patient.
This document discusses different types of muscle contractions and tools for assessing muscle strength. It describes the main types of contractions as concentric, eccentric, and isometric. Common tools for measuring strength isometrically include handheld dynamometers, large frame dynamometers, and isokinetic dynamometers. Dynamic strength can be assessed via one repetition maximum tests while dynamic endurance uses submaximal loads over multiple repetitions. The biggest issue with muscle strength assessment tests is test/retest reliability.
An electrogoniometer uses angle sensors to objectively measure human joint motion. It has two arms attached to the proximal and distal segments of the joint, connected to a potentiometer that measures the angular position as voltage. This voltage is sampled and converted to an angle. Electrogoniometers include optoelectronic systems using cameras, potentiometers measuring resistance, and strain gauges using flexible springs. They are portable, lightweight, and adapt to different body segments but can interfere with natural movement. Electrogoniometers provide precise dynamic joint angles and are reliable for laboratory studies.
An electrogoniometer uses angle sensors to objectively measure human joint motion. It has two arms attached to the proximal and distal segments of the joint, connected to a potentiometer that measures the angular position as voltage. This voltage is sampled and converted to an angle. Electrogoniometers include optoelectronic systems using cameras, potentiometers measuring resistance, and strain gauges using flexible springs. They are portable, lightweight, and adapt to different body segments but can be bulky and restrict movement. Electrogoniometers provide precise dynamic joint angles essential for rehabilitation and are reliable for laboratory studies.
This project presents the design of a novel variable stiffness gripper using permanent magnets as nonlinear springs. Two servo motors control the position of the magnets to simultaneously adjust the position and stiffness of each gripper finger. An experiment showed the gripper's ability to safely grasp a fragile object when an unexpected collision occurred, demonstrating the benefits of variable stiffness for safety and compliant motion. Future work will focus on dynamic manipulation with the gripper and experiments involving human-robot interaction.
This study tested the hypothesis that orthotic intervention would significantly alter the coronal and transverse plane kinematics of the lower extremities during cycling, with larger wedge inclinations having a greater influence. The study found that orthotic devices with varus wedge inclinations of 1.5mm, 3.0mm, and 4.5mm did not significantly influence the three-dimensional kinematics of the hip, knee, or ankle at any of the three tested cadences of 70, 90, and 110 RPM. Subjective ratings showed a clear preference for no orthotic over the varus wedge inclinations. This suggests that foot orthoses do not provide protection from skeletal malalignment issues associated with chronic cycling injuries.
Occupational therapy focuses on improving range of motion, strength, and endurance through exercise. Biomechanics analyzes human motion through kinematics, which describes movement, and kinetics, which describes the forces behind movement. The musculoskeletal system uses levers and torque generated by muscles to enable motion. Muscles contain contractile filaments that slide past each other to generate force through motor unit recruitment and firing rates. Understanding biomechanics and physiology allows occupational therapists to design effective treatment programs.
IRJET- Design and Analysis of Lumbar Spine using Finite Element MethodIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research study that used finite element analysis to model and analyze the lumbar spine (L1-L5 vertebrae) under different loading conditions. Key points:
- A 3D model of the lumbar spine was created in CATIA and meshed in ANSYS for finite element analysis.
- Static loads of 10kg, 20kg, and 30kg were applied to simulate forward and backward bending.
- Von Mises stress and total deformation were analyzed at each load to determine stress distributions and identify regions experiencing the least stress and deformation.
- Results found the L5 vertebra experienced the least stress and deformation, providing insights to guide implant material selection and sizing to correct
This document summarizes a presentation on motor assessment techniques. It discusses tests for muscle endurance and agility. It also describes assessing range of motion, including active and passive range and end feel. Capsular and non-capsular patterns of restricted motion are explained. The document also covers accessory joint motions, activity-based task analysis, and references various assessment scales and tests. The overall summary provides an overview of common physical therapy evaluation methods for motor function and musculoskeletal issues.
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Isb2015 presentation - Estimation of Elastic and Dynamic Properties of a Finger Attributed to Muscle-Tendon Complex by Measuring Joint Angles
1. Estimation of Elastic and Dynamic
Properties of a Finger Attributed to
Muscle-Tendon Complex by Measuring
Joint Angles
Satoshi Makita*1, Momoko Maeda*2, Yuki Kawafuchi*3, Ryota Nawata*4
*1 Sasebo College, National Institute of Technology
*2 Imasen Engineering Corporation
*3 Yaskawa Electric Corporation
*4 Aichi University of Education
Acknowledgment:
Travel grant by Nakatani Foundation
stretching
2. Background
• Using Muscle-Tendon complexes as springs in sports
• Elasticity: Applying larger forces
• Dynamics: Speeding up motion
• Flexibility: Absorbing impact contacts
• Focusing on hands, such as overhead pass in volleyball
• Receiving the ball by hands
• Control (timing, velocity, height, etc.)
