Mumbai is the region consisting of soft compressible marine clay deposits. There are several construction problems on such soils and thus ground improvement is need to be carried out. Vertical drains is generally preferred technique as accelerated settlement is achieved during the construction phase itself if planned accordingly. The concept of vertical drains is based on the theory of three dimensional consolidation as described by Terzaghi (1943). Based on this concept, a consolidation programme is developed and an attempt is made to determine the field to laboratory coefficient of vertical consolidation ratio by Taylor’s Square Root of Time Method and Casagrande’s Logarithm of Time Fitting Method for this region by considering the case study of Bhandup Lagoon Works Embankment. Based on this ratio, the rate of consolidation and time required for consolidation in the field can be determined knowing the consolidation parameters. Equations are developed by using output of the programme and it is explained.
Field and Theoretical Analysis of Accelerated Consolidation Using Vertical Dr...inventionjournals
Mumbai is the region consisting of soft compressible marine clay deposits. There are several construction problems on such soils and thus ground improvement is need to be carried out. Vertical drains is generally preferred technique as accelerated settlement is achieved during the construction phase itself if planned accordingly. The concept of vertical drains is based on the theory of three dimensional consolidation as described by Terzaghi (1943). Based on this concept, a consolidation programme is developed and an attempt is made to determine the field to laboratory coefficient of vertical consolidation ratio by Taylor’s Square Root of Time Method and Casagrande’s Logarithm of Time Fitting Method for this region. Based on this, the rate of consolidation and time required for consolidation in the field can be determined knowing the consolidation parameters. Equations are developed by using output of the programme and it is explained.
This paper presents the effectiveness and assessment of the potential of the vacuum consolidation using Prefabricated Vertical Drain, in Mumbai marine clay, as more economical and effective method of consolidation. Large 3-D consolidation cell was designed to carry out laboratory experiments on the reconstituted soft marine clay from the project site at New Mumbai, western part of the India. Various combinations of the surcharge and vacuum loading with PVD were tested and examined. The study showed that method is feasible and save significant time for the consolidation process in turn saving in construction time of foundation on soft marine clay. The strength and stability of the clay also enhances greatly. This paper examines the applicability of Asaoka method to predict settlement of Mumbai Marine clay. An overview is also provided to some geotechnical properties such as density, moisture content, void ratio and shear strength which are predominantly affected during the vacuum preloading system. The settlement analysis was conducted using conventional solution by Hansbo and Asaoka.. The hydraulic conductivity of reconstituted specimen was back calculated. The Back calculated coefficient of radial consolidation was observed in the range of 1.45 to 2.27 m2/year and ratio of ch/cv.odeo was found to be 1.5 to 2. The addition of vacuum pressure tends to increase horizontal coefficient of consolidation leads to shorten the preloading time t by 15 to 80 % depending on the vacuum preload magnitude. The attempt is also made to find out kh/ks values for the selected soil specimen. It was observed that kh/ks value for Mumbai marine clay is about 1.50.
FIELD AND THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF ACCELERATED SETTLEMENT USING VERTICAL DRAINS ijiert bestjournal
Mumbai is the region consisting of soft compressibl e marine clay deposits. There are several construction problems on such soils and thu s ground improvement need to be carried out. Vertical drains is generally preferred technique as accelerated settlement is achieved during the construction phase itself. The concept of vertical drains is based on three dimensional consolidation as described by Ter zaghi (1943). Based on this concept,a settlement programme is being developed and an at tempt is made to determine the field to laboratory coefficient of vertical consoli dation ratio by methods proposed by Taylor and Asaoka (1978) for this region by conside ring the case studies namely 1.) Mulund Airoli Bridge approach embankment 2.) Palm B each Marg. Based on this ratio,the rate of consolidation and time required for con solidation in the field can be determined knowing the consolidation parameters.
Field and Theoretical Analysis of Accelerated Consolidation Using Vertical Dr...inventionjournals
Mumbai is the region consisting of soft compressible marine clay deposits. There are several construction problems on such soils and thus ground improvement is need to be carried out. Vertical drains is generally preferred technique as accelerated settlement is achieved during the construction phase itself if planned accordingly. The concept of vertical drains is based on the theory of three dimensional consolidation as described by Terzaghi (1943). Based on this concept, a consolidation programme is developed and an attempt is made to determine the field to laboratory coefficient of vertical consolidation ratio by Taylor’s Square Root of Time Method and Casagrande’s Logarithm of Time Fitting Method for this region. Based on this, the rate of consolidation and time required for consolidation in the field can be determined knowing the consolidation parameters. Equations are developed by using output of the programme and it is explained.
This paper presents the effectiveness and assessment of the potential of the vacuum consolidation using Prefabricated Vertical Drain, in Mumbai marine clay, as more economical and effective method of consolidation. Large 3-D consolidation cell was designed to carry out laboratory experiments on the reconstituted soft marine clay from the project site at New Mumbai, western part of the India. Various combinations of the surcharge and vacuum loading with PVD were tested and examined. The study showed that method is feasible and save significant time for the consolidation process in turn saving in construction time of foundation on soft marine clay. The strength and stability of the clay also enhances greatly. This paper examines the applicability of Asaoka method to predict settlement of Mumbai Marine clay. An overview is also provided to some geotechnical properties such as density, moisture content, void ratio and shear strength which are predominantly affected during the vacuum preloading system. The settlement analysis was conducted using conventional solution by Hansbo and Asaoka.. The hydraulic conductivity of reconstituted specimen was back calculated. The Back calculated coefficient of radial consolidation was observed in the range of 1.45 to 2.27 m2/year and ratio of ch/cv.odeo was found to be 1.5 to 2. The addition of vacuum pressure tends to increase horizontal coefficient of consolidation leads to shorten the preloading time t by 15 to 80 % depending on the vacuum preload magnitude. The attempt is also made to find out kh/ks values for the selected soil specimen. It was observed that kh/ks value for Mumbai marine clay is about 1.50.
