This document discusses key management and distribution. It covers several methods for distributing symmetric keys including physical delivery, using a third party, and encrypting new keys with previous keys. It also discusses distributing asymmetric keys through public announcement, directories, authorities, and certificates. X.509 certificates are described as binding a user's identity to their public key through a digital signature from a certification authority (CA). CA hierarchies are discussed to allow validation of certificates across different CAs.
This document summarizes public-key cryptography. It discusses how public-key cryptography uses unique public and private keys to encrypt and decrypt messages securely. It describes how public-key encryption allows a sender to encrypt a message with the recipient's public key, while only the recipient's private key can decrypt it. It also explains how digital signatures allow a sender to encrypt a message with their private key for authentication, while the recipient can decrypt it with the sender's public key to verify identity and integrity. The document notes some vulnerabilities of public-key cryptography like longer key sizes and man-in-the-middle attacks, and how certificate authorities help address these issues.
Introduction to Public key Cryptosystems with block diagrams
Reference : Cryptography and Network Security Principles and Practice , Sixth Edition , William Stalling
This document summarizes a lecture on public-key cryptography and the RSA algorithm. It begins by introducing public-key cryptography and how it can provide both confidentiality and authentication simultaneously. It then describes the basic idea behind the RSA algorithm, which uses modular exponentiation and the fact that exponents behave modulo the totient of a number when the number is a product of two primes. The document provides details on how to implement RSA, including choosing the modulus as a product of two large prime numbers, and proves that the RSA algorithm works as intended. It also discusses computational and security aspects of RSA.
Key Distribution Problem in advanced operating systemMerlin Florrence
The document discusses the key distribution problem in cryptography. When two entities want to securely communicate, they must obtain matching encryption and decryption keys. There are different approaches to key distribution, including a centralized approach where a single Key Distribution Center (KDC) maintains secret keys for each user, and a fully distributed approach without a central authority. The centralized approach is simple to implement but relies on a single point of failure.
Public key cryptography uses asymmetric encryption with two related keys - a public key and a private key. The public key can be shared openly but the private key is kept secret. When Alice wants to send a confidential message to Bob, she encrypts it with Bob's public key. Only Bob can decrypt it using his private key. Public key infrastructure involves policies and technologies for issuing, managing, and revoking digital certificates that bind public keys to identities. Popular public key algorithms like RSA are based on the difficulty of factoring large prime numbers.
Principles of public key cryptography and its UsesMohsin Ali
This document discusses the principles of public key cryptography. It begins by defining asymmetric encryption and how it uses a public key and private key instead of a single shared key. It then discusses key concepts like digital certificates and public key infrastructure. The document also provides examples of how public key cryptography can be used, including the RSA algorithm and key distribution methods like public key directories and certificates. It explains how public key cryptography solves the key distribution problem present in symmetric encryption.
Key Management, Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange, Elliptic Curve Arithmetic, Elliptic Curve
Cryptography, Message Authentication and Hash Functions, Hash and MAC Algorithms
Digital Signatures and Authentication Protocols
This document summarizes public-key cryptography. It discusses how public-key cryptography uses unique public and private keys to encrypt and decrypt messages securely. It describes how public-key encryption allows a sender to encrypt a message with the recipient's public key, while only the recipient's private key can decrypt it. It also explains how digital signatures allow a sender to encrypt a message with their private key for authentication, while the recipient can decrypt it with the sender's public key to verify identity and integrity. The document notes some vulnerabilities of public-key cryptography like longer key sizes and man-in-the-middle attacks, and how certificate authorities help address these issues.
Introduction to Public key Cryptosystems with block diagrams
Reference : Cryptography and Network Security Principles and Practice , Sixth Edition , William Stalling
This document summarizes a lecture on public-key cryptography and the RSA algorithm. It begins by introducing public-key cryptography and how it can provide both confidentiality and authentication simultaneously. It then describes the basic idea behind the RSA algorithm, which uses modular exponentiation and the fact that exponents behave modulo the totient of a number when the number is a product of two primes. The document provides details on how to implement RSA, including choosing the modulus as a product of two large prime numbers, and proves that the RSA algorithm works as intended. It also discusses computational and security aspects of RSA.
Key Distribution Problem in advanced operating systemMerlin Florrence
The document discusses the key distribution problem in cryptography. When two entities want to securely communicate, they must obtain matching encryption and decryption keys. There are different approaches to key distribution, including a centralized approach where a single Key Distribution Center (KDC) maintains secret keys for each user, and a fully distributed approach without a central authority. The centralized approach is simple to implement but relies on a single point of failure.
Public key cryptography uses asymmetric encryption with two related keys - a public key and a private key. The public key can be shared openly but the private key is kept secret. When Alice wants to send a confidential message to Bob, she encrypts it with Bob's public key. Only Bob can decrypt it using his private key. Public key infrastructure involves policies and technologies for issuing, managing, and revoking digital certificates that bind public keys to identities. Popular public key algorithms like RSA are based on the difficulty of factoring large prime numbers.
