calamities resulting into considerable damages. One of the most detrimental
effects caused due to earthquake is liquefaction. This paper deals with experimental investigation of effects of fines content on
liquefaction behavior using shake table test. A test program consisted of total 19 tests conducted on saturated cohesionless sand
with varying amount of non-plastic silt. The behavior of such silty sand in the relative density range 30 to 60% has been studied
by subjecting the specimens to a specific acceleration of 0.54g. Effect of silt content and the relative density on generation of pore
pressure and thereby initiation of liquefaction has been studied. The results obtained from the present study showed that cyclic
stress ratio (CSR) values decrease with the increase in fines content for lower relative densities. Delay in development of pore
pressure is observed with the increasing fines content. This indicates that higher silt contents at higher densities offer better
resistance to liquefaction. Further, for lower densities and lesser silt contents liquefaction occurred at pore pressure ratio even
less than one. The trend observed for CSR and relative density is similar when compared with triaxial test reported in literature.
The points where liquefaction has occurred in the field, when checked in the present study, they lie in ‘YES’ zone of liquefaction.
Keywords: Relative Density, Cyclic Stress Ratio, Pore Pressure Ratio, Liquefaction Resistance, Initiation of
Liquefaction
Effect of soft storeys in earthquake resistant analysis of rc framed structureseSAT Journals
storey in which the stiffness is less than 70% of the storey above or less
than 80% of the combined stiffnesses of the three storeys above. It is the general practice in the multistoreyed buildings to
accommodate parking facilities for the vehicles of the occupants of the building. As we know that the soft storey in a building
structure causes stiffness irregularity in a structure, due to this the structure undergoes unequal storey drifts, formation of the
plastic hinges and then finally resulting into the collapse of the structure.This research work purely interacts with the effect of the
soft storeys in the analysis of RC framed structures as entitled above, and in this work the soft storeys positions has been provided
at different levels as shown in the analytical modelling. All the models are analyzed by using the ETABS software. The seismic
analysis performed consists of the Equivalent static analysis (ESA), response spectrum analysis (RSA), and the push over analysis
(PA). The seismic base shear forces, storey drifts, and the displacements has been compared with the three analysis methods as
listed above. With the aid of the push over analysis the values of the ductility and the response reduction factor have been
obtained. Apart from these, the performance point parameters such as spectral acceleration(Sa) , spectral displacement (Sd),
Base shear(V) and the roof displacement(D) has been also illustrated in this work and a detailed information of several stages of
the hinge formation (A,B,IO,LS,CP,C,D,E) has also been illustrated.. Keywords: Soft Storey, Stiffness, Storey Drift, Storey Displacement, Earthquake, RC Frames
Effect of free surface boundary and wall flexibility in seismic design of liq...eSAT Journals
Abstract Fluid Structure Interaction (FSI) itself is a vast and extensive discipline. It originated from studies of aero and hydro-elasticity, which are often related to aeronautics and aerospace as well as nuclear industries. In practice, within the scope of nuclear, civil, aerospace, ocean, chemical and mechanical engineering, there are many terminologies involved, ie., flow induced vibration, aero-elasticity, hydro-elasticity, fluid structure interaction and fluid solid interaction. Typical problems include structure interaction with surface and sound waves and vibrations and stabilities of cables, pipes, plates and shells. In this paper, the effect of fluid structure interaction on the modal characteristics of a cylindrical steel water tank with and without free surface effect is considered. Acoustic structure interaction using unsymmetric pressure based formulation is used to solve the coupled system using FEM and the procedure is validated using results from published literature. Two tank models (shallow and tall) are modeled using ANSYS and modal analysis was done by considering different conditions like with slosh and without slosh. The effect of fluid mass on the convective and impulsive modes of tall and shallow aspect ratio tanks is shown. Parametric study is done for different fluid levels to characterize the variation of slosh frequencies in both rigid and flexible wall conditions. Free surface is considered in fluid alone model to predict the slosh frequencies employing rigid wall boundary. Then slosh frequencies got from both rigid and flexible wall conditions are compared with design data frequency tabulated from the GSDMA Guidelines. From this we can say that the flexibility of tank wall has a greater effect on the slosh frequencies. Key Words: Fluid-structure Interaction, Impulsive mode, Convective mode, Slosh frequency
Seismic analysis of vertical irregular multistoried buildingeSAT Journals
Abstract It is understood that buildings which are regular in elevation (regular building) perform much better than those which have irregularity in elevation (irregular building) under seismic loading. Irregularities are not avoidable in construction of buildings. However a detailed study to understand structural behaviour of the buildings with irregularities under seismic loading is essential for appropriate design and their better performance. The main objective of this study is to understand the effect of elevation irregularity and behaviour of 3-D R.C. Building which is subjected to earthquake load. In the present study, a 5 bays X 5 bays, 16 storied structure with provision of lift core walls and each storey height 3.2 m, having irregularity in elevation, is considered as the soft storey 3-D structure. An Irregular building is assumed to be located in all zones. Linear dynamic analysis using Response Spectrum method of the irregular building is carried out using the standard and convenient FE software package. To quantify the effect of different degrees of irregularities all the structures are analysed. In addition, the analysis carried out also enables to understand the behaviour that takes place in irregular buildings in comparison to that in regular buildings. For this the behaviour parameters considered are 1) Maximum displacement 2) Base shear, 3) Time period. Key Words: asymmetric building, soft story, base shear, displacement, soft storey, time period.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Review paper on seismic responses of multistored rcc building with mass irreg...eSAT Journals
Abstract
From past earthquakes it is proved that many of structure are totally or partially damaged due to earthquake. So, it is necessary to determine seismic responses of such buildings. There are different techniques of seismic analysis of structure. Time history analysis is one of the important techniques for structural seismic analysis generally the evaluated structural response is non-linear in nature. For such type of analysis, a representative earthquake time history is required. In this project work seismic analysis of RCC buildings with mass irregularity at different floor level are carried out. Here for analysis different time histories have been used. This paper highlights the effect of mass irregularity on different floor in RCC buildings with time history and analysis is done by using ETABS software.
Keywords: Seismic Analysis, Time History Analysis, Base Shear, Storey Shear, Story Displacement.