FIELD AND THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF ACCELERATED SETTLEMENT USING VERTICAL DRAINS ijiert bestjournal
Mumbai is the region consisting of soft compressibl e marine clay deposits. There are several construction problems on such soils and thu s ground improvement need to be carried out. Vertical drains is generally preferred technique as accelerated settlement is achieved during the construction phase itself. The concept of vertical drains is based on three dimensional consolidation as described by Ter zaghi (1943). Based on this concept,a settlement programme is being developed and an at tempt is made to determine the field to laboratory coefficient of vertical consoli dation ratio by methods proposed by Taylor and Asaoka (1978) for this region by conside ring the case studies namely 1.) Mulund Airoli Bridge approach embankment 2.) Palm B each Marg. Based on this ratio,the rate of consolidation and time required for con solidation in the field can be determined knowing the consolidation parameters.
Statistical Tuning Chart for Mapping Porosity Thickness: a Case Study of Chan...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Reservoir assessment is not only controlled by the structural framework but also stratigraphical
features. Stratigraphical interpretation, which is related to seismic amplitude interpretation, is used to
describe petrophysical aspects of channel sand reservoirs such as net porosity and thickness. This paper
aims to map the porosity thickness for a case study of channel sand bodies reservoir in the Kutei basin.
The study area is complex channel reservoir system that appears to occupy specific area within the
depositional system. The geometry of the sediment channel, which thins toward the channel margins,
makes this feature similar to be wedge model that could possibly be influenced by tuning effects. The
tuning effects introduce pitfall in interpreting high-quality reservoir that is affected by contrasts in acoustic
impedance. In order to distinguish high amplitude responses caused by tuning effects and acoustic
properties, the analysis of amplitude responses needs to be correlated to the reservoir thickness. The
statistical tuning chart is one of the techniques used to correlate amplitude responses and the reservoir
thickness. The application of this technique to real data sets shows net porosity thickness map over the
targeted reservoir. Thus, high-quality reservoir characterization can be performed to delineate geometric
framework of the reservoir.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Seismic performance of a layered liquefiable site validation of numerical sim...Mahir Badanagki, Ph.D.
In this paper, the results of a centrifuge experiment modeling of a layered soil profile, including a liquefiable layer of Ottawa sand, are used to evaluate the predictive capabilities of two state ofthe-art constitutive models.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF FORCED CONVECTION IN OIL SANDS USING LATTICE BOLTZMAN...IAEME Publication
Lattice Boltzmann method is used to simulate forced convection in oil sands (low permeable porous geometries). Fluid flows through a sandstone look alike square geometry with left wall of the geometry kept at higher temperature compared to other walls. Investigation is carried out to study influence of increased temperature on flow properties by observing the variation in velocity and temperature profiles for various permeability and porosity values, which were varied to match the geometrical properties of oil sands.
Deconvolution and Interpretation of Well Test Data ‘Masked’ By Wellbore Stora...iosrjce
When a well test contains a series of different flow rates, or a continuously varying flow rate, the
combination of the pressure transients due to varying flow rate is called convolution. while deconvolution
means removing a distorting effect upon the variable of interest. This paper is on the study of an analytical
technique that can be used to explicitly deconvolve wellbore storage distorted well test data using pressure data
and the flow rate. Then to determine the reservoir properties from this deconvolved well test data by using the
conventional well test interpretation methods. Also the comparison of the material balance deconvolution
method results with the β-deconvlolution method result were carried out and then used to determine which
method was a better deconvolution tool. The results showed that the material balance deconvolution technique
performed very well with minor discrepancies and gave better estimation of the reservoir parameters.
This presentation contains a general introduction of void ratio and its correlation with other soil properties (index and engineering properties).
Best Regards:
Engr. Muhammad Ali Rehman
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
This presentation is all about consolidation of soil and it's importance in Civil Engineering, co-efficients of consolidation, methods of determining co-efficient of consolidation, Terzaghi's Spring Analogy, Terzaghi's Theory
Statistical Tuning Chart for Mapping Porosity Thickness: a Case Study of Chan...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Reservoir assessment is not only controlled by the structural framework but also stratigraphical
features. Stratigraphical interpretation, which is related to seismic amplitude interpretation, is used to
describe petrophysical aspects of channel sand reservoirs such as net porosity and thickness. This paper
aims to map the porosity thickness for a case study of channel sand bodies reservoir in the Kutei basin.