Principles of public key cryptography and its UsesMohsin Ali
This document discusses the principles of public key cryptography. It begins by defining asymmetric encryption and how it uses a public key and private key instead of a single shared key. It then discusses key concepts like digital certificates and public key infrastructure. The document also provides examples of how public key cryptography can be used, including the RSA algorithm and key distribution methods like public key directories and certificates. It explains how public key cryptography solves the key distribution problem present in symmetric encryption.
Key Management, Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange, Elliptic Curve Arithmetic, Elliptic Curve
Cryptography, Message Authentication and Hash Functions, Hash and MAC Algorithms
Digital Signatures and Authentication Protocols
Public key cryptography uses key pairs - a public key and a private key - to encrypt and decrypt messages. The public key can be shared widely, while the private key is kept secret. This allows users to securely share encrypted messages without having to first share secret keys. Common applications of public key cryptography include public key encryption and digital signatures.
The document discusses digital signatures and authentication protocols. It covers the properties of digital signatures, including how they can verify authorship and authenticate message contents. Direct digital signatures involve the sender signing a message with their private key, while arbitrated signatures involve a third party. Authentication protocols are used to establish identity and exchange session keys, and must address issues like confidentiality, timeliness, and replay attacks. The document also describes common cryptographic algorithms and standards used for digital signatures, including the Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA).
CGI White Paper - Key Incryption MechanismAmit Singh
This white paper discusses public key encryption and digital signatures. It begins by defining public key cryptography and explaining how it works using asymmetric key pairs for encryption/decryption and digital signatures. It then discusses how certificates are used to validate identities and keys. Certificates contain a user's public key and identity information, signed by a certificate authority, allowing identities to be verified. The paper also explains how digital signatures, encryption, and certificates are implemented in practice when sending signed and encrypted messages.
This document summarizes key topics in cryptographic key management and distribution from Chapter 14 of William Stallings' book "Cryptography and Network Security". It discusses how symmetric encryption schemes require parties to share a secret key, and how public key schemes require parties to obtain valid public keys. It then covers various methods for key distribution, including using a key hierarchy with session keys and master keys, as well as alternatives like third party key distribution and the use of public key encryption to distribute secret keys. It also introduces the concept of using a key distribution center and X.509 certificates to facilitate secure key exchange through a public key infrastructure.
Information and network security 45 digital signature standardVaibhav Khanna
The Digital Signature Standard is a Federal Information Processing Standard specifying a suite of algorithms that can be used to generate digital signatures established by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology in 1994
This presentation is created for Applied Data Communication lecture of Computer Systems Engineering master programme at Tallinn University of Technology
1. The document discusses public-key cryptography and some of its key concepts like asymmetric encryption where each user has a public and private key.
2. It also covers applications like encryption, digital signatures, and key exchange. It notes that while public-key crypto has advantages, symmetric crypto is still important due to public-key crypto's lower speed.
3. The RSA algorithm is presented as one of the first implementations of public-key cryptography based on the difficulty of factoring large integers.
Lecture 9 key distribution and user authentication rajakhurram
1. The document discusses two main methods for key distribution: symmetric key distribution using symmetric encryption like Kerberos, and key distribution using asymmetric encryption like X.509 certificates.
2. It provides an overview of how symmetric key distribution works in Kerberos, including the use of a key distribution center and ticket granting tickets.
3. It also summarizes X.509 certificates, how they are issued by a certificate authority with a user's public key and signature, and how they can be used to verify a user's identity.
Key Management, Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange, Elliptic Curve Arithmetic, Elliptic Curve
Cryptography, Message Authentication and Hash Functions, Hash and MAC Algorithms
Digital Signatures and Authentication Protocols
o Review of PGP - Authentication and Confidentiality.
o Review of MIME and S/MIME with a short review of SMTP.
o Review of S/MIME in MS-Outlook - worksheet.
o Review of SSL Protocols.
o Review of SSH, its phases and its supported channel types.
o Demonstration SSL through Wireshark
o Demonstration SSH Channel
o Need for IPSec
o Details of ESP and brief idea of AH.
o SAD and SPD with inbound/outbound packet processing.
This document discusses network security and cryptography. It defines four requirements for secure transactions: confidentiality, integrity, authentication, and non-repudiation. It also defines cryptography as the science of encrypting messages to make them secure and immune to attacks. The two main categories of cryptography are symmetric-key and asymmetric-key cryptography. Symmetric-key cryptography uses the same key to encrypt and decrypt, while asymmetric-key cryptography uses public and private key pairs. Digital signatures, public key infrastructure, certificates, and cryptanalysis are also discussed.
1. Public key distribution methods include public announcement, publicly available directories, public key authorities, and public key certificates.
2. Diffie-Hellman key exchange allows two parties to jointly establish a shared secret key over an insecure channel without any prior secrets.
3. Elliptic curve cryptography provides the same level of security as other public key systems like RSA but with smaller key sizes, reducing computational overhead.
