- Wireless communication allows information to be transferred between points without wires. It has advantages like mobility but also disadvantages like security issues and interference.
- There are many different types of wireless systems including cellular networks, wireless LANs, satellite systems, paging systems, and Bluetooth. Requirements of wireless services include data rate, range, mobility, energy consumption, and quality of service.
- Key technical challenges in wireless communication include propagation effects, multipath, fading, interference, and limitations of spectrum and energy. Noise-limited systems require maintaining a minimum signal-to-noise ratio between transmitter and receiver.
This document provides an overview of chapter two on basics of telecom networks. It covers topics such as telephone networks, computer networks, cable television, wireless networks, networking principles, network services, layered architecture, traffic characterization and quality of service, network elements, and network mechanisms. The document discusses telephone networks in detail including their development, basic systems of local loops and trunks, telephone numbering, an example call setup, and background on telephone networks. It also covers computer networks and their types including local area networks, wide area networks, and metropolitan area networks.
This document discusses wireless telephone systems (WTS). It begins by introducing cordless phones and mobile phones as the two types of WTS. Cordless phones allow portable handsets to connect to a base station through radio frequency, while mobile phones allow calls over a cellular network while on the move. The document then outlines some key features of WTS like load balancing and mobility. It concludes by describing applications of WTS such as wireless data communications and supporting wireless medical technologies like monitoring vital signs remotely.
Wireless is a term used to describe telecommunications in which electromagnetic waves (rather than some form of wire) carry the signal over part or the entire communication path.
Wireless is a term used to describe telecommunications in which electromagnetic waves (rather than some form of wire) carry the signal over part or the entire communication path.
This document provides an introduction to wireless mobile networks and mobile computing. It discusses the evolution of mobile communication systems from 1G to 4G, including an overview of cellular telephony standards like AMPS, GSM, and CDMA. It also covers personal communication services (PCS) architecture and technologies like cordless telephony, DECT, PHS, and PACS. Key aspects of cellular and low-tier PCS technologies are compared, such as their support for mobility, coverage area, transmission power, and network complexity.
The document summarizes the key concepts from the course "Mobile Computing" taught in the sixth semester of the Bachelor of Engineering program in Computer Science and Engineering at RAMCO Institute of Technology. It covers the basics of mobile computing including definitions, applications, components of wireless communication systems, mobile communication architectures, and generations of mobile technologies from 1G to 5G. It also describes multiplexing techniques such as space division multiplexing, frequency division multiplexing, and time division multiplexing that allow multiple users to share communication channels and medium.
Types o Wireless Networks in computer networksPonniS7
Wireless networks provide wireless interfaces to users by supporting bandwidth allocation and error-control functions. There are different types of wireless networks such as wireless local area networks (WLANs), mobile networks, and sensor networks. Each network faces various challenges including lower bandwidth capacity, interference, security issues, and power constraints depending on the network type.
This document discusses various wireless communication technologies including mobile commerce, wireless networks, and cellular systems. It provides an overview of wireless wide area network (WWAN) technologies such as 2G, 2.5G, 3G, and 4G cellular standards. It also discusses wireless local area network (WLAN) technologies like Wi-Fi and wireless metropolitan area network (WMAN) technologies such as WiMAX. The document then covers the basics of wireless communication and its advantages. It describes different modes of wireless communication including broadcast radio, microwave communication, Wi-Fi, mobile communication systems, and Bluetooth. Finally, it discusses WWAN technologies and the characteristics of cellular systems in more detail.
This document provides an overview of chapter two on basics of telecom networks. It covers topics such as telephone networks, computer networks, cable television, wireless networks, networking principles, network services, layered architecture, traffic characterization and quality of service, network elements, and network mechanisms. The document discusses telephone networks in detail including their development, basic systems of local loops and trunks, telephone numbering, an example call setup, and background on telephone networks. It also covers computer networks and their types including local area networks, wide area networks, and metropolitan area networks.
