1. The document discusses the simulation results of circular horn antennas. A conical horn antenna and elliptical horn antenna were designed and simulated using HFSS.
2. For the conical horn antenna, the return loss, field distribution, directivity, gain and radiation patterns were calculated. The resonance frequency was found to be 10.95GHz.
3. An elliptical horn antenna was also designed and its return loss, field distribution and radiation pattern were obtained through simulation. The resonance frequency of the elliptical horn antenna was 9.05GHz.
The aperture is defined as the area, oriented perpendicular to the direction of an incoming radio wave, which would intercept the same amount of power from that wave as is produced by the antenna receiving it. A horn antenna or microwave horn is an antenna that consists of a flaring metal waveguide shaped like a horn to direct radio waves in a beam. Horns are widely used as antennas at UHF and microwave frequencies, above 300 MHz.
This document discusses different types of antennas used for radio transmission and reception. It describes that antennas convert electric energy to radio waves and vice versa. Specifically, it covers dipole antennas which consist of two conductive elements connected at the center, and vertical antennas which exhibit unidirectional radiation patterns. It also defines common antenna measurement terms like bandwidth, VSWR, return loss, efficiency and polarization which characterize antenna performance and operation.
- Antennas are devices used for radiating and receiving electromagnetic waves and are essential for wireless communication technologies like mobile phones, WiFi, and satellite communications.
- The radiation pattern of an antenna shows its radiation properties as a function of position and is usually represented by the electric field magnitude over a spherical surface. Common patterns include isotropic, directional, and omnidirectional.
- Key antenna parameters include the main beam direction, half power beamwidth (-3dB beamwidth), beamwidth between first nulls, and side lobe level. These characteristics help describe the antenna's radiation properties.
This document defines and describes various fundamental properties of antennas including radiation patterns, field regions, directivity, gain, bandwidth, polarization, input impedance, and the Friis transmission equation. It provides definitions and equations for quantifying properties like radiation intensity, directive gain, directivity, beamwidth, radar cross section, and the radar range equation. Diagrams are included to illustrate concepts such as radiation lobes, coordinate systems, and geometries used in transmission equations.
This document provides information on fundamental antenna parameters and concepts. It discusses:
1. How antennas convert guided waves into radiating waves and vice versa.
2. Key antenna parameters including radiation pattern, directivity, radiation resistance, efficiency, gain, bandwidth, reciprocity, effective aperture, beamwidth, and polarization matching.
3. The Friis transmission formula for calculating received power between two antennas in free space based on their gains, wavelength, and distance.
This document provides an overview of fundamental concepts related to radiation and propagation. It begins with an introduction and outline, then reviews basic antenna types including isotropic, directional, omnidirectional, and their radiation patterns. It discusses gain, polarization, equivalent circuits, and radiation efficiency. Examples of specific antenna types are given like patches, slots, helical antennas and reflector antennas. Key concepts around radiation patterns, lobes, beamwidths and polarization are explained. The document concludes with a summary of the key topics covered.
The document discusses antenna tilt, which is the inclination of an antenna relative to its axis. Tilt can be applied electrically or mechanically to change the antenna's radiation pattern and direct coverage to desired areas. Electrical tilt modifies the signal phase, while mechanical tilt physically tilts the antenna. The type of tilt affects coverage differently - mechanical tilt reduces central coverage but increases side coverage, while electrical tilt uniformly reduces coverage in the antenna's azimuth direction. Proper documentation of antenna tilt configurations is important for network optimization and troubleshooting.
The aperture is defined as the area, oriented perpendicular to the direction of an incoming radio wave, which would intercept the same amount of power from that wave as is produced by the antenna receiving it. A horn antenna or microwave horn is an antenna that consists of a flaring metal waveguide shaped like a horn to direct radio waves in a beam. Horns are widely used as antennas at UHF and microwave frequencies, above 300 MHz.
This document discusses different types of antennas used for radio transmission and reception. It describes that antennas convert electric energy to radio waves and vice versa. Specifically, it covers dipole antennas which consist of two conductive elements connected at the center, and vertical antennas which exhibit unidirectional radiation patterns. It also defines common antenna measurement terms like bandwidth, VSWR, return loss, efficiency and polarization which characterize antenna performance and operation.
- Antennas are devices used for radiating and receiving electromagnetic waves and are essential for wireless communication technologies like mobile phones, WiFi, and satellite communications.
- The radiation pattern of an antenna shows its radiation properties as a function of position and is usually represented by the electric field magnitude over a spherical surface. Common patterns include isotropic, directional, and omnidirectional.
- Key antenna parameters include the main beam direction, half power beamwidth (-3dB beamwidth), beamwidth between first nulls, and side lobe level. These characteristics help describe the antenna's radiation properties.
This document defines and describes various fundamental properties of antennas including radiation patterns, field regions, directivity, gain, bandwidth, polarization, input impedance, and the Friis transmission equation. It provides definitions and equations for quantifying properties like radiation intensity, directive gain, directivity, beamwidth, radar cross section, and the radar range equation. Diagrams are included to illustrate concepts such as radiation lobes, coordinate systems, and geometries used in transmission equations.