This document discusses techniques for distributing public keys and Hash-based Message Authentication Code (HMAC). It begins with an overview of public key cryptography and the need for secure key distribution. It then describes several approaches for distributing public keys, including using a public key authority, public key certificates, and a publicly available directory. The document also provides background on HMAC, describing how it uses cryptographic hash functions and a secret key to authenticate messages and ensure integrity. It includes the HMAC algorithm details, parameters, and a graphical representation of the process.
Key management is the set of techniques and procedures for establishing and maintaining secure key relationships between parties. It involves generating, distributing, storing, updating, and revoking cryptographic keys. The objectives of key management are to maintain secure keying material and relationships to counter relevant threats like key compromise, in accordance with a security policy. Techniques include symmetric and public-key encryption, key hierarchies, certificates, and life cycle processes around user registration and key installation, update, and destruction.
Symmetric encryption uses the same key to encrypt and decrypt data, providing confidentiality. Keys must be distributed securely between parties. Common approaches involve using a key distribution center (KDC) that shares secret keys with parties and can provide temporary session keys. Link encryption protects data as it travels over each network link, while end-to-end encryption protects data for its entire journey but leaves some header data unencrypted. Key distribution, storage, renewal and replacement are important aspects of maintaining security when using symmetric encryption.
Distribution of Symmetric and Asymmetric Key
Digital Signature: DSA
X.509 Certificate
Man-in-the Middle Attack
Check a digital certificate while accessing a secure website and compare its structure with X.509 standard
User/Entity Authentication
Kerberos
Authentication with Digital Certificate
Authentication protocols allow communicating parties to verify each other's identities before exchanging confidential information. Digital signatures provide a way for senders to cryptographically sign messages in a way that cannot be forged or denied later. There are two main approaches: arbitrated signatures use a trusted third party to verify and time-stamp signatures, while direct signatures encrypt a hash of the message with the sender's private key for verification by the recipient. Key techniques like Diffie-Hellman key exchange, Kerberos, and public key infrastructures help enable secure authentication and signatures at scale.
Guillou-quisquater protocol for user authentication based on zero knowledge p...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Authentication is the act of confirming the validity of someone’s personal data. In the traditional
authentication system, username and password are sent to the server for verification. However, this
scheme is not secure, because the password can be sniffed. In addition, the server will keep the user’s
password for the authentication. This makes the system vulnerable when the database server is hacked.
Zero knowledge authentication allows server to authenticate user without knowing the user’s password. In
this research, this scheme was implemented with Guillou-Quisquater protocol. Two login mechanisms
were used: file-based certificate with key and local storage. Testing phase was carried out based on the
Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) penetration testing scheme. Furthermore, penetration
testing was also performed by an expert based on Acunetix report. Three potential vulnerabilities were
found and risk estimation was calculated. According to OWASP risk rating, these vulnerabilities were at the
medium level.
Public-key cryptography uses two keys, a public key that can encrypt messages and a private key that decrypts them, allowing secure communication without secretly exchanging keys. It was a major advance in cryptography and enables applications like encryption for security and digital signatures for authentication. The RSA algorithm is an example of public-key cryptography that revolutionized encryption by using this two-key system.
Information and data security key management and distributionMazin Alwaaly
Key management and distribution involves the secure delivery of keys between parties wishing to exchange encrypted data. It uses a hierarchy of master keys that are infrequently used and long-lasting, and session keys that are temporarily generated and distributed. Public key encryption relies on the authenticity of public keys, which certificate schemes help assure. Common approaches to key distribution include symmetric encryption, public key encryption, public announcement of keys, public directories of keys, and authorities that control key directories.
Key management and distribution are complex due to cryptographic, protocol, and management issues. Symmetric schemes require parties to share a secret key, while public key schemes require parties to acquire valid public keys. This document discusses several methods for distributing keys, including using symmetric encryption, public key encryption, public announcements, directories, authorities, and certificates signed by certificate authorities.
Public key cryptography uses key pairs - a public key and a private key - to encrypt and decrypt messages. The public key can be shared widely, while the private key is kept secret. This allows users to securely share encrypted messages without having to first share secret keys. Common applications of public key cryptography include public key encryption and digital signatures.
The document discusses digital signatures and authentication protocols. It covers the properties of digital signatures, including how they can verify authorship and authenticate message contents. Direct digital signatures involve the sender signing a message with their private key, while arbitrated signatures involve a third party. Authentication protocols are used to establish identity and exchange session keys, and must address issues like confidentiality, timeliness, and replay attacks. The document also describes common cryptographic algorithms and standards used for digital signatures, including the Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA).
CGI White Paper - Key Incryption MechanismAmit Singh
This white paper discusses public key encryption and digital signatures. It begins by defining public key cryptography and explaining how it works using asymmetric key pairs for encryption/decryption and digital signatures. It then discusses how certificates are used to validate identities and keys. Certificates contain a user's public key and identity information, signed by a certificate authority, allowing identities to be verified. The paper also explains how digital signatures, encryption, and certificates are implemented in practice when sending signed and encrypted messages.