Effect of soft storeys in earthquake resistant analysis of rc framed structureseSAT Journals
storey in which the stiffness is less than 70% of the storey above or less
than 80% of the combined stiffnesses of the three storeys above. It is the general practice in the multistoreyed buildings to
accommodate parking facilities for the vehicles of the occupants of the building. As we know that the soft storey in a building
structure causes stiffness irregularity in a structure, due to this the structure undergoes unequal storey drifts, formation of the
plastic hinges and then finally resulting into the collapse of the structure.This research work purely interacts with the effect of the
soft storeys in the analysis of RC framed structures as entitled above, and in this work the soft storeys positions has been provided
at different levels as shown in the analytical modelling. All the models are analyzed by using the ETABS software. The seismic
analysis performed consists of the Equivalent static analysis (ESA), response spectrum analysis (RSA), and the push over analysis
(PA). The seismic base shear forces, storey drifts, and the displacements has been compared with the three analysis methods as
listed above. With the aid of the push over analysis the values of the ductility and the response reduction factor have been
obtained. Apart from these, the performance point parameters such as spectral acceleration(Sa) , spectral displacement (Sd),
Base shear(V) and the roof displacement(D) has been also illustrated in this work and a detailed information of several stages of
the hinge formation (A,B,IO,LS,CP,C,D,E) has also been illustrated.. Keywords: Soft Storey, Stiffness, Storey Drift, Storey Displacement, Earthquake, RC Frames
Effect of free surface boundary and wall flexibility in seismic design of liq...eSAT Journals
Abstract Fluid Structure Interaction (FSI) itself is a vast and extensive discipline. It originated from studies of aero and hydro-elasticity, which are often related to aeronautics and aerospace as well as nuclear industries. In practice, within the scope of nuclear, civil, aerospace, ocean, chemical and mechanical engineering, there are many terminologies involved, ie., flow induced vibration, aero-elasticity, hydro-elasticity, fluid structure interaction and fluid solid interaction. Typical problems include structure interaction with surface and sound waves and vibrations and stabilities of cables, pipes, plates and shells. In this paper, the effect of fluid structure interaction on the modal characteristics of a cylindrical steel water tank with and without free surface effect is considered. Acoustic structure interaction using unsymmetric pressure based formulation is used to solve the coupled system using FEM and the procedure is validated using results from published literature. Two tank models (shallow and tall) are modeled using ANSYS and modal analysis was done by considering different conditions like with slosh and without slosh. The effect of fluid mass on the convective and impulsive modes of tall and shallow aspect ratio tanks is shown. Parametric study is done for different fluid levels to characterize the variation of slosh frequencies in both rigid and flexible wall conditions. Free surface is considered in fluid alone model to predict the slosh frequencies employing rigid wall boundary. Then slosh frequencies got from both rigid and flexible wall conditions are compared with design data frequency tabulated from the GSDMA Guidelines. From this we can say that the flexibility of tank wall has a greater effect on the slosh frequencies. Key Words: Fluid-structure Interaction, Impulsive mode, Convective mode, Slosh frequency
Seismic analysis of vertical irregular multistoried buildingeSAT Journals
Abstract It is understood that buildings which are regular in elevation (regular building) perform much better than those which have irregularity in elevation (irregular building) under seismic loading. Irregularities are not avoidable in construction of buildings. However a detailed study to understand structural behaviour of the buildings with irregularities under seismic loading is essential for appropriate design and their better performance. The main objective of this study is to understand the effect of elevation irregularity and behaviour of 3-D R.C. Building which is subjected to earthquake load. In the present study, a 5 bays X 5 bays, 16 storied structure with provision of lift core walls and each storey height 3.2 m, having irregularity in elevation, is considered as the soft storey 3-D structure. An Irregular building is assumed to be located in all zones. Linear dynamic analysis using Response Spectrum method of the irregular building is carried out using the standard and convenient FE software package. To quantify the effect of different degrees of irregularities all the structures are analysed. In addition, the analysis carried out also enables to understand the behaviour that takes place in irregular buildings in comparison to that in regular buildings. For this the behaviour parameters considered are 1) Maximum displacement 2) Base shear, 3) Time period. Key Words: asymmetric building, soft story, base shear, displacement, soft storey, time period.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Review paper on seismic responses of multistored rcc building with mass irreg...eSAT Journals
Abstract
From past earthquakes it is proved that many of structure are totally or partially damaged due to earthquake. So, it is necessary to determine seismic responses of such buildings. There are different techniques of seismic analysis of structure. Time history analysis is one of the important techniques for structural seismic analysis generally the evaluated structural response is non-linear in nature. For such type of analysis, a representative earthquake time history is required. In this project work seismic analysis of RCC buildings with mass irregularity at different floor level are carried out. Here for analysis different time histories have been used. This paper highlights the effect of mass irregularity on different floor in RCC buildings with time history and analysis is done by using ETABS software.
Keywords: Seismic Analysis, Time History Analysis, Base Shear, Storey Shear, Story Displacement.
STRUCTURAL RESPONSE CONTROL OF RCC MOMENT RESISTING FRAME USING FLUID VISCOUS...IAEME Publication
Frequent earthquakes round the globe and large no of structures vulnerable to it have
necessitated the need for structural response control to gain pace in application around the
globe. This paper discusses the use and effectiveness of one such device, fluid viscous dampers,
for response control of structures and to reduce damping demand on structural system. In this
paper a non-linear time history analysis has been carried out on a 3D model of a 12 story RCC
MRF building using 3-directional synthetic accelerogram. Two different cases of building
models with and without supplemental damping have been analyzed using ETABS. The story
responses in terms of absolute maximum displacement and story drift have been compared.
Time history response plots for the two models have also been compared for various responses
viz. roof displacement and acceleration, base shear and story shear forces, along with the
various energy components and damping behavior. The results of the time history analysis are
in close conformation with previous investigations and represent the effectiveness of dampers
in improving the structural response as well as damping demand on structural systems
SEISMIC RESPONSE OF UNSYMMETRIC BUILDING WITH OPTIMALLY PLACED FRICTION DAMPERSIAEME Publication
Conventional methods of seismic rehabilitation with concrete shear walls or steel bracing
are not considered suitable for some buildings as upgrades with these methods would have
required expensive and time consuming foundation work. Supplemental damping in
conjunction with appropriate stiffness offers an innovative and attractive solution for the
seismic rehabilitation of such structures. This paper deals with the use of friction damper as a
passive dissipative device in order to seismic retrofit of existing structures and discusses the
optimal placement criteria. To fulfill this objective, six storey and ten storey L-shaped
buildings have been modeled with five different damper location formats in SAP2000 subjected
to El Centro and Utterkashi earthquake records. Non-Linear Modal Time History Method has
been used for the analysis and base shear, joint displacement, member forces and hysteresis
energy has been compared to find out most optimal damper location format.