The study area is complex channel reservoir system that appears to occupy specific area within the
depositional system. The geometry of the sediment channel, which thins toward the channel margins,
makes this feature similar to be wedge model that could possibly be influenced by tuning effects. The
tuning effects introduce pitfall in interpreting high-quality reservoir that is affected by contrasts in acoustic
impedance. In order to distinguish high amplitude responses caused by tuning effects and acoustic
properties, the analysis of amplitude responses needs to be correlated to the reservoir thickness. The
statistical tuning chart is one of the techniques used to correlate amplitude responses and the reservoir
thickness. The application of this technique to real data sets shows net porosity thickness map over the
targeted reservoir. Thus, high-quality reservoir characterization can be performed to delineate geometric
framework of the reservoir.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Seismic performance of a layered liquefiable site validation of numerical sim...Mahir Badanagki, Ph.D.
In this paper, the results of a centrifuge experiment modeling of a layered soil profile, including a liquefiable layer of Ottawa sand, are used to evaluate the predictive capabilities of two state ofthe-art constitutive models.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF FORCED CONVECTION IN OIL SANDS USING LATTICE BOLTZMAN...IAEME Publication
Lattice Boltzmann method is used to simulate forced convection in oil sands (low permeable porous geometries). Fluid flows through a sandstone look alike square geometry with left wall of the geometry kept at higher temperature compared to other walls. Investigation is carried out to study influence of increased temperature on flow properties by observing the variation in velocity and temperature profiles for various permeability and porosity values, which were varied to match the geometrical properties of oil sands.
Deconvolution and Interpretation of Well Test Data ‘Masked’ By Wellbore Stora...iosrjce
When a well test contains a series of different flow rates, or a continuously varying flow rate, the
combination of the pressure transients due to varying flow rate is called convolution. while deconvolution
means removing a distorting effect upon the variable of interest. This paper is on the study of an analytical
technique that can be used to explicitly deconvolve wellbore storage distorted well test data using pressure data
and the flow rate. Then to determine the reservoir properties from this deconvolved well test data by using the
conventional well test interpretation methods. Also the comparison of the material balance deconvolution
method results with the β-deconvlolution method result were carried out and then used to determine which
method was a better deconvolution tool. The results showed that the material balance deconvolution technique
performed very well with minor discrepancies and gave better estimation of the reservoir parameters.
This presentation contains a general introduction of void ratio and its correlation with other soil properties (index and engineering properties).
Best Regards:
Engr. Muhammad Ali Rehman
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
This presentation is all about consolidation of soil and it's importance in Civil Engineering, co-efficients of consolidation, methods of determining co-efficient of consolidation, Terzaghi's Spring Analogy, Terzaghi's Theory
Effect of Height and Surface Roughness of a Broad Crested Weir on the Dischar...RafidAlboresha
Weir is usually incorporated as control or regulation devices in hydraulic systems,
with flow measurement as their secondary. It is normally intended for use in the field and thus
to regulate broad discharges. Broad-Crested weir is among the oldest common weir types. In this
paper, the effect of height and surface roughness for different Board Crested weirs models were
studied on discharge coefficient (Cd) in a horizontal open channel. In the crest of the weir,
certain materials may be combined with concrete (e.g., boulders) or may be used as cladding to
minimize the effect of water overflow (e.g. stone). The weir surface should not be considered
smooth in this case, and the discharge coefficient (Cd) must be re-estimated. For these purposes, laboratory flume was used to study the effect of height and surface roughness on the discharge coefficients with four of the different weir models dimensions of the concrete blocks. In this study, the flow conditions were considered to be free water flow and the viscosity effect was neglected. In all cases, the weir height effect was directly proportional to the discharge coefficient while the surface roughness effect was found to be inversely proportional to the coefficient Cd of the case study.
Fixity depth of offshore piles in elastoplastic soft clay under dynamic loadeSAT Journals
Abstract
This work represents study of dynamic behavior of offshore piles embedded in elastoplastic soft clay, and estimating the fixity depth of pile. ABAQUS finite element program which used to simulate the problem. The soil was modeled in two case elastic state model and elastoplastic state model represented by cam-clay model, three dimension element used to represent the interaction between pile and soil, and laboratory tests used to getting the real properties of clayey soil and to descried interface. The results obtained developed two empirical equations used to calculate depth of pile fixity for pile embedded in elastic and elastoplastic soil respectively. Also, show the depth of pile fixity is increase about (40 %) due to change soil model from elastic to plastic, when pile embedded in elastoplastic soil its dependent on soil strength, interface properties and pile rigidity. The pile head displacement is increase about 90 % while the bending moment is decease 10 % at pile head.
Fixity depth of offshore piles in elastoplastic soft clay under dynamic loadeSAT Journals
Abstract
This work represents study of dynamic behavior of offshore piles embedded in elastoplastic soft clay, and estimating the fixity depth of pile. ABAQUS finite element program which used to simulate the problem. The soil was modeled in two case elastic state model and elastoplastic state model represented by cam-clay model, three dimension element used to represent the interaction between pile and soil, and laboratory tests used to getting the real properties of clayey soil and to descried interface. The results obtained developed two empirical equations used to calculate depth of pile fixity for pile embedded in elastic and elastoplastic soil respectively. Also, show the depth of pile fixity is increase about (40 %) due to change soil model from elastic to plastic, when pile embedded in elastoplastic soil its dependent on soil strength, interface properties and pile rigidity. The pile head displacement is increase about 90 % while the bending moment is decease 10 % at pile head.