Estimation of Elastic and Dynamic Properties of a Finger Attributed to Muscle-Tendon Complex by
Measuring joint angles
2/10
3. The objective of our research
To estimate elastic and dynamic properties of fingers from
the viewpoint of muscle-tendon complexes
• Elastic Property: Fingertip force
• Dynamic Property: Joint angular velocity
Both accord to joint angles
-> Evaluation of playing performances
Estimation of Elastic and Dynamic Properties of a Finger Attributed to Muscle-Tendon Complex by
Measuring joint angles
3/10
4. Related Works:
Two typical analyses of viscoelasticity of MTC
A) Measuring isolated MTC
• NOT appropriate to analyze human motion in sports
B) Observing by using ultrasonography
• NOT suitable to observe upper limbs in QUICK movement
Difficulty of observing behaviors of MTC in sports
activities
Estimation of Elastic and Dynamic Properties of a Finger Attributed to Muscle-Tendon Complex by
Measuring joint angles
4/10
5. Related Works:
Using Motion-Capture
Two concerns
A) Expensive costs to introduce
B) Difficulty of tracking both fingers and whole body in
same time
• Occlusions
• Resolution (different length of limbs)
Estimation of Elastic and Dynamic Properties of a Finger Attributed to Muscle-Tendon Complex by
Measuring joint angles
5/10
6. Our measurement method
(based on a simplified hypothesis)
An MTC of a finger can stretch during dorsiflexion by
pushing the fingertip with external forces
Using Data Gloves
• Joint angle
• Fingertip force
Estimation of Elastic and Dynamic Properties of a Finger Attributed to Muscle-Tendon Complex by
Measuring joint angles
External
force
Extensor
digitorum
Contract
Flexor
digitorum
Extend
6/10
7. Procedure of basic measurement
Measuring set of fingertip force and joint angle
1. Push the fingertip
toward dorsiflextion
2. Stretch the finger MTC
to a limitation angle
step by step
3. Reduce the force in
the similar way
Estimation of Elastic and Dynamic Properties of a Finger Attributed to Muscle-Tendon Complex by
Measuring joint angles
7/10
8. Procedure of basic measurement
Measuring angular velocity
1. Set the finger in a
certain dorsiflextion
angle
2. Remove the external
load instantly
3. While unloading
processes, reduce the
load from the limitation,
and set a certain angle
Estimation of Elastic and Dynamic Properties of a Finger Attributed to Muscle-Tendon Complex by
Measuring joint angles
8/10
9. Results: Elasticity and dynamics of finger
Fingertip force and angular velocity of released motion are
exponentially proportional to joint angle
Estimation of Elastic and Dynamic Properties of a Finger Attributed to Muscle-Tendon Complex by
Measuring joint angles
9/10
10. Discussion / Conclusion
• Exponential trend in elasticity and dynamics of fingers
measured as fingertip force and angular velocity of finger
motion corresponding to joint angle
• Similar to the tendon characters in previous works
• A hysteresis between “loading” and “unloading”
• Any loss of elastic energy (tendon shortening) have occur
• Caused by a difference of muscle behavior
Estimation of Elastic and Dynamic Properties of a Finger Attributed to Muscle-Tendon Complex by
Measuring joint angles
10/10
11. Ongoing works
• Analyze overhead pass motion by data gloves
• Requirement to consider stretch reflex
• Investigate the unknown hysteresis by ultrasonography
• Observation of difference of behaviors between loading and
unloading term
Estimation of Elastic and Dynamic Properties of a Finger Attributed to Muscle-Tendon Complex by
Measuring joint angles
11/10
12. Extra slides
Estimation of Elastic and Dynamic Properties of a Finger Attributed to Muscle-Tendon Complex by
Measuring joint angles
12/10
13. Conclusion
• Estimating elastic and dynamic properties of MTC of
finger by measuring joint angle
• Based on a simplified hypothesis, relationship between joint
angle and MTC stretching
• Measuring fingertip force and angular velocity of finger
motion corresponding to joint angle
• Both can be approximated by exponential curve
Estimation of Elastic and Dynamic Properties of a Finger Attributed to Muscle-Tendon Complex by
Measuring joint angles
13/10
14. Results: Dynamics of finger
Angular velocity is also exponentially proportional to joint angle
Estimation of Elastic and Dynamic Properties of a Finger Attributed to Muscle-Tendon Complex by
Measuring joint angles
14/10
15. Approximation of Elasticity
𝐹𝑡𝑖𝑝 = 𝑎𝑒 𝑏𝜃 𝑀𝑃 + 𝑐
∆𝑥 𝑀𝑇𝐶 = 𝑟 𝑀𝑃∆𝜃 𝑀𝑃 𝑑 𝑀𝑃 ≈ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡
𝑟 𝑀𝑃 𝐹 𝑀𝑇𝐶 = 𝑙𝐹𝑡𝑖𝑝 (Torque equilibrium)
Estimation of Elastic and Dynamic Properties of a Finger Attributed to Muscle-Tendon Complex by
Measuring joint angles
𝑭 𝐦𝐭𝐜
𝑭𝐭𝐢𝐩
𝜽
𝒓
Muscle
Center of joint rotation
dorsiflexion
15/10
16. Approximation of Dynamics
𝐹 𝑀𝑇𝐶 =
𝑙
𝑟 𝑀𝑃
𝑎𝑒
𝑏
𝑟 𝑀𝑃
𝑥 𝑀𝑃
+
𝑙
𝑟 𝑀𝑃
𝑐 = 𝑎′ 𝑒 𝑏′ 𝑥 𝑀𝑃 + 𝑐′
𝐸𝑒 =
0
𝑥 𝑎
𝐹𝑡𝑖𝑝 𝑑𝑥 𝑀𝑇𝐶 ⇒ 𝐸 𝑘 + 𝐸𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 =
𝑚 𝑚𝑡𝑐
2
𝑥 𝑀𝑇𝐶
2
+ 𝐸𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
Energy transduction
𝜃 = 𝐴𝑒 𝐵𝜃 + 𝐶𝜃 + 𝐷
Estimation of Elastic and Dynamic Properties of a Finger Attributed to Muscle-Tendon Complex by
Measuring joint angles
16/10
Editor's Notes
In various sports, muscle-tendon complexes (or MTCs) play an important role for us to do superior performances.