This document summarizes key topics in cryptographic key management and distribution from Chapter 14 of William Stallings' book "Cryptography and Network Security". It discusses how symmetric encryption schemes require parties to share a secret key, and how public key schemes require parties to obtain valid public keys. It then covers various methods for key distribution, including using a key hierarchy with session keys and master keys, as well as alternatives like third party key distribution and the use of public key encryption to distribute secret keys. It also introduces the concept of using a key distribution center and X.509 certificates to facilitate secure key exchange through a public key infrastructure.
Information and network security 45 digital signature standardVaibhav Khanna
The Digital Signature Standard is a Federal Information Processing Standard specifying a suite of algorithms that can be used to generate digital signatures established by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology in 1994
This presentation is created for Applied Data Communication lecture of Computer Systems Engineering master programme at Tallinn University of Technology
1. The document discusses public-key cryptography and some of its key concepts like asymmetric encryption where each user has a public and private key.
2. It also covers applications like encryption, digital signatures, and key exchange. It notes that while public-key crypto has advantages, symmetric crypto is still important due to public-key crypto's lower speed.
3. The RSA algorithm is presented as one of the first implementations of public-key cryptography based on the difficulty of factoring large integers.
Lecture 9 key distribution and user authentication rajakhurram
1. The document discusses two main methods for key distribution: symmetric key distribution using symmetric encryption like Kerberos, and key distribution using asymmetric encryption like X.509 certificates.
2. It provides an overview of how symmetric key distribution works in Kerberos, including the use of a key distribution center and ticket granting tickets.
3. It also summarizes X.509 certificates, how they are issued by a certificate authority with a user's public key and signature, and how they can be used to verify a user's identity.
Key Management, Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange, Elliptic Curve Arithmetic, Elliptic Curve
Cryptography, Message Authentication and Hash Functions, Hash and MAC Algorithms
Digital Signatures and Authentication Protocols
o Review of PGP - Authentication and Confidentiality.
o Review of MIME and S/MIME with a short review of SMTP.
o Review of S/MIME in MS-Outlook - worksheet.
o Review of SSL Protocols.
o Review of SSH, its phases and its supported channel types.
o Demonstration SSL through Wireshark
o Demonstration SSH Channel
o Need for IPSec
o Details of ESP and brief idea of AH.
o SAD and SPD with inbound/outbound packet processing.
This document discusses network security and cryptography. It defines four requirements for secure transactions: confidentiality, integrity, authentication, and non-repudiation. It also defines cryptography as the science of encrypting messages to make them secure and immune to attacks. The two main categories of cryptography are symmetric-key and asymmetric-key cryptography. Symmetric-key cryptography uses the same key to encrypt and decrypt, while asymmetric-key cryptography uses public and private key pairs. Digital signatures, public key infrastructure, certificates, and cryptanalysis are also discussed.
1. Public key distribution methods include public announcement, publicly available directories, public key authorities, and public key certificates.
2. Diffie-Hellman key exchange allows two parties to jointly establish a shared secret key over an insecure channel without any prior secrets.
3. Elliptic curve cryptography provides the same level of security as other public key systems like RSA but with smaller key sizes, reducing computational overhead.
This document discusses techniques for distributing public keys and Hash-based Message Authentication Code (HMAC). It begins with an overview of public key cryptography and the need for secure key distribution. It then describes several approaches for distributing public keys, including using a public key authority, public key certificates, and a publicly available directory. The document also provides background on HMAC, describing how it uses cryptographic hash functions and a secret key to authenticate messages and ensure integrity. It includes the HMAC algorithm details, parameters, and a graphical representation of the process.
Key management is the set of techniques and procedures for establishing and maintaining secure key relationships between parties. It involves generating, distributing, storing, updating, and revoking cryptographic keys. The objectives of key management are to maintain secure keying material and relationships to counter relevant threats like key compromise, in accordance with a security policy. Techniques include symmetric and public-key encryption, key hierarchies, certificates, and life cycle processes around user registration and key installation, update, and destruction.
Symmetric encryption uses the same key to encrypt and decrypt data, providing confidentiality. Keys must be distributed securely between parties. Common approaches involve using a key distribution center (KDC) that shares secret keys with parties and can provide temporary session keys. Link encryption protects data as it travels over each network link, while end-to-end encryption protects data for its entire journey but leaves some header data unencrypted. Key distribution, storage, renewal and replacement are important aspects of maintaining security when using symmetric encryption.
Distribution of Symmetric and Asymmetric Key
Digital Signature: DSA
X.509 Certificate
Man-in-the Middle Attack
Check a digital certificate while accessing a secure website and compare its structure with X.509 standard
User/Entity Authentication
Kerberos
Authentication with Digital Certificate
Authentication protocols allow communicating parties to verify each other's identities before exchanging confidential information. Digital signatures provide a way for senders to cryptographically sign messages in a way that cannot be forged or denied later. There are two main approaches: arbitrated signatures use a trusted third party to verify and time-stamp signatures, while direct signatures encrypt a hash of the message with the sender's private key for verification by the recipient. Key techniques like Diffie-Hellman key exchange, Kerberos, and public key infrastructures help enable secure authentication and signatures at scale.
