This document summarizes research on assessing liquefaction potential of soils using cone penetration tests (CPTs). It discusses how silt content affects CPT measurements and liquefaction screening charts. Specifically, it notes that:
1) Current liquefaction screening charts show normalized cone resistance (qc1N) correlated to cyclic resistance ratio (CRR), but the lines shift left as silt content increases, indicating lower liquefaction resistance for the same qc1N.
2) Laboratory CPT studies found that silt reduces cone resistance through decreasing inter-grain contact density and increasing coefficient of consolidation, rather than just the silt percentage.
3) A normalized penetration rate (T0) that accounts for cone penetration velocity
IRJET- Study of Strength Variation in Cohesive Soil with Moisture Content a...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the variation of strength in cohesive soil with moisture content and time. Standard Proctor compaction tests were conducted on a silty clayey soil to determine its maximum dry density and optimum moisture content. Unconfined compressive strength tests were then performed on soil samples compacted at different moisture contents (ranging from 8.6% to 14.6%), and cured for different time periods from 0 to 30 days. The results showed that unconfined compressive strength and initial tangent modulus decreased with increasing moisture content, but increased with curing time, for all moisture contents tested. The study aims to understand how the strength and deformation properties of subgrade soils used in road construction can vary due to
This paper presents the effectiveness and assessment of the potential of the vacuum consolidation using Prefabricated Vertical Drain, in Mumbai marine clay, as more economical and effective method of consolidation. Large 3-D consolidation cell was designed to carry out laboratory experiments on the reconstituted soft marine clay from the project site at New Mumbai, western part of the India. Various combinations of the surcharge and vacuum loading with PVD were tested and examined. The study showed that method is feasible and save significant time for the consolidation process in turn saving in construction time of foundation on soft marine clay. The strength and stability of the clay also enhances greatly. This paper examines the applicability of Asaoka method to predict settlement of Mumbai Marine clay. An overview is also provided to some geotechnical properties such as density, moisture content, void ratio and shear strength which are predominantly affected during the vacuum preloading system. The settlement analysis was conducted using conventional solution by Hansbo and Asaoka.. The hydraulic conductivity of reconstituted specimen was back calculated. The Back calculated coefficient of radial consolidation was observed in the range of 1.45 to 2.27 m2/year and ratio of ch/cv.odeo was found to be 1.5 to 2. The addition of vacuum pressure tends to increase horizontal coefficient of consolidation leads to shorten the preloading time t by 15 to 80 % depending on the vacuum preload magnitude. The attempt is also made to find out kh/ks values for the selected soil specimen. It was observed that kh/ks value for Mumbai marine clay is about 1.50.
The consolidation test determines key characteristics of soil consolidation from water expulsion under load, including:
- Coefficient of compressibility (rate of volume change with pressure)
- Coefficient of consolidation (rate at which pore water is expelled)
- Compression index (compressibility of soil)
The test involves carefully loading a saturated soil sample in a consolidometer apparatus and taking dial gauge readings over time under increasing loads up to 640kPa. Data is plotted to determine consolidation properties.
This document provides an overview of soil mechanics and soil classification systems including the Unified Soil Classification System and AASHTO system. It discusses key soil properties such as particle size distribution, Atterberg limits, density, moisture content, void ratio, porosity, saturation, and compaction curves. Methods for determining soil classifications and adjusting borrow fill are presented.
Class 7 Consolidation Test ( Geotechnical Engineering )Hossam Shafiq I
This document provides an overview of a geotechnical engineering laboratory class on conducting a consolidation test on cohesive soil. The consolidation test is used to determine key soil properties like preconsolidation stress, compression index, recompression index, and coefficient of consolidation. The procedure involves placing a saturated soil sample in a consolidometer, applying incremental loads, and measuring the change in height over time to generate consolidation curves. Students will perform the test, calculate soil properties from the results, and include 10 plots and calculations in a laboratory report.
This document contains the results of a soil mechanics laboratory experiment on consolidation and permeability tests. It includes an introduction to consolidation and the principles behind the consolidation test. The document outlines the experimental procedures, summarizes the results in tables and calculations, and draws conclusions. Specifically, it was found that the soil sample had low permeability based on the small coefficient of permeability value calculated. The total settlement of the sample under loading was also small, likely due to proper compaction removing air from the soil.
This document provides an overview and summary of key concepts from a PE refresher course on geotechnical engineering. It covers soil classification methods including the USCS and AASHTO systems. It also discusses important soil properties like grain size, plasticity, compaction, permeability, consolidation, and shear strength. Applications covered include settlement analysis, slope stability, shallow and deep foundations, and retaining structures. Calculation of stresses, settlements, and determining appropriate soil parameters for analysis are also summarized.
IRJET- Study of Strength Variation in Cohesive Soil with Moisture Content a...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the variation of strength in cohesive soil with moisture content and time. Standard Proctor compaction tests were conducted on a silty clayey soil to determine its maximum dry density and optimum moisture content. Unconfined compressive strength tests were then performed on soil samples compacted at different moisture contents (ranging from 8.6% to 14.6%), and cured for different time periods from 0 to 30 days. The results showed that unconfined compressive strength and initial tangent modulus decreased with increasing moisture content, but increased with curing time, for all moisture contents tested. The study aims to understand how the strength and deformation properties of subgrade soils used in road construction can vary due to
This paper presents the effectiveness and assessment of the potential of the vacuum consolidation using Prefabricated Vertical Drain, in Mumbai marine clay, as more economical and effective method of consolidation. Large 3-D consolidation cell was designed to carry out laboratory experiments on the reconstituted soft marine clay from the project site at New Mumbai, western part of the India. Various combinations of the surcharge and vacuum loading with PVD were tested and examined. The study showed that method is feasible and save significant time for the consolidation process in turn saving in construction time of foundation on soft marine clay. The strength and stability of the clay also enhances greatly. This paper examines the applicability of Asaoka method to predict settlement of Mumbai Marine clay. An overview is also provided to some geotechnical properties such as density, moisture content, void ratio and shear strength which are predominantly affected during the vacuum preloading system. The settlement analysis was conducted using conventional solution by Hansbo and Asaoka.. The hydraulic conductivity of reconstituted specimen was back calculated. The Back calculated coefficient of radial consolidation was observed in the range of 1.45 to 2.27 m2/year and ratio of ch/cv.odeo was found to be 1.5 to 2. The addition of vacuum pressure tends to increase horizontal coefficient of consolidation leads to shorten the preloading time t by 15 to 80 % depending on the vacuum preload magnitude. The attempt is also made to find out kh/ks values for the selected soil specimen. It was observed that kh/ks value for Mumbai marine clay is about 1.50.