This document discusses wireless telephone systems (WTS). It begins by introducing cordless phones and mobile phones as the two types of WTS. Cordless phones allow portable handsets to connect to a base station through radio frequency, while mobile phones allow calls over a cellular network while on the move. The document then outlines some key features of WTS like load balancing and mobility. It concludes by describing applications of WTS such as wireless data communications and supporting wireless medical technologies like monitoring vital signs remotely.
Wireless is a term used to describe telecommunications in which electromagnetic waves (rather than some form of wire) carry the signal over part or the entire communication path.
Wireless is a term used to describe telecommunications in which electromagnetic waves (rather than some form of wire) carry the signal over part or the entire communication path.
This document provides an introduction to wireless mobile networks and mobile computing. It discusses the evolution of mobile communication systems from 1G to 4G, including an overview of cellular telephony standards like AMPS, GSM, and CDMA. It also covers personal communication services (PCS) architecture and technologies like cordless telephony, DECT, PHS, and PACS. Key aspects of cellular and low-tier PCS technologies are compared, such as their support for mobility, coverage area, transmission power, and network complexity.
The document summarizes the key concepts from the course "Mobile Computing" taught in the sixth semester of the Bachelor of Engineering program in Computer Science and Engineering at RAMCO Institute of Technology. It covers the basics of mobile computing including definitions, applications, components of wireless communication systems, mobile communication architectures, and generations of mobile technologies from 1G to 5G. It also describes multiplexing techniques such as space division multiplexing, frequency division multiplexing, and time division multiplexing that allow multiple users to share communication channels and medium.
Types o Wireless Networks in computer networksPonniS7
Wireless networks provide wireless interfaces to users by supporting bandwidth allocation and error-control functions. There are different types of wireless networks such as wireless local area networks (WLANs), mobile networks, and sensor networks. Each network faces various challenges including lower bandwidth capacity, interference, security issues, and power constraints depending on the network type.
This document discusses various wireless communication technologies including mobile commerce, wireless networks, and cellular systems. It provides an overview of wireless wide area network (WWAN) technologies such as 2G, 2.5G, 3G, and 4G cellular standards. It also discusses wireless local area network (WLAN) technologies like Wi-Fi and wireless metropolitan area network (WMAN) technologies such as WiMAX. The document then covers the basics of wireless communication and its advantages. It describes different modes of wireless communication including broadcast radio, microwave communication, Wi-Fi, mobile communication systems, and Bluetooth. Finally, it discusses WWAN technologies and the characteristics of cellular systems in more detail.
This document provides information about Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), the largest telecommunication company in India. It discusses BSNL's history, services offered, revenues, and recent agreements. It also describes the basic workings of a telecommunication network, including call setup between landlines and mobiles. Key components of the network like telephone exchanges, transmission systems, and technologies like GSM, CDMA, and optical fibers are explained at a high level.
This document provides an overview of Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), India's state-owned telecommunications company. It discusses BSNL's services, the basic workings of a telecommunications network including call setup and network components. It also summarizes key networking concepts like CDMA, GSM, fiber optics, IP addressing, and the OSI model. The document is intended as an industrial training seminar on BSNL submitted by a student.
These slides present various communications and measurement technology applied for smart grid. Later of the class I will present the same at advance level.
This document provides an introduction to wireless communication and wireless application protocol (WAP). It discusses the benefits of wireless communication like freedom from wires and global coverage. It also covers some of the technical challenges in wireless communication like efficient use of spectrum, mobility support, and maintaining quality of service over unreliable links. It defines wireless communication and differentiates between wireless and mobile. It also describes various types of wireless technologies and their limitations.
This document discusses various topics related to telecommunication networks including:
- Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing and how it increases network capacity.
- Broadband access and the convergence of voice, video, and data networks.
- Pulse code modulation and the basic requirements for PCM systems including filtering, sampling, quantization, encoding, and line coding.
- Leased lines and Multi-Line Leased Networks and how they provide dedicated connections between locations.