Guillou-quisquater protocol for user authentication based on zero knowledge p...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Authentication is the act of confirming the validity of someone’s personal data. In the traditional
authentication system, username and password are sent to the server for verification. However, this
scheme is not secure, because the password can be sniffed. In addition, the server will keep the user’s
password for the authentication. This makes the system vulnerable when the database server is hacked.
Zero knowledge authentication allows server to authenticate user without knowing the user’s password. In
this research, this scheme was implemented with Guillou-Quisquater protocol. Two login mechanisms
were used: file-based certificate with key and local storage. Testing phase was carried out based on the
Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) penetration testing scheme. Furthermore, penetration
testing was also performed by an expert based on Acunetix report. Three potential vulnerabilities were
found and risk estimation was calculated. According to OWASP risk rating, these vulnerabilities were at the
medium level.
Public-key cryptography uses two keys, a public key that can encrypt messages and a private key that decrypts them, allowing secure communication without secretly exchanging keys. It was a major advance in cryptography and enables applications like encryption for security and digital signatures for authentication. The RSA algorithm is an example of public-key cryptography that revolutionized encryption by using this two-key system.
Information and data security key management and distributionMazin Alwaaly
Key management and distribution involves the secure delivery of keys between parties wishing to exchange encrypted data. It uses a hierarchy of master keys that are infrequently used and long-lasting, and session keys that are temporarily generated and distributed. Public key encryption relies on the authenticity of public keys, which certificate schemes help assure. Common approaches to key distribution include symmetric encryption, public key encryption, public announcement of keys, public directories of keys, and authorities that control key directories.
Key management and distribution are complex due to cryptographic, protocol, and management issues. Symmetric schemes require parties to share a secret key, while public key schemes require parties to acquire valid public keys. This document discusses several methods for distributing keys, including using symmetric encryption, public key encryption, public announcements, directories, authorities, and certificates signed by certificate authorities.
Module 5-Key management in security in computingAparnaSunil24
The presentation discusses key management and distribution in symmetric encryption. It explores methods for securely distributing secret keys, which is essential for symmetric encryption. The challenges of key interception and unauthorized access are addressed. Various key distribution methods are presented, including physical delivery, using a third party, and transmitting new keys with old ones. Larger key distribution systems like a key distribution center that uses a hierarchy of keys are also described. The presentation concludes by emphasizing the importance of effective cryptographic key management for data security.
This document discusses key management in public-key encryption. It describes several methods for distributing public keys including public announcement, publicly available directories maintained by a trusted authority, and public-key certificates signed by a certificate authority. It also discusses using public-key encryption to distribute secret keys between two parties via a trusted authority or by exchanging certificates. The distribution of certificates without needing to contact an authority each time improves on earlier methods by avoiding bottlenecks.
The document discusses key management and the Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol. It begins by explaining public-key encryption helps address key distribution problems. It then describes different methods for distributing public keys including public announcement, publicly available directories, public-key authorities, and public-key certificates. It also explains how public-key encryption can be used to distribute secret keys, including Diffie-Hellman key exchange and hybrid key distribution. The document concludes by discussing elliptic curve cryptography as an alternative to methods using large integer arithmetic.
User authentication is a fundamental security building block that verifies an entity's claimed identity. It involves identification and verification using something the user knows, possesses, is, or does. Authentication protocols are used to establish identity and exchange session keys securely. Kerberos is a widely used trusted third-party authentication system that allows clients to securely authenticate to services across an organization using tickets. Federated identity management allows common authentication across multiple separate enterprises and applications using standards like SAML and WS-Federation.
Cryptography and Network Security discusses key management and other public key cryptosystems. It covers distributing public keys through public announcement, directories, authorities, and certificates. It also examines using public key encryption to distribute secret keys, including Diffie-Hellman key exchange and hybrid key distribution. Finally, it introduces elliptic curve cryptography as an alternative to systems using large integers that provides equivalent security with smaller key sizes.
The document discusses various authentication applications and protocols including Kerberos, X.509, PKI, PGP, and S/MIME. It provides details on:
- Kerberos uses tickets to allow secure communication over non-secure networks.
- X.509 defines a framework for authentication using public key certificates signed by certification authorities (CAs) and stored in directories. It includes one-way, two-way, and three-way authentication protocols.
- PKI refers to the hardware, software, policies and procedures for managing digital certificates based on public key cryptography.
- PGP and S/MIME provide email security through encryption, signatures, and integrity checks using symmetric and asymmetric cryptography. While
http://www.skyriver.net/ - Skyriver Communications – Fixed Wireless Security. Skyriver is a leading business ISP, specializing in Fixed Wireless. Learn about Skyrivers’ innovative high performance broadband for business visit the site now.
IPSec VPN provides secure communication over insecure networks using encryption, integrity checks, authentication, and anti-replay features. It uses IKE to establish security associations between peers, exchanging proposals and keys. IKE then uses ESP or AH to encrypt packets and verify integrity using hashes or signatures to prevent tampering. Digital certificates or pre-shared keys authenticate the origins of data through public key infrastructure or shared secrets.