The consolidation test determines key characteristics of soil consolidation from water expulsion under load, including:
- Coefficient of compressibility (rate of volume change with pressure)
- Coefficient of consolidation (rate at which pore water is expelled)
- Compression index (compressibility of soil)
The test involves carefully loading a saturated soil sample in a consolidometer apparatus and taking dial gauge readings over time under increasing loads up to 640kPa. Data is plotted to determine consolidation properties.
This document provides an overview of soil mechanics and soil classification systems including the Unified Soil Classification System and AASHTO system. It discusses key soil properties such as particle size distribution, Atterberg limits, density, moisture content, void ratio, porosity, saturation, and compaction curves. Methods for determining soil classifications and adjusting borrow fill are presented.
Class 7 Consolidation Test ( Geotechnical Engineering )Hossam Shafiq I
This document provides an overview of a geotechnical engineering laboratory class on conducting a consolidation test on cohesive soil. The consolidation test is used to determine key soil properties like preconsolidation stress, compression index, recompression index, and coefficient of consolidation. The procedure involves placing a saturated soil sample in a consolidometer, applying incremental loads, and measuring the change in height over time to generate consolidation curves. Students will perform the test, calculate soil properties from the results, and include 10 plots and calculations in a laboratory report.
This document contains the results of a soil mechanics laboratory experiment on consolidation and permeability tests. It includes an introduction to consolidation and the principles behind the consolidation test. The document outlines the experimental procedures, summarizes the results in tables and calculations, and draws conclusions. Specifically, it was found that the soil sample had low permeability based on the small coefficient of permeability value calculated. The total settlement of the sample under loading was also small, likely due to proper compaction removing air from the soil.
This document provides an overview and summary of key concepts from a PE refresher course on geotechnical engineering. It covers soil classification methods including the USCS and AASHTO systems. It also discusses important soil properties like grain size, plasticity, compaction, permeability, consolidation, and shear strength. Applications covered include settlement analysis, slope stability, shallow and deep foundations, and retaining structures. Calculation of stresses, settlements, and determining appropriate soil parameters for analysis are also summarized.
Class 5 Permeability Test ( Geotechnical Engineering )Hossam Shafiq I
This document discusses permeability testing methods for geotechnical engineering laboratory class. It describes two common permeability test methods: the constant-head test and falling-head test. The constant-head test applies a constant head of water to a soil specimen in a permeameter to measure hydraulic conductivity. The falling-head test similarly uses a permeameter but measures the change in head over time. Both tests aim to determine the hydraulic conductivity value k, which indicates a soil's ability to transmit water and is important for analyzing seepage, settlement, and slope stability.
Class 1 Moisture Content - Specific Gravity ( Geotechnical Engineering )Hossam Shafiq I
This document provides an introduction to a geotechnical engineering laboratory course at Texas Tech University. It includes information about the course syllabus, schedule, report format, and the objectives and procedures for the first lab which involves determining the moisture content, unit weight, and specific gravity of a soil sample. The significance of understanding soil properties for civil engineers is discussed. Key relationships between the weight and volume of the solid, water, and air phases in a soil sample are also explained.
This document provides definitions and formulas related to civil engineering topics including geotechnical engineering, structural analysis, reinforced concrete design, and standard reinforcing bars. Key concepts covered include soil properties, flow nets, structural influence lines, beam moment formulas, live load reduction, and reinforced concrete design principles from ACI 318-02. Formulas are provided for properties such as coefficient of permeability, bearing capacity, deflection, moment strength, and load factors.
This document summarizes an experiment to determine the liquid limit of a soil sample. The experiment involved using a Casagrande apparatus to apply water to the soil sample and measure the moisture content at which the soil transitions from a plastic to liquid state. Graphs were included showing the relationship between moisture content and number of blows. The results found that the liquid limit obtained using the Casagrande apparatus was higher than when using a cone penetrometer method. The conclusion discussed that liquid limit is not entirely a physical property and is influenced more by sand particle size than shape.
This document discusses dual-frequency resistivity logging, a well logging method that uses different current frequencies to measure formation resistivity. It introduces the principle that reservoirs exhibit a dispersion phenomenon where resistivity values differ between low and high frequencies due to the capacitive effect of oil. This allows distinguishing oil and water layers based on the ratio of low to high frequency resistivity. The document provides an example application in a Chinese oil field where dual-frequency logging accurately identified oil and water zones. It concludes that dual-frequency logging has good adaptability to different lithologies and salinities and is a promising technique for reservoir evaluation.
This document provides an overview of consolidation in soils. It defines consolidation as a process where soils decrease in volume due to a reduction in water content without air replacing the water. Consolidation can occur due to external loads, self-weight, lowering of the water table, or desiccation. The document also describes normally consolidated and overconsolidated clays, coefficients of compressibility and consolidation, Terzaghi's one-dimensional consolidation theory, determination of preconsolidation pressure, and calculation of consolidation settlement.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
FIELD AND THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF ACCELERATED CONSOLIDATION USING VERTICAL DR...P singh
Mumbai is the region consisting of soft compressible marine clay deposits. There are several construction problems on such soils and thus ground improvement is need to be carried out. Vertical drains is generally preferred technique as accelerated settlement is achieved during the construction phase itself if planned accordingly. The concept of vertical drains is based on the theory of three dimensional consolidation as described by Terzaghi (1943). Based on this concept, a consolidation programme is developed and an attempt is made to determine the field to laboratory coefficient of vertical consolidation ratio by Taylor’s Square Root of Time Method and Casagrande’s Logarithm of Time Fitting Method for this region by considering the case study of Bhandup Lagoon Works Embankment. Based on this ratio, the rate of consolidation and time required for consolidation in the field can be determined knowing the consolidation parameters. Equations are developed by using output of the programme and it is explained.