ABAQUS simulation for consolidation of saturated soft soil in two-dimensional...IJRES Journal
For consolidation problem of saturated soft soil in two-dimensional finite region, choosing three different kind of boundary conditions, using finite element software ABAQUS simulated and searched the characteristics and laws of soil settlement under the shear or normal load on the surface. The results show that: both shear load or normal load that the final settlement has no connection with the boundary permeability, but with the load and the soil nature itself. Different boundary conditions that corresponding to the process of settlement are variable. Compared with the shear load, the normal load effect on the vertical displacement is larger and they have orders of magnitude difference. Same for horizontal displacement, the shear load effect on the horizontal displacement is larger and they have orders of magnitude difference.
3 Surface Tension and Its MeasurementSina Ebnesajjad3.1 In.docxlorainedeserre
3 Surface Tension and Its Measurement
Sina Ebnesajjad
3.1 Introduction
Surface science is an important branch of
physical organic chemistry that studies the
behavior and characteristics of molecules at or
near a surface or interface. The interface can form
between solids, liquids, gases, and combinations of
these states. Complex apparatus has been devel-
oped to identify and quantify surfaces and inter-
faces. Polymer surfaces are of special interest in
industrial and biological applications; examples of
the latter include dental implants and body part
prosthetic devices. Modification of surfaces of
these devices allows formation of controlled
interfaces to achieve characteristics such as
bondability and compatibility.
Adhesion is an interfacial phenomenon that
occurs at the interfaces of adherends and adhe-
sives. This is the fact underlying the macroscopic
process of joining parts using adhesives. An
understanding of the forces that develop the
interfaces is helpful to the selection of the right
adhesive, proper surface treatment of adherends,
and effective and economical processes to form
bonds. This chapter is devoted to the discussion of
the thermodynamic principles and work of adhe-
sion that quantitatively characterize surfaces of
materials.
Figure 3.1 Liquideliquid interface and balance of
forces on molecules of liquids.
3.2 What is an Interface?
Two solid or liquid phases in contact have atoms/
molecules on both sides of an imaginary plane called
the interface. The interfacial particles differ ener-
getically from those in the bulk of each phase due to
being on the boundary of the respective phase and
interacting with the particles of the other phase. The
composition and energy vary continuously from one
phase to the other through the interface. This region
has a finite thickness, usually less than 0.1 mm.1,2
Handbook of Adhesives and Surface Preparation, ed. Sina Ebnesajjad. DOI:
� 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
This chapter has been adapted from ‘Surface Tension and Its Measurement’ in
S. Ebnesajjad & C.F. Ebnesajjad � 2006 Elsevier Inc.
3.3 Surface Tension
The molecules of a liquid are held together by
attraction forces. The sum of all attractive forces on
any molecule present in the bulk of a liquid averages
zero. The net force (also known as cohesion force) on
a surface molecule is a nonzero quantity in the
direction toward the bulk (Fig. 3.1). This is the force
that must be counteracted to increase the surface
area; the energy consumed by this process is called
surface energy. The unbalanced forces on the inter-
face cause it to contract to the minimum. Water
droplets are spherical because a sphere has minimum
surface area for a given volume among all geometric
shapes. Although surface tension and surface free
energy of a liquid are equal, the same is not true for
a solid surface.
Surface tension is defined as the work required to
increase the area of a surface isothermally and
reversibly by unit amount. Surface ...
MODIFICATION OF THE CASAGRANDE'S EQUATION OF PHREATIC LINE IAEME Publication
The purpose of the present paper is to carry out the seepage analysis for a model to derive the equation of the phreatic line experimentally and thereafter proposing the best solution to trace the line. Sandy silt is used as a base material for this case. Phreatic Line for the model is plotted by carrying out 3 iterations each for two cases, that is, earthen dam without filter and with filter. Their corresponding phreatic line curves are traced on the butter paper on one of the longer side of the
model. Plastic channel sections are used to contain the model sealing it air tight with the use of mseal and rubber stoppers.
An Analytical Method for Static Earth Pressure Distribution against Rectangul...IJERA Editor
Analytical methods for computing the lateral earth pressure against tunnel is vastly used by engineers all over the
world. Conventional analytical methods compute the lateral pressure in either active or passive state while the
stress state usually falls between these two boundaries in many practical cases. Furthermore, using these
boundary coefficients lead to either overestimated or underestimated results in design. Thus, a modified method
based on the strain increment theory for calculating the lateral pressure against rectangular tunnels is presented
herein to consider the amount of lateral deformation at each depth. First, the results for different values of
overburden depth, friction angle and wall mobilized angle are investigated. Then comparative finite element
analyses were performed to examine the effectiveness of the method. According to this study, the pressure
pattern is completely nonlinear especially at the corners of tunnel lining. In fact, the pressure increases
nonlinearly to about three times of the value at top. Lateral earth pressure decreases with the increase of friction
angle which is in good agreement with finite element results. Overall, the pressure patterns derived by this
method for shallow depths (less than tunnel height) are almost the same as those computed by finite element
method.
ACTIVE SAFETY CONTROL TECHNIQUE TO PREVENT VEHICLE CRASHINGP singh
Alertness during driving is a key aspect. Even a small distraction for the driver may lead to genuine mishaps. The possible reasons can be obstacle, inadequate vehicle control system or human reflexes (e.g. shock) during sudden distraction. Therefore "Active" and "Passive" systems for vehicle control play a significant role in automotive safety. In this paper, we have discussed an active control technique to prevent the vehicle from crashing. Three different cases of vehicle speed are considered. The presented technique is designed to evaluate the possibility of collision for both front and rear side. The control action will be taken for safe and smooth driving under different situations like parking, urban driving and highway driving.