Analysis of rc framed structures with central and partial openings in masonry...eSAT Journals
Abstract In Reinforced concrete frames the masonry infill walls are a common practice in countries like India, where the region is prone to seismic activity. In general, the masonry infill walls are treated as nonstructural element in structural analysis and only the contribution of its mass for is considered and it’s structural parameters like strength and stiffness is generally ignored in practice, such an approach may lead to an unsafe design. Infill walls resist lateral loads but because of the openings in the infill wall the resistance may slightly reduce. The IS code provisions do not provide guidelines for the analysis and design of RC frames with infill wall and for different percentage of openings. In this study, an office or residential building outer side central opening or outer side partial openings are used and analysis is carried for Bare Frame model, infill walls without opening, infill walls with outer periphery central opening and infill wall with outer periphery partial opening models. In ETABS software G+14 RC framed building models has been prepared, Equivalent Static Lateral force method, Response spectrum method has been performed for analysis as per IS 1893 : 2002 including p-delta effects. Storey displacement, Storey shear, Storey drift, with soft storey considering the effects of infill wall with central and partial openings are the parameters considered in this study. For modeling, the Equivalent diagonal strut method has been used to find out the width of Strut using FEMA 273 .The results for bare frame, infill wall, and infill wall with central and partial openings are discussed and conclusions are made. Keywords: Equivalent diagonal strut, stiffness, Drift limitation
A comparative study of omrf & smrf structural system for tall & high ...eSAT Journals
Abstract The objective of this study is to investigate the seismic behavior of the structure i.e... OMRF (Ordinary moment resisting frame) & SMRF (Special R C moment Resisting frame). For this purpose 5th, 10th, 15th , 20th storied structure were modeled and analysis was done using Staad.Pro software and using the codes for analysis, IS 1893:2002, IS 456: 2000. The study assumed that the buildings were located in seismic zone II (Visakhapatnam region).The study involves the design of alternate shear wall in a structural frame and its orientation, which gives better results for the OMRF & SMRF structure constructed in and around Visakhapatnam region. The buildings are modeled with floor area of 600 sqm (20m x30m) with 5 bays along 20 m span each 4 m. and 5 bays along the 30 m span each 6 m. The design is carried out using STAAD.PRO software. Shear walls are designed by taking the results of the maximum value of the stress contour and calculation are done manually by using IS 456-2000 and IS 13920-1993. The displacements of the current level relative to the other level above or below are considered. The preferred framing system should meet drift requirements.
1. Up to 20 floored building subjected to seismic load for Visakhapatnam without shear wall
2. Up to 20 floored building subjected to seismic load for Visakhapatnam with shear wall
Key words: Seismic Behavior, Shear Wall, Orientation of shear wall, Story Drift, Serviceability. staad.pro
Dynamic Analysis of RC Multi-storeyed Building - A Comparative Studyijsrd.com
In India with a seismic moderate zone, the equivalent static force method to estimate the seismic force, subsequent vulnerability and behavior of RC building under seismic load is inadequate. The main goal of this paper is to show how the modal analysis can contribute to the understanding the behavior of building using Response Spectrum Method. In this study, Dynamic Analysis of four storied Reinforced Concrete building was investigated using Staad pro and Etabs software packages. For this, Response Spectrum Method was used to evaluate the base shear, frequency, modal mass participation and the mode shapes of the building have been plotted for 15 frequencies. Seismic Zone 3 has been considered and base shear was calculated as per the procedure recommended by IS 1893-2002. The results shows that only slight variation in frequencies and modal participation factors was observed as each software has its own way of considering the mass.
Seismic behavior of elevated water tankeSAT Journals
Abstract Hydrodynamic analysis of elevated water tank is a complex procedure involving fluid structure interaction. The elevated tank supports large water mass at the top of slender staging. In case of elevated tank the resistance against lateral forces exerted by earthquake is largely dependent of supporting system. Staging is considered to be a critical element as far as lateral resistance is concern. Satisfactory performance of staging during strong ground shaking is crucial. In this paper seismic behavior of elevated water tank in view point of their supporting system is evaluated using finite element software ETABS. The main objective is to evaluate a performance of different staging system for elevated water tank using finite element software ETABS. The spring mass model consisting of impulsive and convective masses as per IS 1893:2002 Part 2 has been used for the analysis. The parametric study is performed on mathematical model with different staging system to evaluate their performance with regard to lateral stiffness, displacement, time period, seismic base shear, overturning moment, flexure etc. Keywords: Hydrodynamic analysis, Staging Performance, spring mass model, ETABS
PERFORMANCE BASED ANALYSIS OF VERTICALLY IRREGULAR STRUCTURE UNDER VARIOUS SE...Ijripublishers Ijri
In the recent years a lot of attention has been given to the earthquake analysis of structure it is one of the most devastating
natural calamity and which causes severe damage not only to the properties but also to the lives. This is the
reason there has been a lot of focus on the structures to be earthquake resistant. Buildings get damaged mostly due
to the earthquake ground motions. In an earthquake, the building base experiences high frequency movements, which
results in the inertial force on the building and its components and this problem gets worse when a structure is irregular
in shape, size etc,. Therefore, there is a lot to work on the seismic behavior of the irregular building which might not
respond the way regular building does. It makes the irregular building quite more complex and unpredictable during
the course of an earthquake.
Laboratory modelling of rock joints under shear and constant normal loadingeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Seismic evaluation of rc frame with brick masonry infill wallseSAT Journals
Abstract
Infill panels are widely used as partition walls as well as external walls of the building to fill the gap between RC frames. Non-structural member may provide considerable stiffness to the building and hence may improve the performance of the RC building during ground motions. But In most of the cases, the ignorance of this property of masonry in designing of the RC frame may get an unsafe design. There are two methods are used to determine the effect of ground motion. The effect of ground motion on RC frame building has been carried out by considering with and without the stiffness of infill wall. A comparative study is carried out with RC building using Equivalent Lateral Force method and Response Spectrum method. The masonry infill has been modeled as an equivalent diagonal strut element using Hendry formula. Pushover analysis is carried out on bare frame and frame with infill wall. The model has been generated using STAAD Pro and results obtained from the analysis are compared in terms of strength and stiffness with bare frame.
Keywords: Seismic evaluation, Response Spectrum, masonry infill, diagonal strut.