This document provides information on fundamental antenna parameters and concepts. It discusses:
1. How antennas convert guided waves into radiating waves and vice versa.
2. Key antenna parameters including radiation pattern, directivity, radiation resistance, efficiency, gain, bandwidth, reciprocity, effective aperture, beamwidth, and polarization matching.
3. The Friis transmission formula for calculating received power between two antennas in free space based on their gains, wavelength, and distance.
This document provides an overview of fundamental concepts related to radiation and propagation. It begins with an introduction and outline, then reviews basic antenna types including isotropic, directional, omnidirectional, and their radiation patterns. It discusses gain, polarization, equivalent circuits, and radiation efficiency. Examples of specific antenna types are given like patches, slots, helical antennas and reflector antennas. Key concepts around radiation patterns, lobes, beamwidths and polarization are explained. The document concludes with a summary of the key topics covered.
The document discusses antenna tilt, which is the inclination of an antenna relative to its axis. Tilt can be applied electrically or mechanically to change the antenna's radiation pattern and direct coverage to desired areas. Electrical tilt modifies the signal phase, while mechanical tilt physically tilts the antenna. The type of tilt affects coverage differently - mechanical tilt reduces central coverage but increases side coverage, while electrical tilt uniformly reduces coverage in the antenna's azimuth direction. Proper documentation of antenna tilt configurations is important for network optimization and troubleshooting.
The document discusses various types of aperture antennas including slot antennas, horn antennas, and corrugated horns. It explains key concepts such as Babinet's principle, which relates the fields of an antenna to its complement, and how this allows the fields of a slot antenna to be understood based on a dipole antenna. The document also discusses how horns are commonly used as feeds for large satellite and radio astronomy dishes due to their simplicity, versatility, and ability to produce a uniform phase front. Corrugated horns are highlighted as a type of horn that can improve the aperture efficiency of large reflectors.
This document discusses wire antennas and antenna arrays. It begins by categorizing radiation patterns from an engineering, analytical, and technical perspective. It then covers basic wire antenna structures like dipoles and loops. The document focuses on linear, planar and array types including properties like radiation patterns, array factors, and design considerations for arrays like element spacing, progressive phase shifts and different array geometries. Specific array examples covered include uniform, broadside, endfire, binomial and filled disk arrays.
The document discusses various parameters related to antennas including:
1. Radians and steradians which are units used to measure plane angles and solid angles respectively.
2. Radiation power density and radiation intensity which describe the power associated with electromagnetic waves.
3. Directivity and gain which are measures of an antenna's directional capabilities compared to an isotropic radiator.
4. Other parameters like efficiency, bandwidth, polarization, radiation resistance, and effective length/aperture which characterize an antenna's performance.
1) The document provides lecture notes on basic antenna parameters and wire antennas. It covers topics such as classification of antennas by size and type, radiation integrals used to calculate electromagnetic fields from antenna sources, and properties of Hertzian dipoles including their radiation patterns and directivity.
2) Key concepts discussed include how antenna size relates to the operating wavelength, radiation from electric surface currents using integral equations, derivation of the electric field for an infinitesimal dipole, and definitions of directivity, gain, and beamwidth for simple antenna models.
3) Formulas are presented for calculating the electric and magnetic fields, power flow, and directivity of Hertzian dipoles based on the antenna theory and properties of spherical waves.
This document discusses different types of antennas and their characteristics, including whips, loops, helicals, Yagis, log periodic, horns, and parabolic antennas. It also covers topics like antenna radiation pattern measurement systems, gain and loss calculations, antenna design considerations, and the differences between EIRP and ERP.
Antennas And Wave Propagation Jntu Model Paper{Www.Studentyogi.Com}guest3f9c6b
This document contains an examination for a course on Antennas and Wave Propagation. It lists 8 questions related to topics in that course. The questions cover topics such as:
1) Drawing dual characteristics of antennas and explaining radiation from two wire antennas.
2) Deriving expressions for electric fields and finding distances where radiation and induction fields are equal.
3) Calculating field patterns for linear arrays and finding directivity and beamwidth.
4) Describing helical antennas and deriving expressions for radiated electric fields.
5) Discussing properties of antenna arrays like broadside and endfire arrays.
It provides problems related to analyzing, designing and measuring properties of different antenna
This document discusses different types of antenna jobs and areas of research. It describes three main sectors for antenna jobs: private sector working for consumer electronics companies, defense department/government jobs, and university/research jobs. It provides details on the responsibilities for each type of private sector job and notes that defense and government jobs focus more on research and integration. University/research jobs primarily involve publishing research and involve some teaching. Active areas of antenna research mentioned include meta-materials, electromagnetic solvers, miniaturization, and array optimization.
This document discusses various topics related to antenna fundamentals including:
1. It defines key antenna terminology such as radiation patterns, beamwidth, directivity, gain, polarization, and more.
2. It describes different categories of antenna types including loops, dipoles, slots, reflectors, patches, and more.
3. It covers antenna parameters and concepts such as radiation patterns, beam efficiency, radiation intensity, effective aperture, polarization, near and far field zones, and more.
The document provides an introduction to the basic concepts of antenna arrays, including how combining multiple antenna elements in an array can form directional radiation patterns and increase gain over a single element. It discusses how the array factor, element spacing, number of elements, and element properties influence the overall radiation pattern. Unequal power and phase distribution between elements can modify characteristics like side lobe levels and directivity. Complex feed networks are required to provide the different amplitude and phase signals to each element in the array.