- Optical fiber cables and their advantages over other transmission medias like twisted pair and coaxial cables due to their high information carrying capacity and resistance to electromagnetic interference.
1. The document discusses various topics related to mobile communication and networks including definitions of key terms like base station, control channel, and handoff.
2. It explains concepts like frequency reuse, which allows the same set of frequencies to be reused in different cells by limiting each cell's coverage area.
3. Channel assignment strategies and handoff strategies are covered, distinguishing between fixed and dynamic channel assignment and soft and hard handoffs.
4. Propagation models are summarized, including free space propagation models which predict signal strength over large transmitter-receiver distances with clear line of sight.
This document summarizes Sharanjit Kaur's industrial training presentation at MTNL. It introduces MTNL and provides an overview of topics covered during training, including switching, signaling, broadband, and transmission. It then describes projects undertaken and steps to improve quality of service in 3G networks, including checking equipment, monitoring KPIs, increasing bandwidth, and performing drive tests using the TEMS Investigation tool.
This document provides a summary of an industrial training presentation at MTNL. It introduces MTNL and describes key topics covered during the training, including switching, signaling, broadband, and transmission. It discusses these topics in detail and provides examples of projects undertaken and steps that can be taken to improve quality of service in 3G networks. The document concludes with a summary of field training experiences at different MTNL locations.
This summary provides an overview of the history and technology of mobile, cellular, and personal communications systems:
Mobile radio systems evolved from two-way radios used by public services to cellular networks that enabled widespread mobile phone use. Cellular networks overcome issues with conventional mobile networks by reusing frequencies in adjacent hexagonal cells controlled by base stations and switching offices. Personal communications systems (PCS) operate in different frequency bands than early cellular networks and use digital technologies like TDMA and CDMA to further improve spectrum efficiency. These advances have enabled mobile networks to support additional features and the growth of wireless communication.
This document provides an overview of wireless communication. It discusses the history of wireless networks dating back to pre-industrial times using smoke signals. Major developments include Marconi's first radio transmission in 1895 and the first radio, television, and FM broadcasts. Common modes of wireless communication are described like broadcast radio, microwave, and infrared. Current wireless systems in use are also outlined, along with advantages and disadvantages of the technology. Examples of recent innovations in wireless communication are presented such as thin NFC antennas for mobile devices, NASA's PhoneSat cubesat, and using light bulbs to transmit Wi-Fi signals.
Early Mobile Telephone System Architecture.docxPaulMuthenya
This document discusses several key aspects of cellular network architecture and technology:
- Traditional mobile networks used one powerful transmitter, while cellular networks use many low-power transmitters divided into cells to increase capacity and allow handoffs between transmitters.
- Modern networks divide both rural and urban areas into cells using specific deployment guidelines.
- Mobile networks employ different multiple access techniques including FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA to allow multiple users to access the network simultaneously.
The document provides an overview of wireless communication, including:
- Wireless communication transmits voice and data using electromagnetic waves without wires. It allocates frequencies into channels to transmit information independently and in parallel.
- Emerging applications include wireless sensor networks, smart homes/factories, and telemedicine. The first wireless network was developed in the pre-industrial age in 1895 by Marconi.
- Wireless networks allow communication from anywhere using small devices via allocated frequencies like 2.4GHz WiFi, while challenges include efficient hardware, spectrum use, supporting user mobility and maintaining quality of service over unreliable links.
This document discusses various elements of telecommunications systems including synchronous and asynchronous communications, channel characteristics, transmission media types, wireless options from short to long range, cellular transmission standards from 3G to 4G, hardware components, VPNs, DSL, VoIP, videoconferencing, EDI, and GPS applications. Synchronous communication provides instant delivery while asynchronous has delayed delivery. Channels can be simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex. Transmission media include guided or wireless options. Wireless ranges from short to satellite and includes standards like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and cellular.
The document provides information about data communication systems and computer networks. It defines communication as the exchange of information between a sender and receiver using electronic means. It then describes the basic components of a communication system including the source, transmitter, channel, receiver and sink. It also discusses different types of computer networks like LAN, MAN and WAN and their characteristics. Finally, it covers topics like network architectures, transmission media and network topologies.