STRUCTURAL RESPONSE CONTROL OF RCC MOMENT RESISTING FRAME USING FLUID VISCOUS...IAEME Publication
Frequent earthquakes round the globe and large no of structures vulnerable to it have
necessitated the need for structural response control to gain pace in application around the
globe. This paper discusses the use and effectiveness of one such device, fluid viscous dampers,
for response control of structures and to reduce damping demand on structural system. In this
paper a non-linear time history analysis has been carried out on a 3D model of a 12 story RCC
MRF building using 3-directional synthetic accelerogram. Two different cases of building
models with and without supplemental damping have been analyzed using ETABS. The story
responses in terms of absolute maximum displacement and story drift have been compared.
Time history response plots for the two models have also been compared for various responses
viz. roof displacement and acceleration, base shear and story shear forces, along with the
various energy components and damping behavior. The results of the time history analysis are
in close conformation with previous investigations and represent the effectiveness of dampers
in improving the structural response as well as damping demand on structural systems
SEISMIC RESPONSE OF UNSYMMETRIC BUILDING WITH OPTIMALLY PLACED FRICTION DAMPERSIAEME Publication
Conventional methods of seismic rehabilitation with concrete shear walls or steel bracing
are not considered suitable for some buildings as upgrades with these methods would have
required expensive and time consuming foundation work. Supplemental damping in
conjunction with appropriate stiffness offers an innovative and attractive solution for the
seismic rehabilitation of such structures. This paper deals with the use of friction damper as a
passive dissipative device in order to seismic retrofit of existing structures and discusses the
optimal placement criteria. To fulfill this objective, six storey and ten storey L-shaped
buildings have been modeled with five different damper location formats in SAP2000 subjected
to El Centro and Utterkashi earthquake records. Non-Linear Modal Time History Method has
been used for the analysis and base shear, joint displacement, member forces and hysteresis
energy has been compared to find out most optimal damper location format.
Analysis of rc framed structures with central and partial openings in masonry...eSAT Journals
Abstract In Reinforced concrete frames the masonry infill walls are a common practice in countries like India, where the region is prone to seismic activity. In general, the masonry infill walls are treated as nonstructural element in structural analysis and only the contribution of its mass for is considered and it’s structural parameters like strength and stiffness is generally ignored in practice, such an approach may lead to an unsafe design. Infill walls resist lateral loads but because of the openings in the infill wall the resistance may slightly reduce. The IS code provisions do not provide guidelines for the analysis and design of RC frames with infill wall and for different percentage of openings. In this study, an office or residential building outer side central opening or outer side partial openings are used and analysis is carried for Bare Frame model, infill walls without opening, infill walls with outer periphery central opening and infill wall with outer periphery partial opening models. In ETABS software G+14 RC framed building models has been prepared, Equivalent Static Lateral force method, Response spectrum method has been performed for analysis as per IS 1893 : 2002 including p-delta effects. Storey displacement, Storey shear, Storey drift, with soft storey considering the effects of infill wall with central and partial openings are the parameters considered in this study. For modeling, the Equivalent diagonal strut method has been used to find out the width of Strut using FEMA 273 .The results for bare frame, infill wall, and infill wall with central and partial openings are discussed and conclusions are made. Keywords: Equivalent diagonal strut, stiffness, Drift limitation
A comparative study of omrf & smrf structural system for tall & high ...eSAT Journals
Abstract The objective of this study is to investigate the seismic behavior of the structure i.e... OMRF (Ordinary moment resisting frame) & SMRF (Special R C moment Resisting frame). For this purpose 5th, 10th, 15th , 20th storied structure were modeled and analysis was done using Staad.Pro software and using the codes for analysis, IS 1893:2002, IS 456: 2000. The study assumed that the buildings were located in seismic zone II (Visakhapatnam region).The study involves the design of alternate shear wall in a structural frame and its orientation, which gives better results for the OMRF & SMRF structure constructed in and around Visakhapatnam region. The buildings are modeled with floor area of 600 sqm (20m x30m) with 5 bays along 20 m span each 4 m. and 5 bays along the 30 m span each 6 m. The design is carried out using STAAD.PRO software. Shear walls are designed by taking the results of the maximum value of the stress contour and calculation are done manually by using IS 456-2000 and IS 13920-1993. The displacements of the current level relative to the other level above or below are considered. The preferred framing system should meet drift requirements.
1. Up to 20 floored building subjected to seismic load for Visakhapatnam without shear wall
2. Up to 20 floored building subjected to seismic load for Visakhapatnam with shear wall
Key words: Seismic Behavior, Shear Wall, Orientation of shear wall, Story Drift, Serviceability. staad.pro
Dynamic Analysis of RC Multi-storeyed Building - A Comparative Studyijsrd.com
In India with a seismic moderate zone, the equivalent static force method to estimate the seismic force, subsequent vulnerability and behavior of RC building under seismic load is inadequate. The main goal of this paper is to show how the modal analysis can contribute to the understanding the behavior of building using Response Spectrum Method. In this study, Dynamic Analysis of four storied Reinforced Concrete building was investigated using Staad pro and Etabs software packages. For this, Response Spectrum Method was used to evaluate the base shear, frequency, modal mass participation and the mode shapes of the building have been plotted for 15 frequencies. Seismic Zone 3 has been considered and base shear was calculated as per the procedure recommended by IS 1893-2002. The results shows that only slight variation in frequencies and modal participation factors was observed as each software has its own way of considering the mass.
Seismic behavior of elevated water tankeSAT Journals
Abstract Hydrodynamic analysis of elevated water tank is a complex procedure involving fluid structure interaction. The elevated tank supports large water mass at the top of slender staging. In case of elevated tank the resistance against lateral forces exerted by earthquake is largely dependent of supporting system. Staging is considered to be a critical element as far as lateral resistance is concern. Satisfactory performance of staging during strong ground shaking is crucial. In this paper seismic behavior of elevated water tank in view point of their supporting system is evaluated using finite element software ETABS. The main objective is to evaluate a performance of different staging system for elevated water tank using finite element software ETABS. The spring mass model consisting of impulsive and convective masses as per IS 1893:2002 Part 2 has been used for the analysis. The parametric study is performed on mathematical model with different staging system to evaluate their performance with regard to lateral stiffness, displacement, time period, seismic base shear, overturning moment, flexure etc. Keywords: Hydrodynamic analysis, Staging Performance, spring mass model, ETABS
PERFORMANCE BASED ANALYSIS OF VERTICALLY IRREGULAR STRUCTURE UNDER VARIOUS SE...Ijripublishers Ijri
In the recent years a lot of attention has been given to the earthquake analysis of structure it is one of the most devastating
natural calamity and which causes severe damage not only to the properties but also to the lives. This is the
reason there has been a lot of focus on the structures to be earthquake resistant. Buildings get damaged mostly due
to the earthquake ground motions. In an earthquake, the building base experiences high frequency movements, which
results in the inertial force on the building and its components and this problem gets worse when a structure is irregular
in shape, size etc,. Therefore, there is a lot to work on the seismic behavior of the irregular building which might not
respond the way regular building does. It makes the irregular building quite more complex and unpredictable during
the course of an earthquake.