Key management involves techniques for establishing and maintaining secure cryptographic key relationships between parties. It includes procedures for key generation, distribution, installation, storage, backup and recovery, updating, revocation and destruction. The objective is to maintain keys in a way that counters threats like secret key compromise or unauthorized key use, while conforming to a security policy. Symmetric key encryption and public key techniques can be used. Key distribution methods include physical delivery, use of a third party, encryption with a previous key, or relaying via a secure third party communication channel. A key management lifecycle outlines registration, initialization, generation, installation, registration, normal use, backup, update, archival, de-registration and destruction, recovery and rev
This document discusses key management and distribution in public-key cryptography. It covers several methods for distributing public keys including public announcement, directories, certificates. It also discusses using public keys to distribute secret keys, including Diffie-Hellman key exchange and hybrid encryption. Finally, it introduces elliptic curve cryptography as an alternative to systems like RSA that allows equivalent security with smaller key sizes.
A Review Paper on Secure authentication and data sharing in cloud storage usi...ijsrd.com
This document summarizes a research paper on secure authentication and data sharing in cloud storage using a key aggregate cryptosystem. It begins with an abstract that describes using public key cryptography to encrypt data and delegate decryption rights for any subset of ciphertexts with a constant size key. It then provides details on the proposed key aggregate cryptosystem, including an introduction, related work comparing it to other solutions, the system architecture, and sections on key aggregate encryption and a conclusion. The key aggregate cryptosystem allows a master key holder to release an aggregate key that decrypts a flexible set of ciphertexts in cloud storage while keeping other files encrypted.
The document discusses the principles of public key cryptography including public and private keys, encryption, decryption, digital signatures, key exchange, security, trust, and revocation. It then provides details on the RSA algorithm including key generation, encryption, decryption, and security. It also discusses symmetric key distribution and key management principles like key generation, storage, distribution, rotation, expiration, revocation, and destruction. Finally, it discusses different techniques for distributing public keys such as public announcement, public directories, and using a public key authority.
This document provides a high-level overview of how Kerberos authentication works. It explains that Kerberos uses a trusted third party called the Key Distribution Center (KDC) to mediate authentication between users and services. The KDC distributes session keys to allow communication and verifies users' identities through cryptographic operations. It also describes how Kerberos implements single sign-on through the use of ticket-granting tickets obtained from the KDC. Some advantages of Kerberos include strong authentication without sending passwords over the network and more convenient single sign-on for users.
The document discusses web security for e-commerce and describes various threats such as insecure transmission and unauthorized access. It explains methods for protecting online businesses including cryptographic techniques, transport and application layer security, and firewalls. Specific topics covered include client/server applications, communication channels, OSI and TCP/IP models, security threats, cryptography services, digital signatures, envelopes, certificates, and secure channels.
The document discusses key distribution and authentication using symmetric encryption. It describes several options for distributing symmetric keys between two parties, including having a third party select and deliver the key. The most preferable option is using a key distribution center (KDC) that can dynamically provide session keys for encryption between hosts that have been granted permission to communicate. The document then provides details on how Kerberos, a widely used authentication system, implements this approach using a KDC, ticket granting tickets, and service granting tickets to authenticate users and allow secure communication without transmitting plaintext passwords. It also summarizes some of the environmental and technical deficiencies addressed in the updated Kerberos version 5 protocol.
1) Key management involves the distribution and use of public keys through public announcement, public directories, public key authorities, and public key certificates.
2) Public key certificates bind a user's identity to their public key and can be verified by anyone, providing a secure mechanism for distributing public keys without direct contact.
3) Secret keys can be distributed securely using public key encryption by having one party encrypt a secret key with the other's public key, or through protocols like Diffie-Hellman key exchange which allow two parties to jointly derive a shared secret key.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
2. Key Management and
Distribution
topics of cryptographic key management /
key distribution are complex
cryptographic, protocol, & management issues
symmetric schemes require both parties to
share a common secret key
public key schemes require parties to
acquire valid public keys
have concerns with doing both
3. Road Map
symmetric key distribution using symmetric
encryption
symmetric key distribution using public-key
encryption
distribution of public keys
• announcement, directory, authrority, CA
X.509 authentication and certificates
public key infrastructure (PKIX)
4. Key Distribution
symmetric schemes require both parties to
share a common secret key
issue is how to securely distribute this key
whilst protecting it from others
frequent key changes can be desirable
often secure system failure due to a break
in the key distribution scheme
5. Key Distribution
given parties A and B have various key
distribution alternatives:
1. A can select key and physically deliver to B
2. third party can select & deliver key to A & B
3. if A & B have communicated previously can
use previous key to encrypt a new key
4. if A & B have secure communications with a
third party C, C can relay key between A & B
7. Key Hierarchy
typically have a hierarchy of keys
session key
temporary key
used for encryption of data between users
for one logical session then discarded
master key
used to encrypt session keys
shared by user & key distribution center
10. Key Distribution Issues
hierarchies of KDC’s required for large
networks, but must trust each other
session key lifetimes should be limited for
greater security
use of automatic key distribution on behalf
of users, but must trust system
use of decentralized key distribution
controlling key usage
11. Road Map
symmetric key distribution using symmetric
encryption
symmetric key distribution using public-key
encryption
distribution of public keys
• announcement, directory, authrority, CA
X.509 authentication and certificates
public key infrastructure (PKIX)
12. Symmetric Key Distribution
Using Public Keys
public key cryptosystems are inefficient
so almost never use for direct data encryption
rather use to encrypt secret keys for distribution
13. Simple Secret Key Distribution
Merkle proposed this very simple scheme
allows secure communications
no keys before/after exist
14. If A wishes to communicate with B, the following procedure is employed:
1.A generates a public/private key pair {PUa, PRa} and transmits a message to
B consisting of PUa and an identifier of A, IDA.