This document provides an overview of electromagnetic radiation, antenna fundamentals, and wave propagation. It discusses antennas as the linkage between circuits and electromagnetic fields. Key concepts covered include the electromagnetic spectrum, frequency-wavelength relationships, antenna radiation patterns, gain, directivity, polarization, and near, intermediate, and far field regions. Common antenna types for mobile communication like dipoles, monopoles, and arrays are also mentioned. Baluns are described as devices that convert between balanced and unbalanced signals.
This document discusses the differences between mechanical and electrical downtilt of antennas and their effects on horizontal pattern performance. Mechanical downtilt physically tilts the entire antenna along a single plane, tilting the front down and back up, which can cause pattern blooming and irregularities that interfere with adjacent sectors. Electrical downtilt controls the phase to each radiating element independently, allowing more precise control over antenna patterns and reduction of interference. Comparisons show that electrically downtilted antennas suppress pattern blooming and distortions seen with increased mechanical downtilt, improving signal confinement and reducing inter-sector interference.
An antenna array (or array antenna) is a set of multiple connected antennas which work together as a single antenna, to transmit or receive radio waves. The individual antenna elements are connected to a single receiver or transmitter by feedlines that feed the power to the elements in a specific phase relationship. The radio waves radiated by each individual antenna combine and superpose, adding together (interfering constructively) to enhance the power radiated in desired directions, and cancelling (interfering destructively) to reduce the power radiated in other directions. Similarly, when used for receiving, the separate radio frequency currents from the individual antennas combine in the receiver with the correct phase relationship to enhance signals received from the desired directions and cancel signals from undesired directions.
This document provides an overview of fundamental parameters of antennas including radiation pattern, beamwidth, radiation power density, radiation intensity, and directivity. Key points discussed include:
- Radiation patterns describe the directional properties of antenna radiation and include main lobes, minor lobes, and side lobes. Beamwidth refers to the angular width of the main lobe.
- Radiation power density and radiation intensity describe the power of electromagnetic waves radiated by an antenna in different units.
- Directivity is defined as the ratio of radiation intensity in a given direction compared to the average radiation intensity uniformly distributed over all directions.
This document provides an introduction to basic antenna theory. It begins with an outline that reviews common antenna types like dipoles, slots, and reflector antennas. It then discusses key antenna characteristics such as radiation patterns, gain, polarization, and efficiency. The document also mentions smart antennas and introduces some basic antenna theory concepts like equivalent circuits and radiation efficiency. The overall purpose is to refresh fundamental physical concepts needed to better understand how antennas operate and are designed.
Antenna parameters part 2 - PolarisationAndre Fourie
The polarisation specification for an antenna specifies how the electric field behaves in the far field (where the radiated wave has established itself).
The document describes the design and simulation of a 3x4 dipole planar array antenna. Key objectives of the antenna include studying its radiation properties, frequency response, gain, and radiation patterns. The antenna is designed to operate at 3.3 GHz using dipole elements that are half the wavelength in length, spaced at intervals of one-twentieth the wavelength, and placed on a 1.6 mm thick substrate. Simulation results show the antenna achieves good impedance matching and a maximum gain of around 6.35dB within the target frequency band, along with the desired radiation pattern.
Polarization describes the orientation of an antenna's electric field. There are several types of polarization: vertical, horizontal, and circular polarization radiate linearly, while elliptical polarization is a mix of linear and circular. Different polarization types are used for different applications - vertical polarization radiates well in all directions for mobile devices, horizontal is commonly used for television to avoid interference, and circular polarization is ideal for satellite communications since it maintains signal integrity despite environmental anomalies.
A helical antenna consists of a helix of thick copper wire wound in a screw thread shape. It provides circularly polarized waves and is used for satellite communications. A Yagi-Uda antenna has multiple parallel elements and is highly directional, making it commonly used for TV reception. An aperture antenna radiates energy from an opening in a transmission line. A waveguide acts as an aperture antenna when terminated with an opening, but has poor directivity. A horn antenna improves on a waveguide by gradually flaring the opening, increasing directivity and reducing losses.
This document describes the design and analysis of a two half-ring and half circular patch microstrip antenna for dual-band applications in the C-band frequencies. The antenna is designed to operate at 4.1 GHz and 6.5 GHz with moderate return loss and gain. Simulation results show the antenna achieves a peak gain of 3.08 dB at 4.1 GHz and 4.14 dB at 6.5 GHz when fabricated on FR4 epoxy substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.4 and thickness of 3 mm. Current distribution and radiation patterns are also analyzed to understand the antenna performance at the resonant frequencies.
The document discusses various types of aperture antennas including slot antennas, horn antennas, and corrugated horns. It explains key concepts such as Babinet's principle, which relates the fields of an antenna to its complement, and how this allows the fields of a slot antenna to be understood based on a dipole antenna. The document also discusses how horns are commonly used as feeds for large satellite and radio astronomy dishes due to their simplicity, versatility, and ability to produce a uniform phase front. Corrugated horns are highlighted as a type of horn that can improve the aperture efficiency of large reflectors.