Laboratory modelling of rock joints under shear and constant normal loadingeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Seismic evaluation of rc frame with brick masonry infill wallseSAT Journals
Abstract
Infill panels are widely used as partition walls as well as external walls of the building to fill the gap between RC frames. Non-structural member may provide considerable stiffness to the building and hence may improve the performance of the RC building during ground motions. But In most of the cases, the ignorance of this property of masonry in designing of the RC frame may get an unsafe design. There are two methods are used to determine the effect of ground motion. The effect of ground motion on RC frame building has been carried out by considering with and without the stiffness of infill wall. A comparative study is carried out with RC building using Equivalent Lateral Force method and Response Spectrum method. The masonry infill has been modeled as an equivalent diagonal strut element using Hendry formula. Pushover analysis is carried out on bare frame and frame with infill wall. The model has been generated using STAAD Pro and results obtained from the analysis are compared in terms of strength and stiffness with bare frame.
Keywords: Seismic evaluation, Response Spectrum, masonry infill, diagonal strut.
Prediction of compaction charecteristics of soil using plastic limiteSAT Journals
Abstract In all kinds of earthwork constructions, the laboratory determination of the compaction characteristics of the soils plays an important role. Soil compaction is defined as the method of increasing the density of the soil by application of mechanical energy. The principal reason for the compaction of the soil is to produce a soil mass which can satisfy the three basic criteria. Firstly, the reduction of subsequent settlement of the soil mass, under working loads. Secondly, for the reduction in permeability which will subsequently avoid built up of large water pressures causing liquefaction problems and is also important for retaining water in case of earth dams. Thirdly, it is used for increasing the shear strength of the soils. But the determination of compaction characteristics in laboratory is laborious. It requires significant time and effort. Hence, there is a necessity for prediction of compaction characteristics with the help of correlating it with index properties of soil which can be determined easily. The plastic limit of soil can be found effortlessly and it bears a good correlation with compaction characteristic, namely optimum moisture content (OMC). In this paper, a study is conducted on nine types of fine grained soils like black cotton soil, red clay, china clay, marine clay, silty clay etc. collected from different parts of Telengana and Andhra Pradesh. And a simple equation has been suggested using regression analysis to obtain the optimum moisture content of a soil from the plastic limit, thereby eliminating the dependence of the proctor test for determination of OMC. Keywords: Compaction, plastic limit, optimum moisture content, Fine grained soils, Proctor test
Effect of Compaction Moisture Content on Strength Parameters of Unsaturated C...ijtsrd
Soil compaction is a process of mechanical densification of soil by pressing the soil particles close to each other and removing the air between them. It is of utmost importance in the broad science of Geotechnical engineering playing a significant role in all types of Geotechnical investigations. The principle soil properties affected by compaction include the shearing resistance. The constitutive equations for volume change, shear strength and flow for unsaturated soil have been generally accepted in Geotechnical engineering Fredlund and Rahardjo, 1993a . The shear strength of an unsaturated clayey soil and soil water characteristic curve depend on the soil structure or the aggregation which in turn depends on the initial water content and the method of compaction. The aim of this research work is to determine the cohesion, angle of internal friction of the clay soil based on the moisture content. For this clay soils classified as CH, CI are used. Soil samples are chosen on the basis of soil type and clay content more than 25 . Maximum dry density and Optimum moisture content is are determined after 24 hour soaking, using light compaction. The hydrometer test are carried out for the grain size distribution. For the present work six different type of clayey soils are consider. The sample are taken from Dahej 02 , Surat 02 and Bhavnagar 01 . All the sample were tested at OMC and MDD as obtain from standard proctor test. The compaction was done at 0.95,1.00 and 1.05 times of OMC. Each sample were tested for triaxial test as well as direct shear at the strain rate of 0.625 mm min and 1.25 mm min. direct shear test and triaxial test are conducted for unconsolidated undrained UU condition. Vedwala Khushbu M | Priyank H. Patel | Vishal N. Patel "Effect of Compaction Moisture Content on Strength Parameters of Unsaturated Clay using Triaxial Test" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31250.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/31250/effect-of-compaction-moisture-content-on-strength-parameters-of-unsaturated-clay-using-triaxial-test/vedwala-khushbu-m
Laboratory experimental study and elastic wave velocity on physical propertie...HoangTienTrung1
Pressure grouting has gained popularity as a soil reinforcement method. However, the behavior of the interface between rock and grout is not well known. This study investigates the interaction of pressure grouting and rock, through a series of laboratory tests performed on specially designed and fabricated equipment and using standard testing methods. The test measures the density, compressional strength, and frictional resistance of grout relative to the applied pressure and curing time. Simultaneously, the velocities of the elastic wave traveling through the grout are obtained to develop correlations between the physical properties of the grout and the test conditions. The results of the tests show that the density, compressional strength, and frictional resistance of the grout increase with applied pressure and curing time. The strengths of the influencing factors are seen to be correlated within the range of the test conditions. Using the results of these tests, the potential development of a new method that requires less cement was discussed.
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Water resources projects are inherited with overlapping and at times conflicting objectives. These projects are often of varied sizes
ranging from major projects with command areas of millions of hectares to very small projects implemented at the local level. Thus,
in all these projects there is seldom proper coordination which is essential for ensuring collective sustainability.
Integrated watershed development and management is the accepted answer but in turn requires a comprehensive framework that can
enable planning process involving all the stakeholders at different levels and scales is compulsory. Such a unified hydrological
framework is essential to evaluate the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the drainage basins.
The present paper describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) which is
intended to meet the specific information needs of the various line departments of a typical State connected with water related aspects.
The HIS consist of a hydrologic information database coupled with tools for collating primary and secondary data and tools for
analyzing and visualizing the data and information. The HIS also incorporates hydrological model base for indirect assessment of
various entities of water balance in space and time. The framework would be maintained and updated to reflect fully the most
accurate ground truth data and the infrastructure requirements for planning and management.