Introduction wireless communication networkRiazul Islam
The document provides an overview of wireless communications and networks. It discusses the history of wireless technologies and how digital communications provide noise immunity over analog signals. It also describes the basic components of a communication system including the transmitter, channel, and receiver. Additionally, it defines key terms related to wireless systems such as mobile station, base station, and handoff. The document outlines some examples of wireless communication systems and highlights challenges in wireless communications compared to wired systems.
Mobile computing allows users to access computer networks and services while on the move. It enables connectivity anywhere and anytime using portable devices like laptops, smartphones and tablets that have wireless network connections. Mobile computing builds on wireless networking infrastructure to provide network access and remote computational services to users regardless of location. It involves various technologies and standards like GSM that support user and network mobility through wireless cellular networks.
This document contains a question bank for the topic "Introduction to Mobile Computing" with theory questions, MCQ questions, and answers. The questions cover topics such as the definition of mobile computing, advantages and disadvantages of mobile computing, wireless technology generations, cell and frequency reuse concepts, noise and its effects, GSM and CDMA architecture, mobile computing services, and mobile communication modes.
Chapter 1 AI is used in Customer Relationship Management (CRM):.pptxfilembarketema
Certainly! Here are some examples of how AI is used in Customer Relationship Management (CRM):
Chatbots: AI-powered chatbots are used in CRM systems to provide automated customer support and assistance. Chatbots can handle a wide range of customer inquiries, answer frequently asked questions, and provide relevant information in real-time. They can engage in natural language conversations, understand customer intent, and provide personalized recommendations or solutions.
Sentiment Analysis: AI algorithms can analyze customer interactions, such as emails, social media posts, and chat transcripts, to determine customer sentiment and emotions. Sentiment analysis helps CRM systems understand customer satisfaction levels, identify potential issues or concerns, and take proactive measures to address them.
Personalization: AI enables CRM systems to deliver personalized experiences to customers. By analyzing customer data, purchase history, browsing behavior, and preferences, AI algorithms can generate personalized product recommendations, targeted marketing campaigns, and customized offers to enhance customer engagement and satisfaction.
Lead Scoring and Qualification: AI can assist in lead scoring and qualification processes. By analyzing historical data and customer behavior patterns, AI algorithms can predict the likelihood of a lead converting into a customer. This helps sales teams prioritize their efforts and allocate resources effectively to high-potential leads, improving conversion rates and sales efficiency.
Predictive Analytics: AI algorithms can analyze customer data and historical patterns to make predictions about customer behavior, such as likelihood to churn or cross-sell/up-sell opportunities. These predictions help CRM systems identify the most effective strategies for customer retention and revenue growth.
Voice and Speech Analytics: AI-powered voice and speech analytics tools can analyze customer calls and extract valuable insights. These tools can identify keywords, sentiment, and speech patterns to understand customer needs, identify common issues, and provide feedback for agent training and process improvement.
Social Media Monitoring: AI algorithms can monitor social media platforms to track brand mentions, customer feedback, and sentiment. This helps CRM systems identify customer concerns, engage in social listening, and respond promptly to customer queries or complaints, improving overall customer satisfaction and brand reputation.
Customer Segmentation: AI can assist in segmenting customers based on various criteria, such as demographics, purchase history, interests, and behavior. This enables CRM systems to tailor marketing campaigns, promotions, and communication strategies to specific customer segments, improving targeting and response rates.
Customer Lifetime Value (CLV) Prediction: This helps CRM
This document provides a summary of Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), India's state-owned telecommunications company. It discusses that BSNL is the world's seventh largest telecom company and its responsibilities include improving existing telecom services, expanding rural services, and building customer confidence. It offers various telecom services across India such as wireless, mobile, internet, broadband, and voice over IP. The document also provides an overview of BSNL's telecommunication network including telephone exchanges, main distribution frames, and switch rooms.