This document discusses wire antennas and antenna arrays. It begins by categorizing radiation patterns from an engineering, analytical, and technical perspective. It then covers basic wire antenna structures like dipoles and loops. The document focuses on linear, planar and array types including properties like radiation patterns, array factors, and design considerations for arrays like element spacing, progressive phase shifts and different array geometries. Specific array examples covered include uniform, broadside, endfire, binomial and filled disk arrays.
The document discusses various parameters related to antennas including:
1. Radians and steradians which are units used to measure plane angles and solid angles respectively.
2. Radiation power density and radiation intensity which describe the power associated with electromagnetic waves.
3. Directivity and gain which are measures of an antenna's directional capabilities compared to an isotropic radiator.
4. Other parameters like efficiency, bandwidth, polarization, radiation resistance, and effective length/aperture which characterize an antenna's performance.
1) The document provides lecture notes on basic antenna parameters and wire antennas. It covers topics such as classification of antennas by size and type, radiation integrals used to calculate electromagnetic fields from antenna sources, and properties of Hertzian dipoles including their radiation patterns and directivity.
2) Key concepts discussed include how antenna size relates to the operating wavelength, radiation from electric surface currents using integral equations, derivation of the electric field for an infinitesimal dipole, and definitions of directivity, gain, and beamwidth for simple antenna models.
3) Formulas are presented for calculating the electric and magnetic fields, power flow, and directivity of Hertzian dipoles based on the antenna theory and properties of spherical waves.
This document discusses different types of antennas and their characteristics, including whips, loops, helicals, Yagis, log periodic, horns, and parabolic antennas. It also covers topics like antenna radiation pattern measurement systems, gain and loss calculations, antenna design considerations, and the differences between EIRP and ERP.
Antennas And Wave Propagation Jntu Model Paper{Www.Studentyogi.Com}guest3f9c6b
This document contains an examination for a course on Antennas and Wave Propagation. It lists 8 questions related to topics in that course. The questions cover topics such as:
1) Drawing dual characteristics of antennas and explaining radiation from two wire antennas.
2) Deriving expressions for electric fields and finding distances where radiation and induction fields are equal.
3) Calculating field patterns for linear arrays and finding directivity and beamwidth.
4) Describing helical antennas and deriving expressions for radiated electric fields.
5) Discussing properties of antenna arrays like broadside and endfire arrays.
It provides problems related to analyzing, designing and measuring properties of different antenna
This document discusses different types of antenna jobs and areas of research. It describes three main sectors for antenna jobs: private sector working for consumer electronics companies, defense department/government jobs, and university/research jobs. It provides details on the responsibilities for each type of private sector job and notes that defense and government jobs focus more on research and integration. University/research jobs primarily involve publishing research and involve some teaching. Active areas of antenna research mentioned include meta-materials, electromagnetic solvers, miniaturization, and array optimization.
This document discusses various topics related to antenna fundamentals including:
1. It defines key antenna terminology such as radiation patterns, beamwidth, directivity, gain, polarization, and more.
2. It describes different categories of antenna types including loops, dipoles, slots, reflectors, patches, and more.
3. It covers antenna parameters and concepts such as radiation patterns, beam efficiency, radiation intensity, effective aperture, polarization, near and far field zones, and more.
The document provides an introduction to the basic concepts of antenna arrays, including how combining multiple antenna elements in an array can form directional radiation patterns and increase gain over a single element. It discusses how the array factor, element spacing, number of elements, and element properties influence the overall radiation pattern. Unequal power and phase distribution between elements can modify characteristics like side lobe levels and directivity. Complex feed networks are required to provide the different amplitude and phase signals to each element in the array.
This document provides an overview of electromagnetic radiation, antenna fundamentals, and wave propagation. It discusses antennas as the linkage between circuits and electromagnetic fields. Key concepts covered include the electromagnetic spectrum, frequency-wavelength relationships, antenna radiation patterns, gain, directivity, polarization, and near, intermediate, and far field regions. Common antenna types for mobile communication like dipoles, monopoles, and arrays are also mentioned. Baluns are described as devices that convert between balanced and unbalanced signals.
This document discusses the differences between mechanical and electrical downtilt of antennas and their effects on horizontal pattern performance. Mechanical downtilt physically tilts the entire antenna along a single plane, tilting the front down and back up, which can cause pattern blooming and irregularities that interfere with adjacent sectors. Electrical downtilt controls the phase to each radiating element independently, allowing more precise control over antenna patterns and reduction of interference. Comparisons show that electrically downtilted antennas suppress pattern blooming and distortions seen with increased mechanical downtilt, improving signal confinement and reducing inter-sector interference.
An antenna array (or array antenna) is a set of multiple connected antennas which work together as a single antenna, to transmit or receive radio waves. The individual antenna elements are connected to a single receiver or transmitter by feedlines that feed the power to the elements in a specific phase relationship. The radio waves radiated by each individual antenna combine and superpose, adding together (interfering constructively) to enhance the power radiated in desired directions, and cancelling (interfering destructively) to reduce the power radiated in other directions. Similarly, when used for receiving, the separate radio frequency currents from the individual antennas combine in the receiver with the correct phase relationship to enhance signals received from the desired directions and cancel signals from undesired directions.