Numerical Analysis of Engineered Steel Fibers as Shear Reinforcement in RC BeamsP singh
Using suitable fibers and additives in concrete to enhance its performance is an important consideration in the concrete industry with regard to the structural aspects of concrete. The purpose of this project is to investigate numerically the effectiveness of the engineered steel fiber as shear reinforcement in RC beams. Here steel fibers completely replaces the shear reinforcement (stirrups & links). The dimension of beam taken was 1000*150*150 mm with aspect ratio 80. The beams were reinforced with 10 mm steel bars as secondary reinforcement and 12 mm bars as main reinforcement on the tension side. Numerical analysis using ANSYS R16.1 software package was carried out. The load-deflection curves for the beams with different dosage of fibers were drawn superimposing their numerical values. Initially, in all three cases the curve was linear elastic and about 80% of ultimate load they tend to be non-linear. It was observed that there was fair agreement between the results which indicates some favourable aspects concerning the use of steel fibres as shear reinforcement in concrete beams. It was investigated that the inclusion of steel fibres (Hook End Type) improves the shear strength of RC beams without stirrups by improving the matrix between concrete and steel fibers. Thus this project focuses in the design and analysis using the software ANSYS R16.1 for an alternative steel reinforcement with better or equivalent performance.
TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF PIEZOLAMINATED COMPOSITE PLATES USING HSDTP singh
Piezoelectric materials have excellent sensing and actuating capabilities have made them the most practical smart materials to integrate with laminated structures. Integrated structure system can be called a smart structure because of its ability to perform self-diagnosis and quick adaption to environment changes. An analytical procedure has been developed in the work based on higher order shear deformation theory subjected to electromechanical loading for investigating transient characteristics of smart material plates. For analysis two displacement models are to be considered i.e., model-1 accounts for strain in thickness direction is zero whereas in model-2 in-plane displacements are expanded as cubic functions of the thickness coordinate. Navier’s technique has been adopted for obtaining solutions of anti-symmetric cross–ply and angle-ply laminates of both model-1 and model-2 with simply supported boundary conditions. For obtaining transient response of a laminated composite plate attached with piezoelectric layer Newmark’s method has been used. Effect of thickness coordinate of composite laminated plates attached with piezoelectric layer subjected to electromechanical loadings is studied.
ARTISANAL BOATBUILDING IN BRAZILIAN SHORES: CRAFTSMEN, BOATYARDS, AND MANUFAC...P singh
The majority of Brazilian small craft fishing fleet comes from artisanal boatyards which struggles with market pressure, professional social devaluation, and lack of raw materials. This work aims to provide a description about small craft artisanal boatbuilding in Brazilian shores to support initiatives to increase its social, economical, and environmental sustainability. On site visits and interviews about craftsmen social-economics; boatyards’ production organization; and manufacturing processes’ technological aspects were conducted. Results show that craftsmen are characterized by reasonable income and livelihood degree, compared with workers of similar educational level in their region. Relationships and work organization among them is traditionally structured and community based. Boatyards have sufficient structure, though access to new technologies and resources could be increased. Observed plank on frame building technique depends on workforce skills, commitment, and knowledge, as well as the resulting boats’ design and performance. Small craft artisanal boatbuilding is a living sector with its own dynamics, subjected to the creation and eventual adoption of new technologies. Instead of replacing the current manufacturing process by fibreglass reinforced polymer laminates, as suggested by some initiatives, it is believed that this sector’s sustainability can be increased by gradual introduction of tools, materials, and techniques while preserving its artisanal characteristics and qualities.
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF THERMO ACOUSTIC REFRIGERATORP singh
In an age of impending energy and environmental crises, current cooling technologies continue to generate greenhouse gases with high energy costs. Thermo acoustic refrigeration is an innovative alternative for cooling that is both clean and inexpensive.
Thermo acoustic refrigerators are systems which use sound waves and a non-flammable mixture of inert gases to generate refrigeration effect. The main components are a closed cylinder, an acoustic driver, a porous component called a stack, and two heat-exchangers. Application of acoustic waves through the driver makes the gas resonant. As the gas oscillates back and forth, it creates a temperature difference along the length of the stack. This temperature change is due to compression and expansion of the gas by the sound pressure and the rest is a consequence of heat transfer between the gas and the stack. The temperature difference is used to remove heat from the cold side and reject it at the hot side of the system, producing cooling.
ANALYSIS OF RING JET LASER GYRO RESONANT DITHERING MECHANISM P singh
This paper presents the design, manufacture, testing and improvement of newly developed piezoelectric torsion actuator which generates angular displacement using piezo ceramics and torsion bar. The proposed piezoelectric torsion actuator generates angular displacement during dithering, directly invoking the shear mode of the piezoelectric material and hence no complicated additional mechanism is needed. The piezo plates are formed from a rectangular PZT material duly poled along the axial direction. The dither mechanism is divided into four segments that are arranged in circular configuration. Each of the segments off our piezoplates is bonded in opposite poling directions with soldering adhesive. The key to design of such an actuator is to match the torsion resonant frequency of the actuator with the excitation frequency. FEA for the Torsion bar is carried out to find the different resonant mode sand mode shapes. Also, a set of torsion bars and resonator are analyzed to evaluate the maximum angular displacement and stresses on torsion bars. An experimental investigation in terms of electrical impedance and angular displacement measurement was conducted to verify the mode analysis. Based on the FEA analysis, a new material for the torsion actuator was selected having high Curie temperature and stable relative dielectric constant so that it has higher tentivity even after bonding the piezo plates on torsion bars and also wire soldering process. The design analysis was verified with the experimental results for incorporation of the selected mechanism for the production of dither in the system.