Keywords: Hydrological Information System (HIS); WebGIS; Data Model; Web Mapping Services
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
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Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Effect of fines on liquefaction using shake table test
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 05 Issue: 03 | Mar-2016, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 110
EFFECT OF FINES ON LIQUEFACTION USING SHAKE TABLE TEST
S. R. Pathak1
, Madhura Joshi2
, Mugdha Kshirsagar3
1
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Pune, India.
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Sinhagad Acadamy of Engineering, Pune, India.
3
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Symbiosis Institute of Technology, Symbiosis International
University (SIU), Lavale Pune, India.
Abstract
Earthquake is one of the most disastrous natural calamities resulting into considerable damages. One of the most detrimental
effects caused due to earthquake is liquefaction. This paper deals with experimental investigation of effects of fines content on
liquefaction behavior using shake table test. A test program consisted of total 19 tests conducted on saturated cohesionless sand
with varying amount of non-plastic silt. The behavior of such silty sand in the relative density range 30 to 60% has been studied
by subjecting the specimens to a specific acceleration of 0.54g. Effect of silt content and the relative density on generation of pore
pressure and thereby initiation of liquefaction has been studied. The results obtained from the present study showed that cyclic
stress ratio (CSR) values decrease with the increase in fines content for lower relative densities. Delay in development of pore
pressure is observed with the increasing fines content. This indicates that higher silt contents at higher densities offer better
resistance to liquefaction. Further, for lower densities and lesser silt contents liquefaction occurred at pore pressure ratio even
less than one. The trend observed for CSR and relative density is similar when compared with triaxial test reported in literature.
The points where liquefaction has occurred in the field, when checked in the present study, they lie in ‘YES’ zone of liquefaction.
Keywords: Relative Density, Cyclic Stress Ratio, Pore Pressure Ratio, Liquefaction Resistance, Initiation of
Liquefaction
--------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Seismically induced liquefaction has long been recognized
as a phenomenon causing serious damage to foundations
and structures resting on saturated sandy soils. Earlier
studies showed that clean sand having uniform gradation
undergo this phenomenon. However, since 1960’s it has
been observed that the presence of silt and clay particles in
some way or other affects the liquefaction resistance of sand
under cyclic loading. The role of non-plastic or plastic silt
on liquefaction behavior has been a topic of debate. A
review of literature shows that there are no clear
consequences of effect of non-plastic silt upon the
liquefaction resistance of sand. Various laboratory and field
studies have been carried out to find out the liquefaction
behavior of the silty sand. The present paper deals with the
experimental work carried out to study the effects of fines
on earthquake induced liquefaction using shake table test.
The shake table test well simulates the field conditions in
the laboratory. To study the liquefaction behavior of the
sand silt mixture, the other parameters used in this study are
cyclic stress ratio (CSR), pore pressure, pore pressure ratio
(ru).
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
The role of non-plastic silt on the liquefaction behavior of
sands has been a topic of debate for some time. Polito and
Martin (2001) carried out a study regarding effects of fines
on liquefaction resistance using cyclic triaxial test with silt
content varying from 0 to 100%.Cyclic resistance is
considered to be a measure of ability of soil to resist
liquefaction. The concept of limiting silt content was put
forward by Polito (1999) and the effect of silt content on
various parameters was studied in terms of limiting silt
content in this work. Findings from his study concluded that
silty sand’s behavior cannot be accurately predicted based
solely on silt content. Prasad et al (2004) have developed a
manual shake table using laminar box. However, it does not
take into account payload and the criterion for initiation of
liquefaction in terms of CSR. Behra et al (2005) studied
liquefaction behavior of silty sand by conducting shake table
tests on samples with different silt contents. The work
focused mainly on resistance offered by silty sand to
liquefaction for steady state of vibrations, which concludes
that with the increasing silt percentage, number of cycles
required for initiation of liquefaction goes on increasing.
Zhou & Chen (2007) conducted undrained triaxial tests and
obtained the correlation between liquefaction resistance and
shear wave velocity (VS). The developed correlation is
further converted to equivalent field conditions, which
shows variation of cyclic resistance ratio with shear wave
velocity. Work carried out by Ningliu and Mitchell (2006) is
based on the study of false positives (No liquefaction
detected when the normalized shear wave velocity-cyclic
stress ratio (VS-CSR) combination indicated that it should
have been) that are observed in shear wave velocity based
approach. Authors established a new modified theoretical
cyclic resistance ratio (CRRfield) versus VS curves for silty
sands containing 0 to 15% nonplastic fines; further observed
that fines content affects CRR values considerably. Iwasaki
and Tatsuoka (1997) have reported that the small-strain
shear modulus G0, and therefore Vs, decrease rapidly with
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increase in nonplastic fines content. Carraro et al. (2003)
conducted a series of 64 undrained cyclic triaxial tests on
reconstituted specimens of Ottawa sand for determination of
CRRtriaxial with fines content varying from 0 to 15 %. It
was observed that CSR decreases with increase in silt
content from 0 to 15%. The boundary curves between
liquefaction and no liquefaction zones from Andrus et.al
(2003) are shown for fines less than 5% and less than 15%
and also included false positives for sands having fines 6 to
15%. Thus, it was inferred that liquefaction assessment
based on shear wave velocity may be reliable for clean
sands, but for sand containing fines, over conservative
results may occur. Singh et al (2008) presented the
liquefaction behavior of the Solani sand by performing
shake table tests at varying acceleration with constant
frequency. The results were interpreted in terms of the pore
water pressure and the time elapsed during various stages. It
was observed that there was little effect of level of
acceleration on the magnitude of maximum pore water
pressure; however time required in reaching the peak value
decreased at higher acceleration.
Thus, an extensive literature survey reveals that not only the
clean sand but sand with some amount of fines also
undergoes liquefaction. However, no clear conclusions have
been reported so far about the liquefaction resistance offered
by silty sand. The authors of this paper have made an
attempt to investigate effect of non-plastic fines on initiation
of liquefaction using laboratory test. As shake table test
could more closely simulate the ground motion during
earthquake, a series of tests have been performed on sand-
silt mixture of different relative densities with varying
amount of silt for a particular acceleration, frequency and
amplitude of shaking.