This document provides an overview of fundamental parameters of antennas including radiation pattern, beamwidth, radiation power density, radiation intensity, and directivity. Key points discussed include:
- Radiation patterns describe the directional properties of antenna radiation and include main lobes, minor lobes, and side lobes. Beamwidth refers to the angular width of the main lobe.
- Radiation power density and radiation intensity describe the power of electromagnetic waves radiated by an antenna in different units.
- Directivity is defined as the ratio of radiation intensity in a given direction compared to the average radiation intensity uniformly distributed over all directions.
This document provides an introduction to basic antenna theory. It begins with an outline that reviews common antenna types like dipoles, slots, and reflector antennas. It then discusses key antenna characteristics such as radiation patterns, gain, polarization, and efficiency. The document also mentions smart antennas and introduces some basic antenna theory concepts like equivalent circuits and radiation efficiency. The overall purpose is to refresh fundamental physical concepts needed to better understand how antennas operate and are designed.
Antenna parameters part 2 - PolarisationAndre Fourie
The polarisation specification for an antenna specifies how the electric field behaves in the far field (where the radiated wave has established itself).
The document describes the design and simulation of a 3x4 dipole planar array antenna. Key objectives of the antenna include studying its radiation properties, frequency response, gain, and radiation patterns. The antenna is designed to operate at 3.3 GHz using dipole elements that are half the wavelength in length, spaced at intervals of one-twentieth the wavelength, and placed on a 1.6 mm thick substrate. Simulation results show the antenna achieves good impedance matching and a maximum gain of around 6.35dB within the target frequency band, along with the desired radiation pattern.
Polarization describes the orientation of an antenna's electric field. There are several types of polarization: vertical, horizontal, and circular polarization radiate linearly, while elliptical polarization is a mix of linear and circular. Different polarization types are used for different applications - vertical polarization radiates well in all directions for mobile devices, horizontal is commonly used for television to avoid interference, and circular polarization is ideal for satellite communications since it maintains signal integrity despite environmental anomalies.
A helical antenna consists of a helix of thick copper wire wound in a screw thread shape. It provides circularly polarized waves and is used for satellite communications. A Yagi-Uda antenna has multiple parallel elements and is highly directional, making it commonly used for TV reception. An aperture antenna radiates energy from an opening in a transmission line. A waveguide acts as an aperture antenna when terminated with an opening, but has poor directivity. A horn antenna improves on a waveguide by gradually flaring the opening, increasing directivity and reducing losses.
This document describes the design and analysis of a two half-ring and half circular patch microstrip antenna for dual-band applications in the C-band frequencies. The antenna is designed to operate at 4.1 GHz and 6.5 GHz with moderate return loss and gain. Simulation results show the antenna achieves a peak gain of 3.08 dB at 4.1 GHz and 4.14 dB at 6.5 GHz when fabricated on FR4 epoxy substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.4 and thickness of 3 mm. Current distribution and radiation patterns are also analyzed to understand the antenna performance at the resonant frequencies.
1) An optimum pyramidal horn antenna was designed to provide a gain of 20dB at a center frequency of 9.5GHz.
2) The horn was fabricated from aluminum sheet with dimensions of 13.5cm by 11.5cm.
3) The performance of the fabricated horn was evaluated both analytically and experimentally. Results showed good agreement between calculated and measured parameters including gain, directivity, impedance, and scattering parameters.
This document summarizes the design and performance evaluation of a two-unit Yagi-Uda antenna array for UHF satellite communication. Simulations were conducted using 4NEC2 software to optimize the design for a gain of 18.6 dBi at 437.025 MHz. Field tests validated the antenna array achieved high gain and front-to-back ratio while maintaining low standing wave ratio across the UHF band. The two-unit circularly polarized crossed Yagi array design successfully improved communication link margins for small cube satellites operating with stringent power budgets.
13. Analysis of Half TEm horn type antenna for High power Impulse radiation a...Dr. SACHIN UMBARKAR
This document discusses the analysis and design of a half transverse electromagnetic (HTEM) horn-type antenna for high-power impulse radiation applications. It presents mathematical formulations for calculating key antenna parameters like characteristic impedance that consider the isolation distance between the antenna arm and reflector. Simulation and experimental results are used to determine the optimal geometric design parameters, such as tapering angle and flair angle, that maximize antenna gain. Formulas show how parameters like electric and magnetic fields depend on the antenna geometry, pulse characteristics, and material properties.
Conical horn antenna with parabolic reflector using cstAzlin lolin
This document describes the design and simulation of a parabolic reflector antenna using CST Studio Suite. [1] The antenna consists of a conical horn antenna fed by a rectangular waveguide operating at 8.2 GHz. [2] The horn antenna is placed 700mm from the parabolic reflector to transmit signals parallel to the reflector. [3] Simulation results show the antenna achieves a directivity of 36.64 dBi and gain of 36.62 dB, with a return loss of -12.17 dB, indicating good performance.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a compact hexagonal circularly polarized patch antenna for RFID applications. Key points:
- The antenna has a hexagonal patch with a central elliptical slot and two circular slots to generate circular polarization with a single feed.
- Dimensions of the slots are optimized to detune the fundamental TM11 mode into two orthogonal modes with nearly equal resonant frequencies and a 90 degree phase difference, satisfying circular polarization criteria.