FIELD AND THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF ACCELERATED SETTLEMENT USING VERTICAL DRAINS ijiert bestjournal
This document discusses accelerated settlement of soft soils using vertical drains. It provides background on consolidation theories proposed by Terzaghi and Biot. It also reviews literature on three-dimensional consolidation analysis and the use of vertical drains to reduce drainage paths and accelerate settlement. Case studies evaluating methods to determine field-to-laboratory coefficients of consolidation are presented. The ratio of field to lab coefficients of consolidation has been found to range widely from 15 to 55 depending on site-specific soil properties and drainage conditions.
This document discusses analytical and numerical approaches to modeling consolidation of clay soils installed with vertical sand drains. It first reviews the literature on analytical models and recent improvements. It then describes setting up a finite element model in PLAXIS to numerically analyze how sand drains improve consolidation time and how time and settlement vary with drain properties and loading. The model considers stiff and soft clay layers and calculates consolidation curves for each based on drain diameter and applied stress. Sand drains were found to significantly reduce consolidation time, especially for stiff clays, while final settlement was unaffected by drain diameter.
This document discusses boundary conditions for solving 1D consolidation equations and correcting settlement calculations for construction periods. It presents the basic 1D consolidation differential equation and describes the initial and boundary conditions used to solve it. These include an initial excess pore pressure condition and no flow boundary conditions. It also provides an empirical method to correct settlement calculations by accounting for load being applied over a construction period rather than instantaneously. Two example problems demonstrate applying the equations to calculate degree of consolidation and settlement with and without corrections for construction time.
This document summarizes the analysis of petrophysical data from two wells in the Upper Spraberry Formation to develop a rock-fluid model. Six distinct rock types were identified based on unique pore geometry, mineral composition, and fluid flow characteristics. Laboratory analysis of core plugs using nitrogen, helium, and mercury injection characterized porosity, permeability, pore size distribution, and wettability of each rock type. Clean sandy rocks generally had higher porosity and permeability than shaly or dolostone units. Integration of petrophysical data with log responses and core descriptions allowed differentiation of reservoir-quality from lower-quality rock intervals in the formation.
Fault seal analysis by seismic velocities ssuser5a6f50
This document discusses fault seal analysis using seismic velocities. It provides background on fault and capillary seals, and how properties like clay content, capillary pressure, and pressure differentials across faults influence their ability to seal or leak. Empirical methods to predict seal capacity from clay ratios are described, but have limitations without robust clay estimates. The pressure differential across a fault provides an indication of fluid communication between fault blocks and potential for an effective seal, though this depends on other factors like reservoir properties and hydrocarbon column heights as well. Well control is often lacking in frontier basins, so seismic velocities may offer a way to help constrain fault seal risk.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
This document provides an overview of soil mechanics, including soil particle size distribution, index properties, soil classification, water flow in soil, soil compaction, stresses in soil, soil compressibility, and soil strength. It covers topics such as soil particle sizes and the USCS soil classification system. Index properties like void ratio, degree of saturation, and Atterberg limits are defined. Permeability and water flow through soil are discussed, along with compaction tests and factors that influence compaction. Slope stability is also mentioned.
The document summarizes a fault seal analysis study conducted on two gas fields in the Middle Indus Basin of Pakistan to better understand fault compartmentalization and identify additional drilling locations. The study analyzed attributes of 15 faults including shale gouge ratio, clay smear potential, and reservoir juxtaposition. Results showed the major strike-slip faults are sealing due to sand-shale juxtaposition and high shale gouge ratios, while associated normal faults are leaking due to sand-sand juxtaposition and lower attribute values. The analysis helped identify new development well locations and reduce exploration risks.
This document discusses permeability in soil, which is the property that allows water to flow through soil. It defines permeability and explains its importance in engineering applications like earth dams and slope stability. Darcy's law states that flow through saturated soil is directly proportional to the hydraulic gradient. The coefficient of permeability depends on factors like particle size, pore water properties, degree of saturation, and soil structure. Laboratory tests like constant head and falling head tests are used to measure the coefficient of permeability.
This paper presents a comprehensive liquefaction potential assessment for the ground conditions in Hong Kong's North-west New Territories region. One-dimensional site response analyses were carried out to calculate cyclic shear stresses for 27 soil profiles from boreholes. Two input earthquake ground-motion levels corresponding to a 10% and 2% chance of exceedance in the next 50 years were examined. The results show the chance of liquefaction for the 10% motion is very low, but some soils may liquefy under the more extreme 2% motion. Published geological maps and over 3000 boreholes were used to develop liquefaction microzonation maps. A comparison was also made between the findings and liquefaction likelihood defined in China's Seismic Code.
Detection of Abnormal Formation Pressures using Drilling ParametersIRJET Journal
This document discusses methods for detecting abnormal formation pressures using drilling parameters. It analyzes data from Well No. 15 in West Qurna oil field in southern Iraq. Abnormal pressures were detected in several formations based on increases in rate of penetration and decreases in normalized penetration rates (d-exponent and dc-exponent) compared to surrounding formations. The Yamama, Sulaiy, Gotnia, and Najmah formations all exhibited evidence of abnormal pressures based on changes in drilling parameters. The document outlines the calculations and plots used to analyze rate of penetration, d-exponent, and dc-exponent versus depth to identify zones of abnormal pressure.
Class 5 Permeability Test ( Geotechnical Engineering )Hossam Shafiq I
This document discusses permeability testing methods for geotechnical engineering laboratory class. It describes two common permeability test methods: the constant-head test and falling-head test. The constant-head test applies a constant head of water to a soil specimen in a permeameter to measure hydraulic conductivity. The falling-head test similarly uses a permeameter but measures the change in head over time. Both tests aim to determine the hydraulic conductivity value k, which indicates a soil's ability to transmit water and is important for analyzing seepage, settlement, and slope stability.