This document provides information about Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), the largest telecommunication company in India. It discusses BSNL's history, services offered, revenues, and recent agreements. It also describes the basic workings of a telecommunication network, including call setup between landlines and mobiles. Key components of the network like telephone exchanges, transmission systems, and technologies like GSM, CDMA, and optical fibers are explained at a high level.
This document provides an overview of Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), India's state-owned telecommunications company. It discusses BSNL's services, the basic workings of a telecommunications network including call setup and network components. It also summarizes key networking concepts like CDMA, GSM, fiber optics, IP addressing, and the OSI model. The document is intended as an industrial training seminar on BSNL submitted by a student.
These slides present various communications and measurement technology applied for smart grid. Later of the class I will present the same at advance level.
This document provides an introduction to wireless communication and wireless application protocol (WAP). It discusses the benefits of wireless communication like freedom from wires and global coverage. It also covers some of the technical challenges in wireless communication like efficient use of spectrum, mobility support, and maintaining quality of service over unreliable links. It defines wireless communication and differentiates between wireless and mobile. It also describes various types of wireless technologies and their limitations.
This document discusses various topics related to telecommunication networks including:
- Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing and how it increases network capacity.
- Broadband access and the convergence of voice, video, and data networks.
- Pulse code modulation and the basic requirements for PCM systems including filtering, sampling, quantization, encoding, and line coding.
- Leased lines and Multi-Line Leased Networks and how they provide dedicated connections between locations.
- Optical fiber cables and their advantages over other transmission medias like twisted pair and coaxial cables due to their high information carrying capacity and resistance to electromagnetic interference.
1. The document discusses various topics related to mobile communication and networks including definitions of key terms like base station, control channel, and handoff.
2. It explains concepts like frequency reuse, which allows the same set of frequencies to be reused in different cells by limiting each cell's coverage area.
3. Channel assignment strategies and handoff strategies are covered, distinguishing between fixed and dynamic channel assignment and soft and hard handoffs.
4. Propagation models are summarized, including free space propagation models which predict signal strength over large transmitter-receiver distances with clear line of sight.
This document summarizes Sharanjit Kaur's industrial training presentation at MTNL. It introduces MTNL and provides an overview of topics covered during training, including switching, signaling, broadband, and transmission. It then describes projects undertaken and steps to improve quality of service in 3G networks, including checking equipment, monitoring KPIs, increasing bandwidth, and performing drive tests using the TEMS Investigation tool.
This document provides a summary of an industrial training presentation at MTNL. It introduces MTNL and describes key topics covered during the training, including switching, signaling, broadband, and transmission. It discusses these topics in detail and provides examples of projects undertaken and steps that can be taken to improve quality of service in 3G networks. The document concludes with a summary of field training experiences at different MTNL locations.
This summary provides an overview of the history and technology of mobile, cellular, and personal communications systems:
Mobile radio systems evolved from two-way radios used by public services to cellular networks that enabled widespread mobile phone use. Cellular networks overcome issues with conventional mobile networks by reusing frequencies in adjacent hexagonal cells controlled by base stations and switching offices. Personal communications systems (PCS) operate in different frequency bands than early cellular networks and use digital technologies like TDMA and CDMA to further improve spectrum efficiency. These advances have enabled mobile networks to support additional features and the growth of wireless communication.
This document provides an overview of wireless communication. It discusses the history of wireless networks dating back to pre-industrial times using smoke signals. Major developments include Marconi's first radio transmission in 1895 and the first radio, television, and FM broadcasts. Common modes of wireless communication are described like broadcast radio, microwave, and infrared. Current wireless systems in use are also outlined, along with advantages and disadvantages of the technology. Examples of recent innovations in wireless communication are presented such as thin NFC antennas for mobile devices, NASA's PhoneSat cubesat, and using light bulbs to transmit Wi-Fi signals.