CLOUD COMPUTING: SECURITY ISSUES AND CHALLENGESP singh
Cloud storage is defined as "the storage of data online in the cloud," wherein a company's data is stored in and accessible from multiple distributed and connected resources that comprise a cloud. Although cloud service providers implement the best security standards and industry certifications, storing data and important files on external service providers always opens up risks. Using cloud-powered technologies means you need to provide your service provider with access to important business data. Meanwhile, being a public service opens up cloud service providers to security challenges on a routine basis. The ease in procuring and accessing cloud services can also give nefarious users the ability to scan, identify and exploit loopholes and vulnerabilities within a system. For instance, in a multi-tenant cloud architecture where multiple users are hosted on the same server, a hacker might try to break into the data of other users hosted and stored on the same server. The following paper deals with the service models of cloud computing along with types of cloud computing & characteristics of cloud. Further challenges and security issues in cloud computing is also discussed and at last conclusion and future demand for research in the field of cloud computing.
STUDY ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF CUO NANO PARTICLES IN RADIATOR HEAT EXCHANGER FOR A...P singh
In this present study, the forced convective heat transfer performance of automobile radiator has been studied experimentally by using Nano fluid (CuO-Water) as a coolant for an automobile radiator.. Experimental works were conducted to investigate the effect of Copper-Oxide (CuO) nanoparticles volume concentration and the operating temperatures on the rate of Nano fluids heat transfer in a radiator heat Exchanger. CuO nanoparticles were mixed with the base fluid water and also Sodium Lauryl Sulphate (SLS) powder was added to enhance the mixing process and stabilize the dispersion of the Nano fluids. Experimental runs were conducted at varying operating temperatures which include that, CuO-water at different temperature such as 40℃, 50℃, 60℃, 70℃, 75℃, 78℃, 80℃, 83℃. Among the operating temperatures selected for study 80℃, gives the best performance in heat transfer and the convection heat transfer coefficient. The results of the current work generally indicate that Nano fluids have the potential to enhance the heat transfer of a compact heat exchanger. Results indicate that, best overall heat transfer coefficient for the radiator is obtained at a hot fluid inlet temperature of 80℃, and at a flow rate of 0.075kg/sec.
DESIGN OF STACKED MICROCHANNEL HEAT SINKS USING COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICP singh
The heat extraction problem is becoming an important factor in the development of micro-electronics. Over the last decade, micromachining technology has been increasingly used for the development of highly efficient cooling devices called heat sink because of its undeniable advantages such as less coolant demands and small dimensions. One of the most important micromachining technologies is micro channels. Hence, the study of fluid flow and heat transfer in micro channels which are two essential parts of such devices, have attracted more attentions with broad applications in both engineering and medical problems. Heat sinks are classified into single-phase or two-phase according to whether boiling of liquid occurs inside the micro channels
The microchannel heat sink is designed for electronic chips that could be effectively cooled by means of forced convection, by water flowing through the microchannels. This project presents a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) flow simulation modeling, where water is made to flow across different cross-sectional microchannel heat sinks placed on heat source. The flow simulation of water and convective heat transfer are carried by using commercial software “Solid Works Flow Simulation”. In the CFD process stacked microchannels of various cross-sections viz., rectangular, triangular, pentagonal and circular are designed, then by defining the computational domain, boundary conditions as inlet mass flow (1e-5 kg/s),outlet pressure ( static pressure) and heat flux(750w/cm2) and by considering the parallel and counter flow direction of water in different cross-sectional microchannels the temperature drop in heat sink, pressure drop across the channels and amount of volumetric heat transfer coefficient are analyzed and compared.
SIGNIFICANCE OF RATIONAL 6TH ORDER DISTORTION MODEL IN THE FIELD OF MOBILE’S ...P singh
As the time passed, multiple techniques have been proposed on the invisible video watermarking. Watermarking basically means to hide the information into many multiple objects. If the object is video then the name given to this technique is video watermarking. The information which is hidden in the object and isn't seen by anyone then it is called as an invisible watermarking. In this paper, we are using the LSB, SS (Spread Spectrum) and DWT technique for embedding the information into the video and also work on the rational distortion. Today distortion is the biggest problem. This distortion can be destroyed the hide information. The reason of distortion is transmission channel, hackers, viruses etc. In my proposed work, we are working on the rational 6th order model distortion. We are finding the PSNR, SSIM (Structural similarity index measure), Correlation, BER (Bit Error Rate), MSE (Mean Square Error) parameters for the distorted watermarked video and also detects the watermark (hide) information from the distorted watermarked video.