- Measurements show the antenna achieves good impedance matching and circular polarization radiation characteristics at 2.45 GHz, making it suitable for RFID reader applications.
HEXAGONAL CIRCULARLY POLARIZED PATCH ANTENNA FOR RFID APPLICATIONSIJCI JOURNAL
A compact design of a hexagonal single feed circularly polarized microstrip antenna for RFID applications is
proposed. This structure fabricated on FR4 substrate offers compactness, good axial ratio bandwidth with a
broadside radiation characteristic in the entire band, better gain, good impedance bandwidth at a resonant
frequency of 2.45 GHz. The structure is suitable for RFID reader antenna applications.
This document provides a seminar report on the design of microstrip patch antennas. It includes an abstract, table of contents, and sections on antenna parameters, types of antennas including dipoles and Yagi antennas, and software aspects of designing microstrip patch antennas including feed techniques. The report was submitted by a student in partial fulfillment of requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree.
1) Microwave antennas operate at frequencies above 30 MHz and use planar waveforms to increase directivity and receive more power with less distortion for straight line communication.
2) Common microwave antennas include microstrip antennas, horn antennas, parabolic reflectors, lens antennas, and slot antennas.
3) Horn antennas provide good gain over a broad frequency range but have only moderate power gain, while parabolic reflectors and lens antennas can provide the highest gains and narrowest beam widths of any antenna type.
This document discusses basic antenna principles for mobile communications. It provides definitions for key antenna concepts like polarization, radiation pattern, half-power beamwidth, gain, impedance, and VSWR. It also describes different types of antennas used in mobile networks including omnidirectional antennas, directional antennas, and antennas designed for particular techniques in GSM and DCS1800 systems like diversity and indoor use. Specific antenna types are also outlined for use in cars, trains, and portable devices.
This document provides an overview of basic antenna principles and types used for mobile communications. It discusses the theory behind how antennas work and key definitions such as polarization, radiation pattern, gain and impedance. It also describes different types of antennas used for base stations, vehicles, portable devices and in GSM/DCS networks, including omnidirectional, directional, diversity and indoor antennas. Specific antenna technologies covered include groundplane, skirt, yagi, log-periodic, panel and corner reflector designs.
This document summarizes information about spiral antennas. It begins with an introduction and history, noting that spiral antennas were first developed in 1954 by Edwin Turner. It then discusses key aspects of spiral antennas such as their very large bandwidth of up to 30:1, circular polarization, gains typically between 2-8dB, and the two main types - Archimedean and log-periodic spirals. Parameters for designing spiral antennas and their applications are also covered, along with conclusions about their advantages for wideband operation and disadvantages related to their complex geometric forms.
This ppt describes the ways of designing a fractal antenna , it's limitations and advantages over normal antennas and the applications associated with it.(brief view)...
1) The document reports on the design and testing of a 7-turn helical antenna with a gain of 10 dBi and VSWR less than 2.0 at a frequency of 2 GHz.
2) Through calculations, the antenna parameters were determined and the design was simulated using NEC software. The initial simulation results showed a VSWR of 1.57 at the design frequency.
3) The antenna was physically constructed and tested, with the measured gain peaking at the design frequency, though there were discrepancies with the simulated results due to real-world testing conditions.
This document describes the design, simulation, and testing of two horn antenna designs (Antenna I and Antenna II) with ridges for broadband operation between 1.5-6.5 GHz. Antenna I has a T-shaped dual ridge design that improves the return loss, bandwidth, gain and efficiency compared to a simple horn design. Antenna II has a triangular ridge design but simulation results showed Antenna I performed better so it was chosen for fabrication. Measurement results of the fabricated Antenna I showed good agreement with simulations.
SIDE LOBE REDUCTION OF CIRCULAR ARRAY USING TAYLOR DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION IN ...IAEME Publication
The VHF/UHF band radar that using circular array antennas is a novel kind of radar, whose performances, such as angular accuracy, angular resolution, anti-jamming and low-altitude coverage capabilities are better than the conventional VHF/UHF band radar. On one hand, we focus on how the directivity of array element will influence upon the array pattern. The performance characteristics of the single microstrip patch antenna can be further enhanced by using microstrip patch antenna array. On the other hand, in order to lower the side lobe level (SLL) of circular array antennas , we investigate the effectiveness of amplitude-weighted methods including Taylor Window and Gaussian Window.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document describes the design of a microstrip patch antenna with circular and step-shaped slots for S-band applications. A rectangular patch antenna with coaxial feed and step slots on four sides and a circular slot in the center is proposed. The antenna is simulated in HFSS and achieves a return loss of -38.42 dB at 3.73 GHz. The antenna has a 2D gain of 7.59 dB, elliptical polarization, and radiation patterns that make it suitable for weather radar applications in the S-band frequency range.
Similar to IRJET- Simulation Results of Circular Horn Antenna (20)
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the Sungal Tunnel project in Jammu and Kashmir, India, which is being constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM).
2) NATM involves continuous monitoring during construction to adapt to changing ground conditions, and makes extensive use of shotcrete for temporary tunnel support.