Early Mobile Telephone System Architecture.docxPaulMuthenya
This document discusses several key aspects of cellular network architecture and technology:
- Traditional mobile networks used one powerful transmitter, while cellular networks use many low-power transmitters divided into cells to increase capacity and allow handoffs between transmitters.
- Modern networks divide both rural and urban areas into cells using specific deployment guidelines.
- Mobile networks employ different multiple access techniques including FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA to allow multiple users to access the network simultaneously.
The document provides an overview of wireless communication, including:
- Wireless communication transmits voice and data using electromagnetic waves without wires. It allocates frequencies into channels to transmit information independently and in parallel.
- Emerging applications include wireless sensor networks, smart homes/factories, and telemedicine. The first wireless network was developed in the pre-industrial age in 1895 by Marconi.
- Wireless networks allow communication from anywhere using small devices via allocated frequencies like 2.4GHz WiFi, while challenges include efficient hardware, spectrum use, supporting user mobility and maintaining quality of service over unreliable links.
This document discusses various elements of telecommunications systems including synchronous and asynchronous communications, channel characteristics, transmission media types, wireless options from short to long range, cellular transmission standards from 3G to 4G, hardware components, VPNs, DSL, VoIP, videoconferencing, EDI, and GPS applications. Synchronous communication provides instant delivery while asynchronous has delayed delivery. Channels can be simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex. Transmission media include guided or wireless options. Wireless ranges from short to satellite and includes standards like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and cellular.
The document provides information about data communication systems and computer networks. It defines communication as the exchange of information between a sender and receiver using electronic means. It then describes the basic components of a communication system including the source, transmitter, channel, receiver and sink. It also discusses different types of computer networks like LAN, MAN and WAN and their characteristics. Finally, it covers topics like network architectures, transmission media and network topologies.
Introduction wireless communication networkRiazul Islam
The document provides an overview of wireless communications and networks. It discusses the history of wireless technologies and how digital communications provide noise immunity over analog signals. It also describes the basic components of a communication system including the transmitter, channel, and receiver. Additionally, it defines key terms related to wireless systems such as mobile station, base station, and handoff. The document outlines some examples of wireless communication systems and highlights challenges in wireless communications compared to wired systems.
Mobile computing allows users to access computer networks and services while on the move. It enables connectivity anywhere and anytime using portable devices like laptops, smartphones and tablets that have wireless network connections. Mobile computing builds on wireless networking infrastructure to provide network access and remote computational services to users regardless of location. It involves various technologies and standards like GSM that support user and network mobility through wireless cellular networks.
This document contains a question bank for the topic "Introduction to Mobile Computing" with theory questions, MCQ questions, and answers. The questions cover topics such as the definition of mobile computing, advantages and disadvantages of mobile computing, wireless technology generations, cell and frequency reuse concepts, noise and its effects, GSM and CDMA architecture, mobile computing services, and mobile communication modes.
Chapter 1 AI is used in Customer Relationship Management (CRM):.pptxfilembarketema
Certainly! Here are some examples of how AI is used in Customer Relationship Management (CRM):
Chatbots: AI-powered chatbots are used in CRM systems to provide automated customer support and assistance. Chatbots can handle a wide range of customer inquiries, answer frequently asked questions, and provide relevant information in real-time. They can engage in natural language conversations, understand customer intent, and provide personalized recommendations or solutions.
Sentiment Analysis: AI algorithms can analyze customer interactions, such as emails, social media posts, and chat transcripts, to determine customer sentiment and emotions. Sentiment analysis helps CRM systems understand customer satisfaction levels, identify potential issues or concerns, and take proactive measures to address them.
Personalization: AI enables CRM systems to deliver personalized experiences to customers. By analyzing customer data, purchase history, browsing behavior, and preferences, AI algorithms can generate personalized product recommendations, targeted marketing campaigns, and customized offers to enhance customer engagement and satisfaction.
Lead Scoring and Qualification: AI can assist in lead scoring and qualification processes. By analyzing historical data and customer behavior patterns, AI algorithms can predict the likelihood of a lead converting into a customer. This helps sales teams prioritize their efforts and allocate resources effectively to high-potential leads, improving conversion rates and sales efficiency.