TRANSIENT ANALYSIS ON 3D DROPLET OVER HORIZONTAL SURFACE UNDER SHEAR FLOW WIT...P singh
In the present work, an investigation has been made about the shape change and movement phenomena of liquid droplet over a horizontal solid surface under shear flow with adiabatic boundary condition. Finite Volume Method (FVM) with 3D Volume of Fluid (VOF) model has been used to formulate/simulate the complex interface in multiphase flow. The effect of important factors which govern the drop dynamics on a solid surface (like fluid properties: density, surface tension, viscosity and the surface characteristics: surface material, contact angle, roughness) have been studied extensively. Effects of shear strength in terms of air inlet velocity and drop size have also been studied by varying the Reynolds number of inlet air flow and drop volume respectively. Phase contours at different time instant have been produced for each of the case study. Again, the velocity contours and velocity vectors have also been generated for better understanding of the present phenomena. The acquired velocity by the droplet at different time instants has been calculated and the variation of the acquired velocity with time instants is plotted. Again it has been observed that depending upon various boundary conditions and external effects, it may possible to move the drop in any desired direction as per the requirement in various engineering applications like micro pumps, printers, coating devices etc.
STRUCTURAL RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT WITH STOCHASTIC PARAMETERSP singh
The performance of a structure [23] is assessed by its safety [1], serviceability [1] and economy [1]. Since we do not know the exact details of loads [4] acting on a structure at any time, there is always some uncertainty about the total loads on structure. Thus random variables (means stochastic variable) of loads and other parameters are the main criteria of design variables [18]. They vary with space and time. The input variables is never certain and complete. The safety factor provided in the existing codes and standers primarily based on practice, judgment and experience, may not be adequate and economical. Using the techniques presented earlier, we can design or analyze individual members in the contest of structural reliability [2][3][22][24]. However we are not examined how the system performs [23] or how to calculate the reliability of the structure as a whole.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE ANALYSIS OF HEAT ENHANCEMENT IN CORRUGATED TWISTED ...P singh
In heat exchanger, the enthalpy is transferred between two or more fluids, at different temperatures. The major challenge in designing a heat exchanger is to make the equipment more compact and achieve a high heat transfer rate using minimum pumping power. In recent years, the high cost of energy and material has resulted in an increased effort aimed at producing more efficient heat exchange equipment. Furthermore, as a heat exchanger becomes older, the resistance to heat transfer increases owing to fouling or scaling. The heat transfer rate can be improved by introducing a disturbance in the fluid flow thereby breaking the viscous and thermal boundary layer. However, in the process pumping power may increase significantly and ultimately the pumping cost becomes high. Therefore, to achieve a desired heat transfer rate in an existing heat exchanger at an economic pumping power, several techniques have been proposed in recent years and are discussed under the classification section.
In this work, a study of transient heat transfer in double tube heat exchanger has enhanced. The inner tube of the setup was made with corrugation on both inner and outer walls by twisting the pipe from one end, which gives the more swirling motion to the fluid particles flowing over it. The flow inside the pipe was considered as turbulent, and the analysis was done experimentally and theoretically by using the ANSYS workbench. The experimental results were compared with the experimental values taken in the setup done by considering the inner tube as normal pipe. In both heat exchangers the values were taken and compared with the theoretical analysis. Temperature distribution and heat transfer rate were calculated and the details of the study have been discussed in this paper.
VLSI ARCHITECTURE OF AN 8-BIT MULTIPLIER USING VEDIC MATHEMATICS IN 180NM TEC...P singh
A Multiplier is one of the key hardware blocks in most fast processing system which requires less power dissipation. A conventional multiplier consumes more power. This paper presents a low power 8 bit Vedic Multiplier (VM) based on Vertically & Crosswise method of Vedic mathematics, a general multiplication formulae equally applicable to all cases of multiplication. It is based on generating all partial products and their sum in one step. The implementation is done using cadence Virtuoso tool. The power dissipation of 8x8 bit Vedic multiplier obtained after synthesis is compared with conventional multipliers such as Wallace tree and array multipliers and found that the proposed Vedic multiplier circuit seems to have better performance in terms of power dissipation.
VIBRATION BUCKLING AND FRACTURE ANALYSIS OF CYLINDRICAL SHELLP singh
Shell structures are widely used in civil, mechanical, aerospace and marine engineering applications (e.g. offshore oil tanks, automotive industry, aircraft and submarines). Like other types of structures, they are susceptible to various types of defect and damage such as cracking, corrosion, chemical attack and time-dependent material degradation, which may impair their structural integrity and affect their service life. The presence of cracks in a cylindrical structure can considerably affect its behavior. The effects of these imperfections on load carrying capacity and safety are thus important considerations in the design of cylindrical shell structures. This present work presents a finite element study on the vibration, buckling and fracture behavior of a cracked cylindrical shell with clamped type supports and subject to a time varying rotating speed. Vibration, linear elastic buckling and fracture parameters of a cracked cylindrical shell with time-varying rotating speed are analyzed. The effects of constant rotating speed, crack length and orientation of crack and length-diameter ratio of the cylindrical shell on the free-vibration and buckling behaviors are investigated.
HIGH SCHOOL TIMETABLING USING TABU SEARCH AND PARTIAL FEASIBILITY PRESERVING ...P singh
The high school timetabling is a combinatorial optimization problem. It is proved to be NP-hard and has several hard and soft constraints. A given set of events, class-teacher meetings and resources are assigned to the limited space and time under hard constraints which are strictly followed and soft constraints which are satisfied as far as possible. The feasibility of timetable is determined by hard constraints and the soft constraints determine its quality. Difficult combinatorial optimization problems are frequently solved using Genetic Algorithm (GA). We propose Partial Feasibility Preserving Genetic Algorithm (PFP-GA) combined with tabu search to solve hdtt4, “hard timetabling” problem a test data set in OR-Library. The solution to this problem is zero clashes and maintaining teacher’s workload on each class in given venue. The modified GA procedures are written for intelligent operators and repair. The PFP-GA in association with Tabu Search (TS) converges faster and gives solution within a few seconds. The results are compared to that of using different methodologies on same data set.