Class 1 Moisture Content - Specific Gravity ( Geotechnical Engineering )Hossam Shafiq I
This document provides an introduction to a geotechnical engineering laboratory course at Texas Tech University. It includes information about the course syllabus, schedule, report format, and the objectives and procedures for the first lab which involves determining the moisture content, unit weight, and specific gravity of a soil sample. The significance of understanding soil properties for civil engineers is discussed. Key relationships between the weight and volume of the solid, water, and air phases in a soil sample are also explained.
This document provides definitions and formulas related to civil engineering topics including geotechnical engineering, structural analysis, reinforced concrete design, and standard reinforcing bars. Key concepts covered include soil properties, flow nets, structural influence lines, beam moment formulas, live load reduction, and reinforced concrete design principles from ACI 318-02. Formulas are provided for properties such as coefficient of permeability, bearing capacity, deflection, moment strength, and load factors.
This document summarizes an experiment to determine the liquid limit of a soil sample. The experiment involved using a Casagrande apparatus to apply water to the soil sample and measure the moisture content at which the soil transitions from a plastic to liquid state. Graphs were included showing the relationship between moisture content and number of blows. The results found that the liquid limit obtained using the Casagrande apparatus was higher than when using a cone penetrometer method. The conclusion discussed that liquid limit is not entirely a physical property and is influenced more by sand particle size than shape.
This document discusses dual-frequency resistivity logging, a well logging method that uses different current frequencies to measure formation resistivity. It introduces the principle that reservoirs exhibit a dispersion phenomenon where resistivity values differ between low and high frequencies due to the capacitive effect of oil. This allows distinguishing oil and water layers based on the ratio of low to high frequency resistivity. The document provides an example application in a Chinese oil field where dual-frequency logging accurately identified oil and water zones. It concludes that dual-frequency logging has good adaptability to different lithologies and salinities and is a promising technique for reservoir evaluation.
This document provides an overview of consolidation in soils. It defines consolidation as a process where soils decrease in volume due to a reduction in water content without air replacing the water. Consolidation can occur due to external loads, self-weight, lowering of the water table, or desiccation. The document also describes normally consolidated and overconsolidated clays, coefficients of compressibility and consolidation, Terzaghi's one-dimensional consolidation theory, determination of preconsolidation pressure, and calculation of consolidation settlement.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
FIELD AND THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF ACCELERATED CONSOLIDATION USING VERTICAL DR...P singh
Mumbai is the region consisting of soft compressible marine clay deposits. There are several construction problems on such soils and thus ground improvement is need to be carried out. Vertical drains is generally preferred technique as accelerated settlement is achieved during the construction phase itself if planned accordingly. The concept of vertical drains is based on the theory of three dimensional consolidation as described by Terzaghi (1943). Based on this concept, a consolidation programme is developed and an attempt is made to determine the field to laboratory coefficient of vertical consolidation ratio by Taylor’s Square Root of Time Method and Casagrande’s Logarithm of Time Fitting Method for this region by considering the case study of Bhandup Lagoon Works Embankment. Based on this ratio, the rate of consolidation and time required for consolidation in the field can be determined knowing the consolidation parameters. Equations are developed by using output of the programme and it is explained.
FIELD AND THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF ACCELERATED SETTLEMENT USING VERTICAL DRAINS ijiert bestjournal
This document discusses accelerated settlement of soft soils using vertical drains. It provides background on consolidation theories proposed by Terzaghi and Biot. It also reviews literature on three-dimensional consolidation analysis and the use of vertical drains to reduce drainage paths and accelerate settlement. Case studies evaluating methods to determine field-to-laboratory coefficients of consolidation are presented. The ratio of field to lab coefficients of consolidation has been found to range widely from 15 to 55 depending on site-specific soil properties and drainage conditions.
This document discusses analytical and numerical approaches to modeling consolidation of clay soils installed with vertical sand drains. It first reviews the literature on analytical models and recent improvements. It then describes setting up a finite element model in PLAXIS to numerically analyze how sand drains improve consolidation time and how time and settlement vary with drain properties and loading. The model considers stiff and soft clay layers and calculates consolidation curves for each based on drain diameter and applied stress. Sand drains were found to significantly reduce consolidation time, especially for stiff clays, while final settlement was unaffected by drain diameter.
This document discusses boundary conditions for solving 1D consolidation equations and correcting settlement calculations for construction periods. It presents the basic 1D consolidation differential equation and describes the initial and boundary conditions used to solve it. These include an initial excess pore pressure condition and no flow boundary conditions. It also provides an empirical method to correct settlement calculations by accounting for load being applied over a construction period rather than instantaneously. Two example problems demonstrate applying the equations to calculate degree of consolidation and settlement with and without corrections for construction time.
This document summarizes the analysis of petrophysical data from two wells in the Upper Spraberry Formation to develop a rock-fluid model. Six distinct rock types were identified based on unique pore geometry, mineral composition, and fluid flow characteristics. Laboratory analysis of core plugs using nitrogen, helium, and mercury injection characterized porosity, permeability, pore size distribution, and wettability of each rock type. Clean sandy rocks generally had higher porosity and permeability than shaly or dolostone units. Integration of petrophysical data with log responses and core descriptions allowed differentiation of reservoir-quality from lower-quality rock intervals in the formation.
Fault seal analysis by seismic velocities ssuser5a6f50
This document discusses fault seal analysis using seismic velocities. It provides background on fault and capillary seals, and how properties like clay content, capillary pressure, and pressure differentials across faults influence their ability to seal or leak. Empirical methods to predict seal capacity from clay ratios are described, but have limitations without robust clay estimates. The pressure differential across a fault provides an indication of fluid communication between fault blocks and potential for an effective seal, though this depends on other factors like reservoir properties and hydrocarbon column heights as well. Well control is often lacking in frontier basins, so seismic velocities may offer a way to help constrain fault seal risk.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
This document provides an overview of soil mechanics, including soil particle size distribution, index properties, soil classification, water flow in soil, soil compaction, stresses in soil, soil compressibility, and soil strength. It covers topics such as soil particle sizes and the USCS soil classification system. Index properties like void ratio, degree of saturation, and Atterberg limits are defined. Permeability and water flow through soil are discussed, along with compaction tests and factors that influence compaction. Slope stability is also mentioned.