Table 1 Properties of clean Sand
Property Value IS-Code
γmax 17.44KN/m3
IS :2770 (Part 14) - 1983
γmin 15.06KN/m3
IS :2770 (Part 14) - 1983
G 2.6582 IS :2770 (Part 3/ Sec1) – 1980
emax 0.7641 IS :2770 (Part 14) - 1983
emin 0.524 IS :2770 (Part 14) - 1983
D50 0.30mm IS :2770 (Part 4) - 1985
D60 0.32mm IS :2770 (Part 4) - 1985
D10 0.175mm IS :2770 (Part 4) - 1985
D30 0.24 IS :2770 (Part 4) - 1985
CU 1.71 IS :2770 (Part 4) - 1985
CC 1.02 IS :2770 (Part 4) - 1985
3. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS
Total 19 tests were conducted on silty sand for silt contents
of 5%, 10%, 15% & 20% with relative densities of 30%,
40%, 50% & 60%, the variation is based on the field
variables available from literature review The 3 tests were
performed with field data. All tests are performed by
shaking the specimens for maximum acceleration of 0.54 g.
Properties of uniformly graded sand selected for the present
work are as shown in table 1. The specific gravity of silt is
2.942. A typical gradation curve for clean sand and sand +
5% silt has been depicted in the Figure 1.
Figure 1 Typical gradation curve for clean sand with 5% silt
3.1 Shake Table Apparatus
Shake Table test apparatus is specifically designed to
conduct the tests for studying the criterion for initiation of
liquefaction by simulating ground shaking during
Earthquake. (Pathak et al, 2010). It comprises mainly of
three main components, a vibrating platform of size 1000
mm × 1000 mm made up of cast iron coated with silver
paste, which vibrates with the soil model attached to it. A
Control panel, the most important component of the shake
table as it controls the frequency of the shaking has been
given standard combinations of amplitude to produce the
required acceleration. The vibrating platform is vibrated
with the help of motor. The capacity of which is 3 H. P.
with a three phase connection. Two types of soil models
made of Perspex sheet have been manufactured. One is a
square model with size 400 x 400 x 400 mm used by
(Pathak et al, 2010) and other one is a rectangular model
with size 800 x 600 x 400 mm ( Pathak et.al 2013) have
effectively used these models to simulate the liquefaction
for sand and carried out further parametric study. The
apparatus arrangement for one dimensional sinusoidal
excitation and model used is as shown in photograph 1.
Photograph 1 Shake Table mounted with square model
(size 400 x 400 x 400 mm)
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3.2 Instrumentation
Three pore pressure transducers each of capacity 1 bar with
the least count of 0.1 kPa are attached to the shake table
model at 3 levels, as shown in photograph 1. Measurement
of displacement of shake table is carried out with Linear
Variable Differential Transducer (LVDT) of capacity 50
mm, with the least count of 0.1 mm. Three pore pressure
transducers and LVDT are connected to Data Acquisition
system (DAQ) for recording the observations accurately.
The necessary calibrations for these instruments are carried
out using the charts for recording the readings for given time
interval.
3.3 Test Procedure
Tests are conducted on all Sand-Silt mixtures as per the
testing program. For various percentage of silt, sand and silt
is mixed thoroughly until the uniform color is observed.
Specific gravity, maximum and minimum dry densities of
the mixture are obtained experimentally. From density
values emax and emin are calculated. Actual voids ratio of the
sand silt mixture is then evaluated to obtain the amount of
water required to achieve a particular relative density. The
calculated amount of sand-silt mixture is poured in the soil
model by wet deposition method in 7 equal layers. Proper
care has been taken to maintain the homogeneity of mixture.
Amplitude and frequency of shake table is set on the control
panel as per the maximum acceleration required which is
verified with LVDT readings.
After filling the model the shake table apparatus is switched
on, shaking starts at the required acceleration. The pore
water pressure values at three levels are recorded through
data acquisition system at the time interval of one second.
Test is continued until pore pressures reach peak value and
then start dissipating or remain constant as shown in
photograph 2. At this instance, liquefaction is said to have
occurred. The same procedure is used to conduct all the tests
mentioned in the test program.
Photograph 2 Showing Model during Actual Testing
4. DISCUSSION OF TEST RESULTS
Effect of silt content on liquefaction resistance offered by
sand-silt mixture is studied based on the excess pore
pressure generated during shaking. The pore pressure values
recorded during the test are used to compute the pore
pressure parameter (ru) and cyclic stress ratio (CSR). Based
on pore pressure-related criteria [Jiaer W.U. et.al], soil
liquefaction has often been defined as the state at which the
excess pore water pressure ratio (ru) equals 1.0. This occurs
when the pore water pressure increase (Δu) becomes equal
to the initial vertical effective overburden stress [ru = Δu /σ’o
= 1.0] in simple shear tests and in field studies, or when Δu
equals the initial effective minor principal stress [ru =
Δu/σ’3c =1.0] in triaxial compression tests. However, this is
not the only criteria for initiation of liquefaction; some other
parameters should also be considered for studying the effect
of fines. Cyclic stress ratio [CSR] is considered as an
indication of number of cycles required for liquefaction. In
the present study for assessing soil liquefaction, CSR is
calculated using the Eq. (1) by Kramer.
Eq. (1)
Where,
amax = maximum ground acceleration
σv = total stress
σ’v = effective stress
g = acceleration due to gravity [9.81 N/m2
]
rd = reduction factor
The variation of these parameters with relative density and
silt content are discussed in following sections.
4.1 Effect Of Silt Content On Pore Pressure
Generation
The pore pressure values are recorded at three levels by
means of pore pressure transducers at top, middle and
bottom of the soil model. The top layer remains liquefied
during the entire test as the top transducer is connected at
0.05m from the top surface of soil model where immediately
after few seconds pore water comes out at the top and
turbulence is seen in the top layer. Hence the results of the
top transducer are not reported.
For all tests, it is observed that pore pressure gradually
increases, reaches its maximum value and then starts
dissipating continuously or remains constant till the end of
the test. A typical variation of pore pressure versus time for
relative density of 30% and 60% with 5% silt content for
bottom transducer has been depicted in Figures 2 and 3
respectively.
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Figure 2 Pore Pressure Vs time for relative density of 30%
and Silt 5% for Bottom transducer
Figure 3 Pore Pressure Vs time for relative density of 60%
and Silt 5% for Bottom transducer
Figure 2 shows gradual increase in pore pressure until the
peak value of magnitude 2.45 kPa is reached at 14th
second.