3) The methodology section outlines the systematic geotechnical design process for tunnels according to Austrian guidelines, and describes the various steps of NATM tunnel construction including initial and secondary tunnel support.
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTUREIRJET Journal
This study examines the effect of response reduction factors (R factors) on reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures through nonlinear dynamic analysis. Three RC frame models with varying heights (4, 8, and 12 stories) were analyzed in ETABS software under different R factors ranging from 1 to 5. The results showed that displacement increased as the R factor decreased, indicating less linear behavior for lower R factors. Drift also decreased proportionally with increasing R factors from 1 to 5. Shear forces in the frames decreased with higher R factors. In general, R factors of 3 to 5 produced more satisfactory performance with less displacement and drift. The displacement variations between different building heights were consistent at different R factors. This study evaluated how R factors influence
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RCC ELEMENT OF SLAB WITH STARK STEEL (HYSD STEEL) A...IRJET Journal
This study compares the use of Stark Steel and TMT Steel as reinforcement materials in a two-way reinforced concrete slab. Mechanical testing is conducted to determine the tensile strength, yield strength, and other properties of each material. A two-way slab design adhering to codes and standards is executed with both materials. The performance is analyzed in terms of deflection, stability under loads, and displacement. Cost analyses accounting for material, durability, maintenance, and life cycle costs are also conducted. The findings provide insights into the economic and structural implications of each material for reinforcement selection and recommendations on the most suitable material based on the analysis.
Effect of Camber and Angles of Attack on Airfoil CharacteristicsIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study analyzing the effect of camber, position of camber, and angle of attack on the aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils. Sixteen modified asymmetric NACA airfoils were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) by varying the camber, camber position, and angle of attack. The results showed the relationship between these parameters and the lift coefficient, drag coefficient, and lift to drag ratio. This provides insight into how changes in airfoil geometry impact aerodynamic performance.
A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the progress and challenges of aluminum-based metal matrix composites (MMCs), focusing on their fabrication processes and applications. It discusses how various aluminum MMCs have been developed using reinforcements like borides, carbides, oxides, and nitrides to improve mechanical and wear properties. These composites have gained prominence for their lightweight, high-strength and corrosion resistance properties. The document also examines recent advancements in fabrication techniques for aluminum MMCs and their growing applications in industries such as aerospace and automotive. However, it notes that challenges remain around issues like improper mixing of reinforcements and reducing reinforcement agglomeration.
Dynamic Urban Transit Optimization: A Graph Neural Network Approach for Real-...IRJET Journal
This document discusses research on using graph neural networks (GNNs) for dynamic optimization of public transportation networks in real-time. GNNs represent transit networks as graphs with nodes as stops and edges as connections. The GNN model aims to optimize networks using real-time data on vehicle locations, arrival times, and passenger loads. This helps increase mobility, decrease traffic, and improve efficiency. The system continuously trains and infers to adapt to changing transit conditions, providing decision support tools. While research has focused on performance, more work is needed on security, socio-economic impacts, contextual generalization of models, continuous learning approaches, and effective real-time visualization.
Structural Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey Symmetric and Asymmetric Shape...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research project that aims to compare the structural performance of conventional slab and grid slab systems in multi-story buildings using ETABS software. The study will analyze both symmetric and asymmetric building models under various loading conditions. Parameters like deflections, moments, shears, and stresses will be examined to evaluate the structural effectiveness of each slab type. The results will provide insights into the comparative behavior of conventional and grid slabs to help engineers and architects select appropriate slab systems based on building layouts and design requirements.
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes and reviews a research paper on the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) structures with plan and vertical irregularities, with and without infill walls. It discusses how infill walls can improve or reduce the seismic performance of RC buildings, depending on factors like wall layout, height distribution, connection to the frame, and relative stiffness of walls and frames. The reviewed research paper analyzes the behavior of infill walls, effects of vertical irregularities, and seismic performance of high-rise structures under linear static and dynamic analysis. It studies response characteristics like story drift, deflection and shear. The document also provides literature on similar research investigating the effects of infill walls, soft stories, plan irregularities, and different
This document provides a review of machine learning techniques used in Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). It begins with an abstract that summarizes key applications of machine learning in ADAS, including object detection, recognition, and decision-making. The introduction discusses the integration of machine learning in ADAS and how it is transforming vehicle safety. The literature review then examines several research papers on topics like lightweight deep learning models for object detection and lane detection models using image processing. It concludes by discussing challenges and opportunities in the field, such as improving algorithm robustness and adaptability.
Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes temperature and precipitation trends in Asosa District, Benishangul Gumuz Region, Ethiopia from 1993 to 2022 based on data from the local meteorological station. The results show:
1) The average maximum and minimum annual temperatures have generally decreased over time, with maximum temperatures decreasing by a factor of -0.0341 and minimum by -0.0152.
2) Mann-Kendall tests found the decreasing temperature trends to be statistically significant for annual maximum temperatures but not for annual minimum temperatures.
3) Annual precipitation in Asosa District showed a statistically significant increasing trend.