The document summarizes a fault seal analysis study conducted on two gas fields in the Middle Indus Basin of Pakistan to better understand fault compartmentalization and identify additional drilling locations. The study analyzed attributes of 15 faults including shale gouge ratio, clay smear potential, and reservoir juxtaposition. Results showed the major strike-slip faults are sealing due to sand-shale juxtaposition and high shale gouge ratios, while associated normal faults are leaking due to sand-sand juxtaposition and lower attribute values. The analysis helped identify new development well locations and reduce exploration risks.
This document discusses permeability in soil, which is the property that allows water to flow through soil. It defines permeability and explains its importance in engineering applications like earth dams and slope stability. Darcy's law states that flow through saturated soil is directly proportional to the hydraulic gradient. The coefficient of permeability depends on factors like particle size, pore water properties, degree of saturation, and soil structure. Laboratory tests like constant head and falling head tests are used to measure the coefficient of permeability.
This paper presents a comprehensive liquefaction potential assessment for the ground conditions in Hong Kong's North-west New Territories region. One-dimensional site response analyses were carried out to calculate cyclic shear stresses for 27 soil profiles from boreholes. Two input earthquake ground-motion levels corresponding to a 10% and 2% chance of exceedance in the next 50 years were examined. The results show the chance of liquefaction for the 10% motion is very low, but some soils may liquefy under the more extreme 2% motion. Published geological maps and over 3000 boreholes were used to develop liquefaction microzonation maps. A comparison was also made between the findings and liquefaction likelihood defined in China's Seismic Code.
Detection of Abnormal Formation Pressures using Drilling ParametersIRJET Journal
This document discusses methods for detecting abnormal formation pressures using drilling parameters. It analyzes data from Well No. 15 in West Qurna oil field in southern Iraq. Abnormal pressures were detected in several formations based on increases in rate of penetration and decreases in normalized penetration rates (d-exponent and dc-exponent) compared to surrounding formations. The Yamama, Sulaiy, Gotnia, and Najmah formations all exhibited evidence of abnormal pressures based on changes in drilling parameters. The document outlines the calculations and plots used to analyze rate of penetration, d-exponent, and dc-exponent versus depth to identify zones of abnormal pressure.
DETERMINATION OF STRENGTH OF SOIL ANDIT’S STABILITY USING ULTRASONIC PULSE VE...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using ultrasonic pulse velocity testing to determine the strength and stability of soil. Specifically, it examines using this non-destructive testing method on compacted soil samples with different stabilizer contents. The study analyzes how stabilizers like ground granulated blast furnace slag affect the engineering properties of clayey soil. It details the methodology of mixing soil with varying amounts of stabilizer, compacting the mixtures, and then conducting ultrasonic pulse velocity tests to measure the soil's density and modulus of elasticity. Graphs of density and velocity versus water content are used to evaluate the compaction characteristics and determine if ultrasonic testing can provide a fast alternative to standard compaction tests.
IRJET - Critical Appraisal on Footing Subjected to MomentIRJET Journal
This paper summarizes several studies on the moment capacity of foundations subjected to lateral loads, including experimental and numerical modeling work. Key findings include:
1) Centrifuge and numerical modeling show moment capacity increases with pier length, depth, and dense soil packing, but decreases with higher pier aspect ratios.
2) Experiments and modeling of pile groups and piled rafts found rafts increase lateral resistance over pile groups alone due to base contact pressure.
3) Testing of circular footings on clay found moment-rotation curves are nonlinear and moment limits increase with footing depth and width.
17. A critical state interpretation for the cyclic liquefaction.pdfPinakRay2
This document discusses how the percentage of fines affects the cyclic liquefaction resistance of silty sands. It presents the following key points:
1) Empirical correlations from in situ tests show that increasing fines content increases liquefaction resistance, while most laboratory tests show the opposite for fines less than 30%.
2) The effect of fines on the Critical State Line is studied using experimental data, which shows that increasing non-plastic fines content rotates the CSL clockwise in stress-void ratio space.
3) Both experimental data and empirical correlations show that fines less than 30% can increase liquefaction resistance at low effective stresses typical of field conditions, but decrease it at higher stresses of laboratory tests.
4
This document discusses a case study on assessing liquefaction potential for a basal reinforced embankment being constructed on soft soil in Patna, India. Key points:
- The project involves constructing a 21.5 km long elevated road as a flood control embankment over loosely packed sand and silt deposits susceptible to liquefaction.
- Geotechnical investigations found loose to dense silty sand and clayey silt soils with low shear strength. Liquefaction potential was evaluated using Simplified Procedure at borehole locations.
- The embankment design incorporates basal geosynthetic reinforcement to improve stability and prevent liquefaction. Soil replacement and surcharge fill were also used to mitigate liquefaction in susceptible
Assessment and risk reduction measurement of liquefaction of soilvivatechijri
Aim of project is to analyze the liquefaction possibilities of some selected sites. The SPT data collected from selected sites and determination of liquefaction susceptibility of selected sites by using noviliq software. From this shear stress due to earthquake or settlements of structure are evaluated using novoliqsoftware.“A Phenomenon where by a saturated or partially saturated soil substantially loses strength and stiffness in response to an applied stress, usually earthquake Shaking or other sudden change in stress condition, ca using it to behave like a liquid” is called Soil Liquefaction. By using novoliq software for liquefaction data analysis, test values graphs are collected for determination of liquefaction susceptibility of these sites using Novoliq soil software. Finally we can analyse the liquefied zone or sites with the help software, for this liquefied sites prevention methods are to be given to promote anti liquefaction and risk measures. Additionally, phenomena related to damage in soils and foundations induced by liquefaction are investigated and discussed.