The MTCs, especially the tendons behave as springs in vivo and accumulate elastic energy during stretching.
As a result, We can apply larger forces, speed up motions with high velocity and absorb impact contacts such as landing, catching a ball and so on.
Let us focus on hands such as overhead pass in volleyball.
We receive a ball by hands and absorb its impact.
After that we have to control the ball to release in suitable timing and velocity and to reach it the suitable height.
In this motion, we can use the MTC of fingers dexterously for good performances.
Therefore the objective of our research is to estimate elastic and dynamic properties of fingers to evaluate playing performances of overhead pass in volleyball theoretically.
From the viewpoint of muscle-tendon complexes, these properties can be analyzed by stretching length and resultant tension.
These two parameters can be approximated by joint angle and fingertip force with a hypothesis addressed later.
To analyze viscoelasticity of MTC, there are two typical methods.
One is measuring isolated MTC by some mechanical ways such as tensile strength tests.
Of course, it is not appropriate to analyze human motion in sports because the properties can change whether the tendon is in vivo or in vitro.
Another way is observing by ultrasonography, which is widely accepted in biomechanics researches, especially focusing on lower limbs.
However, I think it is not always suitable to observe upper limbs in sports because we do various quick motions and movement.
To observe quick motions in sports activities, we usually use Motion Capture system.
Although it is a very proper approach, there are two concerns written the slide.
One, Motion capture system takes expensive costs to introduce to your labs.
Second, tracking both fingers and whole body in same time is not easy because a lot of occlusion can occur in sports motion, and there is a problem of resolution of markers attached to the body
Under consideration of the above methods, we propose a measurement method based on a simplified hypothesis of MTC stretching: an MTC of a finger can stretch during dorsiflexion by pushing the finger with external forces like that.
With the hypothesis, we can estimate the lengthening of the MTC from joint angle changing, and also elastic resultant force from fingertip force.
These two parameters can be easily measured by data gloves.
First we investigate the elasticity of finger MTC, which can be described as a relationship between joint angle and fingertip force.
In our procedure, first we fix a hand on the measurement equipment.
While we push up the fingertip toward dorsiflexion, each set of joint angle and fingertip force is recorded.
Then we define two terms: loading and unloading.
Loading denotes the direction the fingertip is pushed up, and unloading denotes the opposite direction after the fingertip reached a limitation angle.
In a similar way, we record each set of joint angle and angular velocity of released finger motion.
After we set the finger in a certain dorsiflexion angle, we release the finger.
In the unloading process, once we push up the finger at the limitation angle and reduce the load to set a certain angle.
Here are measurement results to show exponentially changing of resultant fingertip force and angular velocity of released motion according to joint angle.
From the figures, we can see that both the fingertip force and angular velocity are exponentially proportional to joint angle.
This exponential trend of resultant force is similar to the character of isolated tendon reported by previous studies, but we can see a large hysteresis here.
From the results, our measurement method is reasonable to analyze human hand motion in sports on the viewpoint of muscle-tendon complex because the resultant trends of elastic and dynamic properties of MTC are similar to that of tendon reported in some previous works.
In addition, a hysteresis which maybe caused by any loss of elastic energy was observed between loading and unloading processes.
Now we prepare to analyze overhead pass motion by data gloves.
And also we tackle to investigate the unknown hysteresis by ultrasonography in the same way as many previous works.
I summarize my talk.
In this research, we aim to analyze human hand motion in sports with easy and cheap way, and propose a method to estimate elastic and dynamic properties of muscle-tendon complex of finger.
The method based on a simplified hypothesis gave reasonable results of estimated properties, which show exponential trends.
This is a result to show the dynamics of finger related to its joint angle.
The angular velocity of released finger also have an exponential trend.