2.B generates a secret key, Ks, and transmits it to A, encrypted with A's public
key.
3.A computes D(PRa, E(PUa, Ks)) to recover the secret key. Because only A
can decrypt the message, only A and B will know the identity of Ks.
4.A discards PUa and PRa and B discards PUa.
A and B can now securely communicate using conventional encryption and
the session key Ks. At the completion of the exchange, both A and B discard
Ks.
Despite its simplicity, this is an attractive protocol. No keys exist before the
start of the communication and none exist after the completion of
communication.
Thus, the risk of compromise of the keys is minimal. At the same time, the
communication is secure from eavesdropping.
16. The protocol depicted in above Figure is insecure against an
adversary who can intercept messages and then either relay the
intercepted message or substitute another message . Such an
attack is known as a man-in-the-middle attack.
In this case, if an adversary, E, has control of the intervening
communication channel, then E can compromise the
communication in the following fashion without being detected:
1.A generates a public/private key pair {PUa, PRa} and transmits
a message intended for B consisting of PUa and an identifier of A,
IDA.
2.E intercepts the message, creates its own public/private key pair
{PUe, PRe} and transmits PUe || IDA to B.
3.B generates a secret key, Ks, and transmits E(PUe, Ks).
4.E intercepts the message and learns Ks by computing D(PRe,
E(PUe, Ks)).
5.E transmits E(PUa, Ks) to A.
18. The above figure provides protection against both active and
passive attacks
Assuming A and B have exchanged public keys , then the
following steps occur:
1.A uses B's public key to encrypt a message to B containing an identifier of A
(IA) and a nonce (N1), which is used to identify this transaction uniquely.
2.B sends a message to A encrypted with PUa and containing A's nonce (N1)
as well as a new nonce generated by B (N2). Because only B could have
decrypted message (1), the presence of N1 in message (2) assures A that the
correspondent is B.
3.A returns N2, encrypted using B's public key, to assure B that its
correspondent is A.
4.A selects a secret key Ks and sends M = E(PUb, E(PRa, Ks)) to B. Encryption
with B's public key ensures that only B can read it; encryption with A's private
key ensures that only A could have sent it.
5.B computes D(PUa, D(PRb, M)) to recover the secret key.
The result is that this scheme ensures both confidentiality and authentication in
the exchange of a secret key.
19. Hybrid Key Distribution
retain use of private-key KDC
shares secret master key with each user
distributes session key using master key
public-key used to distribute master keys
especially useful with widely distributed users
rationale
performance
backward compatibility
20. Road Map
symmetric key distribution using symmetric
encryption
symmetric key distribution using public-key
encryption
distribution of public keys
• announcement, directory, authority, CA
X.509 authentication and certificates
public key infrastructure (PKIX)
21. Distribution of Public Keys:
Several techniques have been proposed
for the distribution of public keys, which
can mostly be grouped into the categories
shown.
public announcement
publicly available directory
public-key authority
public-key certificates
22. Public Announcement
users distribute public keys to recipients or
broadcast to community at large
eg. append PGP keys to email messages or
post to news groups or email list
major weakness is forgery
anyone can create a key claiming to be
someone else and broadcast it
until forgery is discovered can masquerade as
claimed user
23. Publicly Available Directory
can obtain greater security by registering
keys with a public directory
directory must be trusted with properties:
contains {name,public-key} entries
participants register securely with directory
participants can replace key at any time
directory is periodically published
directory can be accessed electronically
still vulnerable to tampering or forgery
24. Public-Key Authority
improve security by tightening control over
distribution of keys from directory
has properties of directory
and requires users to know public key for
the directory
then users interact with directory to obtain
any desired public key securely
does require real-time access to directory
when keys are needed
may be vulnerable to tampering
26. Road Map
symmetric key distribution using symmetric
encryption
symmetric key distribution using public-key
encryption
distribution of public keys
• announcement, directory, authrority, CA
X.509 authentication and certificates
public key infrastructure (PKIX)
27. Public-Key Certificates
certificates allow key exchange without
real-time access to public-key authority
a certificate binds identity to public key
usually with other info such as period of
validity, rights of use etc
with all contents signed by a trusted
Public-Key or Certificate Authority (CA)
can be verified by anyone who knows the
public-key authorities public-key
29. X.509 Authentication Service
part of CCITT X.500 directory service standards
distributed servers maintaining user info database
defines framework for authentication services
directory may store public-key certificates
with public key of user signed by certification authority
also defines authentication protocols
uses public-key crypto & digital signatures
algorithms not standardised, but RSA recommended
X.509 certificates are widely used
have 3 versions
31. X.509 Certificates
issued by a Certification Authority (CA), containing:
version V (1, 2, or 3)
serial number SN (unique within CA) identifying certificate
signature algorithm identifier AI
issuer X.500 name CA)