1. Geotechnical earthquake engineering is concerned with assessing how soil properties influence earthquake shaking and effects like liquefaction. Key soil properties include grain size, density, and water content.
2. Evaluating liquefaction risk involves determining the soil's standard penetration test value, grain size, water content, and comparing the expected earthquake shear stresses to the soil's shear resistance.
3. Methods to prevent liquefaction include deep foundations, compacting or replacing liquefiable soils, installing drains or stone columns, dewatering, and applying surcharges.
IRJET- Study of Variation in Bearing Capacity with Respect to Degree of Satur...IRJET Journal
This study examined how the bearing capacity of soil is affected by the degree of saturation. Tests were conducted on soil samples from 5 sites to determine properties like moisture content, density, grain size, cohesion, and friction angle. Triaxial tests under dry, saturated, and field conditions were used to establish relationships between saturation and shear strength. Bearing capacity was calculated using Terzaghi's equation for a square footing. Results showed that bearing capacity decreases with increasing saturation as friction angle reduces, despite increases in cohesion and density. An equation was proposed relating bearing capacity and degree of saturation. The study concluded saturation significantly impacts bearing capacity in coarse-grained soils due to effects on friction angle.
IRJET- Effect of Roughness of Rectangular Combined Footing based on Ultimate ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes the results of an experimental study on the effect of roughness of the base of a rectangular combined footing on its ultimate bearing capacity and settlement in cohesive soil. Laboratory tests were conducted on model footings placed in a steel tank filled with locally sourced cohesive soil. Tests were performed with footing bases that were smooth and rough. The tests measured settlement under increasing loads. The results showed that rough footing bases experienced less settlement than smooth bases under the same loads, indicating that roughness improves a footing's bearing capacity and reduces settlement in cohesive soils. Prior research that found soil confinement around footings improves bearing capacity in granular soils is also cited.
Efficiency of vertical drains using finite element method may 2017Dr Mazin Alhamrany
Incorporating one-dimensional bar elements with two-dimensional quadrilateral axisymmetrical elements to tackle problems of consolidation of clay with vertical drains.
Effect of fines on liquefaction using shake table testeSAT Journals
calamities resulting into considerable damages. One of the most detrimental
effects caused due to earthquake is liquefaction. This paper deals with experimental investigation of effects of fines content on
liquefaction behavior using shake table test. A test program consisted of total 19 tests conducted on saturated cohesionless sand
with varying amount of non-plastic silt. The behavior of such silty sand in the relative density range 30 to 60% has been studied
by subjecting the specimens to a specific acceleration of 0.54g. Effect of silt content and the relative density on generation of pore
pressure and thereby initiation of liquefaction has been studied. The results obtained from the present study showed that cyclic
stress ratio (CSR) values decrease with the increase in fines content for lower relative densities. Delay in development of pore
pressure is observed with the increasing fines content. This indicates that higher silt contents at higher densities offer better
resistance to liquefaction. Further, for lower densities and lesser silt contents liquefaction occurred at pore pressure ratio even
less than one. The trend observed for CSR and relative density is similar when compared with triaxial test reported in literature.
The points where liquefaction has occurred in the field, when checked in the present study, they lie in ‘YES’ zone of liquefaction.
Keywords: Relative Density, Cyclic Stress Ratio, Pore Pressure Ratio, Liquefaction Resistance, Initiation of
Liquefaction
Full Paper - Ratcheting Uplift of Buried Pipelines in Sand (P. Chitas)Pagkratios Chitas
This document summarizes an experimental study on the ratcheting failure mechanism of buried offshore pipelines in sand. Small-scale laboratory tests were conducted using a pipe section buried in dry silica sand at various densities and embedment depths. Both monotonic and cyclic (load-controlled) pull-out tests were performed to simulate upheaval buckling and ratcheting failure. The test results were analyzed to investigate controlling parameters, validate prediction methods, and determine adequate soil cover required to resist ratcheting. The experimental setup, soil sample preparation, and testing procedure are described in detail.
Influence of geometric and geotechnical characteristics on the behaviour of a...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of modelling the behavior of deep foundations (piles) subjected to cyclic lateral loads in sand. The modelling was done using PLAXIS 2D software based on the geometric characteristics of the pile and geotechnical properties of the soil. The results show that piles subjected to lateral loads at the head experience horizontal displacement that depends on the pile's geometric shape and soil characteristics. Subjecting the pile to cyclic loads causes progressive mobilization of the soil mass at the surface. The lateral displacement increases over the initial cycles until stabilizing, resulting in irreversible residual displacement due to progressive plasticization of the soil. Cyclic lateral loading has a positive influence on the pile's behavior under cyclic loads due to reversible effects
DSD-NL 2015, Geo Klantendag D-Series, 5 Grote deformaties bij paalinstallatiesDeltares
The document discusses using the Material Point Method (MPM) to model soil-structure interaction problems involving large deformations, including cone penetration testing (CPT), pile installation, and lateral pile load testing. It describes how MPM can model (1) partially drained CPT to better estimate soil permeability from measurements, (2) undrained CPT using an anisotropic clay model to relate tip resistance to undrained shear strength, and (3) pile installation and subsequent lateral loading to validate numerical simulations against field test results. The goal is to use MPM to improve understanding of soil behavior and parameter estimation for geotechnical analysis and design.
IRJET- Liquefaction Analysis for Kutch Region using Deterministic Insitu ...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes liquefaction potential in the Kutch region of India using deterministic in-situ analysis software. Standard penetration test data from 12 boreholes was used to identify liquefiable layers, calculate the factor of safety against liquefaction, and estimate potential vertical settlement and lateral displacement. The analysis found generally low blow counts in the top 7 meters, indicating shallow layers are liquefaction-prone. Accounting for liquefaction hazards is important for foundation design given Kutch's seismic activity, including a 2001 earthquake that caused widespread liquefaction failures.