Due to its impact on human health and the nature surrounding us, diesel engine emissions have been significantly reduced over the last two decades. This reduction has been enforced by the legislating organs around the world that gradually have made the manufacturers transform their engines to today’s complex high‐tech products. One of the most challenging area to meet the legislations is the emissions of the diesel engine which are the products of the combustion of diesel fuel. More restrictions have been imposed by the some governments to reduce these emissions to a level such that will not cause any harmful impacts for the environment after releasing them to the atmosphere. This paper examines the effects of combusting a mixture of diesel fuel, water, and surfactant which forms emulsion on the nitrogen oxides, or NOx, carbon monoxide CO, carbon dioxide CO2, sulfur oxides SOx emissions and particulate matter (PM) from a compression ignition diesel engine. Previous research has attributed the observed reduction of these emissions to a suppression of flame temperature due to quenching effects from the water, thereby reducing thermal NOx formation and other pollutants. The focus of this review paper will be on experiments were conducted a using diesel engine with pure diesel fuel and emulsion of water-diesel. Furthermore, results from the testing diesel fuel that mixed with varied ratios of water balanced with a surfactant to stabilize the emulsion will be presented and discussed. Three different samples of water- diesel emulsion were used with 10 % water and 90 % diesel, 20 % water and 80% diesel, and 30 % water and 70 % diesel (by volume) respectively to conduct the experiments in the lab . The purpose was to see the impact of adding the water from 10 % up to 30 % (by volume) to the diesel fuel making the emulsion fuel to explain what will occur to the emissions and the performance of the engine. The data shows significant NOx emission reduction when using the emulsion water diesel fuel of 30 % water (by volume) in diesel. These results are correlated with a thermodynamic first law analysis to estimate the adiabatic flame temperature of the standard fuel and fuel-water emulsion cases. Results indicate that thermal NOx is indeed reduced by quenching and flame temperature suppression confirming reports in the literature. Recommendations are given for further studies, including improving the fuel—water emulsion and considerations for long-term testing.
USAGE OF ETHANOL BLENDED PETROL: EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF REDUCTION IN ...P singh
An experimental study was conducted to evaluate what extent ethanol blends in Petrol helps in reduction of pollution levels of SI engines exhaust emissions. Ethanol blends E5, E10, E15, E20, E22 were tested and found considerable reductions in the pollutant levels of CO, CO2, HC. The results indicate better combustions in petrol engine with ethanol blends. The reductions in HC and CO were to the extent of 80% to 90% compared to pure petrol fuelled IC engine.
DESIGN CALCULATION FOR EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS SPECIFICATION OF LUBRICATING ...P singh
The lubricating oil system is primarily used to lubricate wear surfaces to minimize friction losses, it cools internal engine parts which cannot be directly cooled by the engines’ water cooling system and it cleans the engine by flushing away wear particles amongst others. Adequate lubrications require lubricant (oil) with sufficient film strength to withstand bearing pressure and viscosity index low enough to allow adequate flow when subjected to heat. The system consist of the tanks (storage, settling, sump and head), lube-oil pumps, strainers, oil coolers, piping, valves, and fittings, lubricating oil purifier, sub system and condition monitoring devices amongst others. The lubricating oil system for a tug boat whose transmitting power is about 955KW was calculated mathematically to obtain the flow rate of the shaft line bearing cooling oil, stern tube bearing cooling oil, main engine camshaft bearing cooling oil and main engine camshaft bearing cooling oil. Modelled equations were employed to obtain the camshaft lube-oil pump capacity, surface area and storage tank. The cylinder lube-oil storage and density tanks were estimated to be 1m3 while the transfer pump is calculated to be approximately 0.4m3/hr. The various suction and discharge diameters and velocities of pumps in the lubricating oil system were determined; it was observed the suction pipe diameter is always bigger than the discharge pipe diameter while the discharge velocity is higher than the suction velocity for all the pumps including the camshaft lube-oil pump, cylinder oil transfer pump and main lube-oil transfer pump. This is a clear indication that the said design process met the international standard for the design of such a tug boat. Similarly the shaft line bearing cooling oil pipe, piston bearing cooling oil pipe and main engine lube-oil pipe discharge velocities were seen to be at the acceptable limits obeying the classification rules. All designs were done in accordance to the Lloyd’s specification rules and regulations for a sea going tug boat.
A LOW VOLTAGE DYNAMIC SYNCHRONOUS DC-DC BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER FOUR SWITCHES P singh
This paper presents the design and modeling of synchronous DC-DC buck-boost converter four switches controlled with PID controller for mobiles devices applications. The design of the converter circuit needs modeling and simulating its mathematical equations using MATLAB/SIMULINK. The evaluation of the output performance has been based on dynamic respond in term of rise time, settling time and peak time. Also the goal of the designer is regulated the output voltage to 3.24 regardless the variation of the input voltage, with input voltage [2.5V-5V] and switching frequency is 50 MHz. The converter is operated in Buck (step-down) and Boost (step-up) modes.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.