period of validity TA (from - to dates)
subject X.500 name A (name of owner)
subject public-key info Ap (algorithm, parameters, key)
issuer unique identifier (v2+)
subject unique identifier (v2+)
extension fields (v3)
signature (of hash of all fields in certificate)
notation CA<<A>> denotes certificate for A signed by CA
33. Obtaining a Certificate
any user with access to CA can get any
certificate from it
only the CA can modify a certificate
because cannot be forged, certificates can
be placed in a public directory
34. CA Hierarchy
if both users share a common CA then they are
assumed to know its public key
otherwise CA's must form a hierarchy
use certificates linking members of hierarchy to
validate other CA's
each CA has certificates for clients (forward) and
parent (backward)
each client trusts parents certificates
enable verification of any certificate from one CA
by users of all other CAs in hierarchy
36. Certificate Revocation
certificates have a period of validity
may need to revoke before expiry, eg:
1. user's private key is compromised
2. user is no longer certified by this CA
3. CA's certificate is compromised
CA’s maintain list of revoked certificates
the Certificate Revocation List (CRL)
users should check certificates with CA’s CRL
37. X.509 Version 3
has been recognised that additional
information is needed in a certificate
email/URL, policy details, usage constraints
rather than explicitly naming new fields
defined a general extension method
extensions consist of:
extension identifier
criticality indicator
extension value
38. Certificate Extensions
key and policy information
convey info about subject & issuer keys, plus
indicators of certificate policy
certificate subject and issuer attributes
support alternative names, in alternative
formats for certificate subject and/or issuer
certificate path constraints
allow constraints on use of certificates by
other CA’s
39. Road Map
symmetric key distribution using symmetric
encryption
symmetric key distribution using public-key
encryption
distribution of public keys
• announcement, directory, authrority, CA
X.509 authentication and certificates
public key infrastructure (PKIX)
41. public-key infrastructure (PKI) as the set of hardware, software,
people, policies, and procedures needed to create, manage,
store, distribute, and revoke digital certificates based on
asymmetric cryptography
Its principal is to enable secure, convenient, and efficient
acquisition of public keys. The IETF Public Key Infrastructure
X.509 (PKIX) working group has setup a formal (and generic)
model based on X.509 that is suitable for deploying a certificate-
based architecture on the Internet.
Above fig shows interrelationships among some key elements:
• End entity: A generic term used to denote end users, devices
(e.g., servers, routers), or any other entity that can be identified in
the subject field of a public key certificate. End entities can
consume and/or support PKI-related services.
Certification authority (CA): The issuer of certificates and
(usually) certificate revocation lists (CRLs). It may also support a
variety of administrative functions, although these are often
delegated to Registration Authorities.
42. Registration authority (RA): An optional component that can
assume a number of administrative functions from the CA.
The RA is often associated with the End Entity registration
process, but can assist in a number of other areas as well.
CRL issuer: An optional component that a CA can delegate to
publish CRLs.
Repository: A generic term used to denote any method for
storing certificates and CRLs so that they can be retrieved by End
Entities.
43. PKIX Management
PKIX identifies a number of management functions that potentially
need to be supported by management protocols
functions:
registration
initialization
certification
key pair recovery
key pair update
revocation request
cross certification
The PKIX working group has defines two alternative
management protocols between PKIX entities
protocols: CMP, CMC
44. Registration: whereby a user first makes itself known to a CA, prior to issue
of a certificate(s) for that user. It usually involves some off-line or online
procedure for mutual authentication.
Initialization: to install key materials that have the appropriate relationship
with keys stored elsewhere in the infrastructure.
Certification: process where a CA issues a certificate for a user's public key,
and returns it to the user's client system and/or posts it in a repository.
Key pair recovery: a mechanism to recover the necessary decryption keys
when normal access to the keying material is no longer possible.
Key pair update: key pairs need to be updated and new certificates issued.
Revocation request: when authorized person advises need for certificate
revocation, e.g. private key compromise, affiliation change, name change.
Cross certification: when two CAs exchange information used in
establishing a cross-certificate, issued by one CA to another CA that contains a
CA signature key used for issuing certificates.
The PKIX working group has defines two alternative management protocols
between PKIX entities. RFC 2510 defines the certificate management protocols
(CMP), which is a flexible protocol able to accommodate a variety of technical,
operational, and business models.
RFC 2797 defines certificate management messages over CMS (RFC 2630) called
CMC. This is built on earlier work to leverage existing code.
45. Summary Unit-4 Part-1
have considered:
symmetric key distribution using symmetric
encryption
symmetric key distribution using public-key
encryption
distribution of public keys
• announcement, directory, authrority, CA
X.509 authentication and certificates
public key infrastructure (PKIX)