After attaining a peak value, it starts dissipating up to 72
second and then remains constant. However, for the test
conducted at the relative density of 60% and silt content 5%
(Figure 3.) maximum value of pore pressure attained is 2.66
kPa at 19th
second, after which it almost remained constant.
In both the cases, the point at which maximum pore pressure
is developed is considered as the point of initiation of
liquefaction. From variation of pore pressure with the time
at all the three transducers; it is observed that for all the test
results, that liquefaction proceeds in the downward direction
for the laboratory shake table apparatus in tune with Singh
H.P. [4]. It is seen that the time required in attaining the
maximum pore pressure increases with the increase in the
relative density. The variation of pore pressure obtained for
different silt contents indicates that time required for
attaining peak pore pressure value increases as the silt
content increases.
Figure 4 indicates variation of pore pressure with silt
contents at different relative densities typically for bottom
transducer. For a particular density, peak pore pressure
values are found to increase marginally with the silt content.
The same trend is observed for the middle transducer.
Figure 4 Variation of pore pressure with silt content for
bottom transducer
4.2 Variation of Pore Pressure Ratio (Ru) With
Relative Density (Dr)
Pore pressure ratio (ru), a non-dimensional parameter,
defined as the ratio of excess pore pressure generated to the
effective overburden pressure, has been evaluated
corresponding to maximum value of pore pressure generated
at the concerned pore pressure transducers. The increasing
trend of ru with increase in relative density has been
observed for bottom transducer as shown in figure 5.
Figure 5 Variation of Pore Pressure Ratio (ru) Vs Relative
Density (Dr) For Bottom Transducer
Maximum value of ru is observed at relative density of 60%
and fines content of 20% which is of magnitude 1.12 for
bottom transducer. At lower relative densities of 30% and
40% the variation in ru is marginal with the increase in silt
content. At higher densities, increase in silt content
increases ru. Thus it can be infered that variation in silt
content affects ru values mostly for higher densities
(Dr>40%) for both middle and bottom transducers. At lower
densities initiation of liquefaction has been observed for ru
values of 0.95 to 0.99. Thus these results indicate that
liquefaction occurs at ru values even less than 1 especially
for loose soils (Dr<40% ) as also reported by Behra (2005).
4.3 Variation of CSR With Silt Content
CSR values for all tests conducted in the present study are
evaluated for both the transducers. Figure 6 depicts the
variation of CSR values with silt content for bottom
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transducer for all relative densities.
For lower relative density values (Dr<40%) with the
increase in silt percentage CSR almost remains somewhat
constant. However, for the relative density values greater
than 40%, CSR decreases with increase in fines content.
This shows that higher silt contents at higher densities offer
better resistance to liquefaction.
Figure 6 Variation of CSR with Silt Content for Bottom
transducer
Table 2 Field Data for “Yes” liquefaction cases
Site D50 (mm) Fines Content (%)
C.P.T.qc1
(MPa)
amax Test amax CSR
Field Present study
Imperial Valley 0.11 15-20 2.56 0.60g 0.6 g 0.52 0.5524
Port of Oakland 0.25 0-5 12.38 0.29g 0.29 g 0.25 0.4785
Loma Prieta 0.27 7 5.10 0.29g 0.3 g 0.26 0.3879
Figure 8 Graph showing “YES” and “NO” liquefaction
zone based on seismic shear stress ratio and CPT based
relationship
4.4 Comparison with Other Tests
Polito and Martin (2001) conducted cyclic triaxial tests on
sand-silt mixture. The results of their study are shown in the
figure 7. The results from the present experiments are
superimposed on the graph of CSR Vs Relative density for
comparison. The trend of the curve is observed to be similar
to some extent similar as obtained by Polito and Martin
(2001), but the values obtained in the present study are on
higher side than those obtained by the researchers, the
reason could be the characteristics of the sand and type of
test used. Figure 7 shows the variation of CSR with relative
density typically for 5% silt content. For 10% and 15%
fines content the same trend of CSR variation with the
relative density is observed.
Figure 7 CSR Vs Relative Density For 5% silt content
The present study results when compared with earlier
researchers showed higher values of pore pressure for same
silt content. It could be due to different properties of sand
and silt used during experimentation. Further, as the type of
test conducted is different, values are on higher side though
the overall trend is the same. Thus, it can be inferred that
quantitative effect of silt content on liquefaction behavior of
sand-silt mixture is soil specific as well as test specific.
4.5 Comparison with Field Data
Out of 19 tests 3 site specific tests are conducted. The data
from field have been selected based on D50 size, fines
content and acceleration values of “Yes” liquefaction cases.
The details of selected points (Stark &Olson 1995) are as
shown in table 2.
Using the qc1 and D50 from the field data for these points, the
relative density values are computed. The soil sample with
the same fines content & relative density has been prepared
in the lab for each of these data points and tested for the
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same amax. CSR values for these three points have been
obtained from present lab test and then superimposed on the
curve given by Stark and Olson (1995) as shown in figure 8
which demarcates “YES” and “NO” zones of liquefaction. It
can be seen from the figure that all three points where
liquefaction actually occurred in field lay in “YES” zone of
liquefaction. This clearly shows that the shake table test
used in the present study simulates the field conditions
reasonably well in respect of occurrence of liquefaction.
5. CONCLUSIONS
The time required in attaining the maximum pore pressure
increases with the increase in the relative density. The
variation of pore pressure obtained for different silt contents
indicates that time required for attaining peak pore pressure
value increases as the silt content increases.
At lower densities initiation of liquefaction has been
observed for ru values of 0.95 to 0.99. Thus these results
indicate that liquefaction occurs at ru values even less than 1
especially for loose soils (Dr<40% ).
For lower relative density values (Dr<40%) with the
increase in silt percentage CSR almost remains somewhat
constant. However, for the relative density values greater
than 40%, CSR decreases with increase in fines content.
This shows that higher silt contents at higher densities offer
better resistance to liquefaction
The results of present investigation when compared with
those of triaxial tests conducted by other researchers, trend
of variation of CSR with relative density is found to be
similar for all silt contents used in this work. The
quantitative effect of silt content on liquefaction behavior of
sand-silt mixture is soil specific as well as test specific.
Further, the locations where liquefaction has occurred in
field when checked with present shake table tests, they are
found to lie in the ‘yes’ zone of liquefaction. Thus it can be
concluded that for the range of silt content studied in the
present work, for higher silt content liquefaction occurrence
is delayed. Field test results indicate that shake table test can
better simulate field conditions for assessing initiation of
liquefaction.
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