The report summarizes a geotechnical investigation conducted for the construction of a flyover at NH-89 Ch:0+620 in Rajasthan, India. Two boreholes were drilled to a depth of 15m and standard penetration tests were conducted. The subsurface soils generally consisted of gravelly sand mixed with boulders. Laboratory tests showed the soils were non-plastic with negligible swelling pressure. Based on shear strength parameters and settlement analyses, the recommended safe bearing capacities range from 16.91 to 62.93 t/m2 depending on foundation depth. Proper compaction should be used for any backfilling.
Anisotropic hydraulic conductivity of jointed rocks analytical and numerical ...Mahdi_zoorabadi
Anisotropic characteristics of hydraulic conductivity of the jointed rocks and impact of no-linear flow conditions on field measurements have been discussed in this presentation.
SPT, SCPT, and DCPT Correlation for SC, CL, and SM-SC Soils: A Case Study of ...Samirsinh Parmar
SPT, SCPT, and DCPT Correlation for SC, CL, and SM-SC Soils: A Case Study of Nadiad Soil,Standard Penetration Test, Dynamic Cone Penetration Test, Static Cone Penetration Test, Sand, Silt, Correlation
This document discusses non-destructive in-situ testing methods to evaluate concrete quality, including rebound hammer testing, ultrasonic pulse velocity testing, initial surface absorption testing, and the Figg air test. It describes the procedures for each test and discusses their advantages and limitations. The document presents results of these tests on concrete specimens with varying water-cement ratios and analyzes how the strength and quality of concrete are affected by the water-cement ratio.
Similar to IRJET- Literature Review on Liquefaction Screening using CPT (20)
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the Sungal Tunnel project in Jammu and Kashmir, India, which is being constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM).
2) NATM involves continuous monitoring during construction to adapt to changing ground conditions, and makes extensive use of shotcrete for temporary tunnel support.
3) The methodology section outlines the systematic geotechnical design process for tunnels according to Austrian guidelines, and describes the various steps of NATM tunnel construction including initial and secondary tunnel support.
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTUREIRJET Journal
This study examines the effect of response reduction factors (R factors) on reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures through nonlinear dynamic analysis. Three RC frame models with varying heights (4, 8, and 12 stories) were analyzed in ETABS software under different R factors ranging from 1 to 5. The results showed that displacement increased as the R factor decreased, indicating less linear behavior for lower R factors. Drift also decreased proportionally with increasing R factors from 1 to 5. Shear forces in the frames decreased with higher R factors. In general, R factors of 3 to 5 produced more satisfactory performance with less displacement and drift. The displacement variations between different building heights were consistent at different R factors. This study evaluated how R factors influence
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RCC ELEMENT OF SLAB WITH STARK STEEL (HYSD STEEL) A...IRJET Journal
This study compares the use of Stark Steel and TMT Steel as reinforcement materials in a two-way reinforced concrete slab. Mechanical testing is conducted to determine the tensile strength, yield strength, and other properties of each material. A two-way slab design adhering to codes and standards is executed with both materials. The performance is analyzed in terms of deflection, stability under loads, and displacement. Cost analyses accounting for material, durability, maintenance, and life cycle costs are also conducted. The findings provide insights into the economic and structural implications of each material for reinforcement selection and recommendations on the most suitable material based on the analysis.
Effect of Camber and Angles of Attack on Airfoil CharacteristicsIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study analyzing the effect of camber, position of camber, and angle of attack on the aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils. Sixteen modified asymmetric NACA airfoils were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) by varying the camber, camber position, and angle of attack. The results showed the relationship between these parameters and the lift coefficient, drag coefficient, and lift to drag ratio. This provides insight into how changes in airfoil geometry impact aerodynamic performance.
A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the progress and challenges of aluminum-based metal matrix composites (MMCs), focusing on their fabrication processes and applications. It discusses how various aluminum MMCs have been developed using reinforcements like borides, carbides, oxides, and nitrides to improve mechanical and wear properties. These composites have gained prominence for their lightweight, high-strength and corrosion resistance properties. The document also examines recent advancements in fabrication techniques for aluminum MMCs and their growing applications in industries such as aerospace and automotive. However, it notes that challenges remain around issues like improper mixing of reinforcements and reducing reinforcement agglomeration.
Dynamic Urban Transit Optimization: A Graph Neural Network Approach for Real-...IRJET Journal
This document discusses research on using graph neural networks (GNNs) for dynamic optimization of public transportation networks in real-time. GNNs represent transit networks as graphs with nodes as stops and edges as connections. The GNN model aims to optimize networks using real-time data on vehicle locations, arrival times, and passenger loads. This helps increase mobility, decrease traffic, and improve efficiency. The system continuously trains and infers to adapt to changing transit conditions, providing decision support tools. While research has focused on performance, more work is needed on security, socio-economic impacts, contextual generalization of models, continuous learning approaches, and effective real-time visualization.
Structural Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey Symmetric and Asymmetric Shape...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research project that aims to compare the structural performance of conventional slab and grid slab systems in multi-story buildings using ETABS software. The study will analyze both symmetric and asymmetric building models under various loading conditions. Parameters like deflections, moments, shears, and stresses will be examined to evaluate the structural effectiveness of each slab type. The results will provide insights into the comparative behavior of conventional and grid slabs to help engineers and architects select appropriate slab systems based on building layouts and design requirements.
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes and reviews a research paper on the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) structures with plan and vertical irregularities, with and without infill walls. It discusses how infill walls can improve or reduce the seismic performance of RC buildings, depending on factors like wall layout, height distribution, connection to the frame, and relative stiffness of walls and frames. The reviewed research paper analyzes the behavior of infill walls, effects of vertical irregularities, and seismic performance of high-rise structures under linear static and dynamic analysis. It studies response characteristics like story drift, deflection and shear. The document also provides literature on similar research investigating the effects of infill walls, soft stories, plan irregularities, and different
This document provides a review of machine learning techniques used in Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). It begins with an abstract that summarizes key applications of machine learning in ADAS, including object detection, recognition, and decision-making. The introduction discusses the integration of machine learning in ADAS and how it is transforming vehicle safety. The literature review then examines several research papers on topics like lightweight deep learning models for object detection and lane detection models using image processing. It concludes by discussing challenges and opportunities in the field, such as improving algorithm robustness and adaptability.
Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes temperature and precipitation trends in Asosa District, Benishangul Gumuz Region, Ethiopia from 1993 to 2022 based on data from the local meteorological station. The results show:
1) The average maximum and minimum annual temperatures have generally decreased over time, with maximum temperatures decreasing by a factor of -0.0341 and minimum by -0.0152.
2) Mann-Kendall tests found the decreasing temperature trends to be statistically significant for annual maximum temperatures but not for annual minimum temperatures.
3) Annual precipitation in Asosa District showed a statistically significant increasing trend.
The conclusions recommend development planners account for rising summer precipitation and declining temperatures in
P.E.B. Framed Structure Design and Analysis Using STAAD ProIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and analysis of pre-engineered building (PEB) framed structures using STAAD Pro software. It provides an overview of PEBs, including that they are designed off-site with building trusses and beams produced in a factory. STAAD Pro is identified as a key tool for modeling, analyzing, and designing PEBs to ensure their performance and safety under various load scenarios. The document outlines modeling structural parts in STAAD Pro, evaluating structural reactions, assigning loads, and following international design codes and standards. In summary, STAAD Pro is used to design and analyze PEB framed structures to ensure safety and code compliance.
A Review on Innovative Fiber Integration for Enhanced Reinforcement of Concre...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on innovative fiber integration methods for reinforcing concrete structures. It discusses studies that have explored using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites with recycled plastic aggregates to develop more sustainable strengthening techniques. It also examines using ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete to improve shear strength in beams. Additional topics covered include the dynamic responses of FRP-strengthened beams under static and impact loads, and the performance of preloaded CFRP-strengthened fiber reinforced concrete beams. The review highlights the potential of fiber composites to enable more sustainable and resilient construction practices.
Survey Paper on Cloud-Based Secured Healthcare SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a survey on securing patient healthcare data in cloud-based systems. It discusses using technologies like facial recognition, smart cards, and cloud computing combined with strong encryption to securely store patient data. The survey found that healthcare professionals believe digitizing patient records and storing them in a centralized cloud system would improve access during emergencies and enable more efficient care compared to paper-based systems. However, ensuring privacy and security of patient data is paramount as healthcare incorporates these digital technologies.
Review on studies and research on widening of existing concrete bridgesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes several studies that have been conducted on widening existing concrete bridges. It describes a study from China that examined load distribution factors for a bridge widened with composite steel-concrete girders. It also outlines challenges and solutions for widening a bridge in the UAE, including replacing bearings and stitching the new and existing structures. Additionally, it discusses two bridge widening projects in New Zealand that involved adding precast beams and stitching to connect structures. Finally, safety measures and challenges for strengthening a historic bridge in Switzerland under live traffic are presented.
React based fullstack edtech web applicationIRJET Journal
The document describes the architecture of an educational technology web application built using the MERN stack. It discusses the frontend developed with ReactJS, backend with NodeJS and ExpressJS, and MongoDB database. The frontend provides dynamic user interfaces, while the backend offers APIs for authentication, course management, and other functions. MongoDB enables flexible data storage. The architecture aims to provide a scalable, responsive platform for online learning.
A Comprehensive Review of Integrating IoT and Blockchain Technologies in the ...IRJET Journal
This paper proposes integrating Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technologies to help implement objectives of India's National Education Policy (NEP) in the education sector. The paper discusses how blockchain could be used for secure student data management, credential verification, and decentralized learning platforms. IoT devices could create smart classrooms, automate attendance tracking, and enable real-time monitoring. Blockchain would ensure integrity of exam processes and resource allocation, while smart contracts automate agreements. The paper argues this integration has potential to revolutionize education by making it more secure, transparent and efficient, in alignment with NEP goals. However, challenges like infrastructure needs, data privacy, and collaborative efforts are also discussed.
A REVIEW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COCONUT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE.IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on the performance of coconut fibre reinforced concrete. It summarizes several studies that tested different volume fractions and lengths of coconut fibres in concrete mixtures with varying compressive strengths. The studies found that coconut fibre improved properties like tensile strength, toughness, crack resistance, and spalling resistance compared to plain concrete. Volume fractions of 2-5% and fibre lengths of 20-50mm produced the best results. The document concludes that using a 4-5% volume fraction of coconut fibres 30-40mm in length with M30-M60 grade concrete would provide benefits based on previous research.
Optimizing Business Management Process Workflows: The Dynamic Influence of Mi...IRJET Journal
The document discusses optimizing business management processes through automation using Microsoft Power Automate and artificial intelligence. It provides an overview of Power Automate's key components and features for automating workflows across various apps and services. The document then presents several scenarios applying automation solutions to common business processes like data entry, monitoring, HR, finance, customer support, and more. It estimates the potential time and cost savings from implementing automation for each scenario. Finally, the conclusion emphasizes the transformative impact of AI and automation tools on business processes and the need for ongoing optimization.
Multistoried and Multi Bay Steel Building Frame by using Seismic DesignIRJET Journal
The document describes the seismic design of a G+5 steel building frame located in Roorkee, India according to Indian codes IS 1893-2002 and IS 800. The frame was analyzed using the equivalent static load method and response spectrum method, and its response in terms of displacements and shear forces were compared. Based on the analysis, the frame was designed as a seismic-resistant steel structure according to IS 800:2007. The software STAAD Pro was used for the analysis and design.
Cost Optimization of Construction Using Plastic Waste as a Sustainable Constr...IRJET Journal
This research paper explores using plastic waste as a sustainable and cost-effective construction material. The study focuses on manufacturing pavers and bricks using recycled plastic and partially replacing concrete with plastic alternatives. Initial results found that pavers and bricks made from recycled plastic demonstrate comparable strength and durability to traditional materials while providing environmental and cost benefits. Additionally, preliminary research indicates incorporating plastic waste as a partial concrete replacement significantly reduces construction costs without compromising structural integrity. The outcomes suggest adopting plastic waste in construction can address plastic pollution while optimizing costs, promoting more sustainable building practices.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.