The conclusions recommend development planners account for rising summer precipitation and declining temperatures in
P.E.B. Framed Structure Design and Analysis Using STAAD ProIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and analysis of pre-engineered building (PEB) framed structures using STAAD Pro software. It provides an overview of PEBs, including that they are designed off-site with building trusses and beams produced in a factory. STAAD Pro is identified as a key tool for modeling, analyzing, and designing PEBs to ensure their performance and safety under various load scenarios. The document outlines modeling structural parts in STAAD Pro, evaluating structural reactions, assigning loads, and following international design codes and standards. In summary, STAAD Pro is used to design and analyze PEB framed structures to ensure safety and code compliance.
A Review on Innovative Fiber Integration for Enhanced Reinforcement of Concre...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on innovative fiber integration methods for reinforcing concrete structures. It discusses studies that have explored using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites with recycled plastic aggregates to develop more sustainable strengthening techniques. It also examines using ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete to improve shear strength in beams. Additional topics covered include the dynamic responses of FRP-strengthened beams under static and impact loads, and the performance of preloaded CFRP-strengthened fiber reinforced concrete beams. The review highlights the potential of fiber composites to enable more sustainable and resilient construction practices.
Survey Paper on Cloud-Based Secured Healthcare SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a survey on securing patient healthcare data in cloud-based systems. It discusses using technologies like facial recognition, smart cards, and cloud computing combined with strong encryption to securely store patient data. The survey found that healthcare professionals believe digitizing patient records and storing them in a centralized cloud system would improve access during emergencies and enable more efficient care compared to paper-based systems. However, ensuring privacy and security of patient data is paramount as healthcare incorporates these digital technologies.
Review on studies and research on widening of existing concrete bridgesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes several studies that have been conducted on widening existing concrete bridges. It describes a study from China that examined load distribution factors for a bridge widened with composite steel-concrete girders. It also outlines challenges and solutions for widening a bridge in the UAE, including replacing bearings and stitching the new and existing structures. Additionally, it discusses two bridge widening projects in New Zealand that involved adding precast beams and stitching to connect structures. Finally, safety measures and challenges for strengthening a historic bridge in Switzerland under live traffic are presented.
React based fullstack edtech web applicationIRJET Journal
The document describes the architecture of an educational technology web application built using the MERN stack. It discusses the frontend developed with ReactJS, backend with NodeJS and ExpressJS, and MongoDB database. The frontend provides dynamic user interfaces, while the backend offers APIs for authentication, course management, and other functions. MongoDB enables flexible data storage. The architecture aims to provide a scalable, responsive platform for online learning.
A Comprehensive Review of Integrating IoT and Blockchain Technologies in the ...IRJET Journal
This paper proposes integrating Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technologies to help implement objectives of India's National Education Policy (NEP) in the education sector. The paper discusses how blockchain could be used for secure student data management, credential verification, and decentralized learning platforms. IoT devices could create smart classrooms, automate attendance tracking, and enable real-time monitoring. Blockchain would ensure integrity of exam processes and resource allocation, while smart contracts automate agreements. The paper argues this integration has potential to revolutionize education by making it more secure, transparent and efficient, in alignment with NEP goals. However, challenges like infrastructure needs, data privacy, and collaborative efforts are also discussed.
A REVIEW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COCONUT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE.IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on the performance of coconut fibre reinforced concrete. It summarizes several studies that tested different volume fractions and lengths of coconut fibres in concrete mixtures with varying compressive strengths. The studies found that coconut fibre improved properties like tensile strength, toughness, crack resistance, and spalling resistance compared to plain concrete. Volume fractions of 2-5% and fibre lengths of 20-50mm produced the best results. The document concludes that using a 4-5% volume fraction of coconut fibres 30-40mm in length with M30-M60 grade concrete would provide benefits based on previous research.
Optimizing Business Management Process Workflows: The Dynamic Influence of Mi...IRJET Journal
The document discusses optimizing business management processes through automation using Microsoft Power Automate and artificial intelligence. It provides an overview of Power Automate's key components and features for automating workflows across various apps and services. The document then presents several scenarios applying automation solutions to common business processes like data entry, monitoring, HR, finance, customer support, and more. It estimates the potential time and cost savings from implementing automation for each scenario. Finally, the conclusion emphasizes the transformative impact of AI and automation tools on business processes and the need for ongoing optimization.
Multistoried and Multi Bay Steel Building Frame by using Seismic DesignIRJET Journal
The document describes the seismic design of a G+5 steel building frame located in Roorkee, India according to Indian codes IS 1893-2002 and IS 800. The frame was analyzed using the equivalent static load method and response spectrum method, and its response in terms of displacements and shear forces were compared. Based on the analysis, the frame was designed as a seismic-resistant steel structure according to IS 800:2007. The software STAAD Pro was used for the analysis and design.
Cost Optimization of Construction Using Plastic Waste as a Sustainable Constr...IRJET Journal
This research paper explores using plastic waste as a sustainable and cost-effective construction material. The study focuses on manufacturing pavers and bricks using recycled plastic and partially replacing concrete with plastic alternatives. Initial results found that pavers and bricks made from recycled plastic demonstrate comparable strength and durability to traditional materials while providing environmental and cost benefits. Additionally, preliminary research indicates incorporating plastic waste as a partial concrete replacement significantly reduces construction costs without compromising structural integrity. The outcomes suggest adopting plastic waste in construction can address plastic pollution while optimizing costs, promoting more sustainable building practices.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.