Predictive Analytics: AI algorithms can analyze customer data and historical patterns to make predictions about customer behavior, such as likelihood to churn or cross-sell/up-sell opportunities. These predictions help CRM systems identify the most effective strategies for customer retention and revenue growth.
Voice and Speech Analytics: AI-powered voice and speech analytics tools can analyze customer calls and extract valuable insights. These tools can identify keywords, sentiment, and speech patterns to understand customer needs, identify common issues, and provide feedback for agent training and process improvement.
Social Media Monitoring: AI algorithms can monitor social media platforms to track brand mentions, customer feedback, and sentiment. This helps CRM systems identify customer concerns, engage in social listening, and respond promptly to customer queries or complaints, improving overall customer satisfaction and brand reputation.
Customer Segmentation: AI can assist in segmenting customers based on various criteria, such as demographics, purchase history, interests, and behavior. This enables CRM systems to tailor marketing campaigns, promotions, and communication strategies to specific customer segments, improving targeting and response rates.
Customer Lifetime Value (CLV) Prediction: This helps CRM
This document provides a summary of Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), India's state-owned telecommunications company. It discusses that BSNL is the world's seventh largest telecom company and its responsibilities include improving existing telecom services, expanding rural services, and building customer confidence. It offers various telecom services across India such as wireless, mobile, internet, broadband, and voice over IP. The document also provides an overview of BSNL's telecommunication network including telephone exchanges, main distribution frames, and switch rooms.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
2. Wireless everywhere…
● Remote control
● Cordless telephone
● Headsets
● Cell phones/modems
● Radio!
● Pagers
● Satellite TV
● Wireless LAN cards
● Cordless headsets, mouse, keyboards, etc.
● PDAs.
3. What is wireless communication?
●In layman language it is communication in which information is transferred
between two or more points without any wire.
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4. Advantages and disadvantages of WC
Advantages:
Working professionals can work and access Internet anywhere and anytime without carrying cables or wires
wherever they go. This also helps to complete the work anywhere on time and improves the productivity.
A wireless communication network is a solution in areas where cables are impossible to install (e.g.
hazardous areas, long distances etc.)
Disadvantages:
Has security vulnerabilities
High costs for setting the infrastructure
Unlike wired communication, wireless communication is influenced by physical obstructions, climatic
conditions, interference from other wireless devices
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5. CURRENT WIRELESS SYSTEMS
● CELLULAR SYSTEM
● WIRELESS LANs
● SATELLITE SYSTEM
● PAGING SYSTEM
● BLUETOOTH
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8. Broadcast
● The information is only sent in one direction. It is only the broadcast station that sends
information to the radio or TV receivers; the listeners (or viewers) do not transmit any
information back to the broadcast station.
● The transmitted information is the same for all users.
● The information is transmitted continuously.
● In many cases, multiple transmitters send the same information. This is especially true in
Europe, where national broadcast networks cover a whole country and broadcast the same
program in every part of that country.
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9. Paging
• The user can only receive information, but cannot transmit. Consequently, a “call”
(message) can only be initiated by the call center, not by the user.
• The information is intended for, and received by, only a single user.
• The amount of transmitted information is very small.
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11. Contd..
A cellular system comprises the following basic components:
● Mobile Stations (MS): Mobile handsets (handheld or installed in vehicles), which is used
by an user to communicate with another user.
● Cell: Each cellular service area is divided into small regions called cell (5 to 20 Km)
● Base Stations (BS): Each cell contains an antenna (transreciever), which is controlled by a
small office.
● Mobile Switching Center (MSC): Each base station is controlled by a switching office,
called mobile switching center . The MSC is mostly associated with communications
switching functions, such as call set-up, release, and routing. It Switches voice traffic from
the wireless network to the PSTN if the call is a mobile-to-landline call, or it switches to
another MSC within the wireless network if the call is a mobile-to-mobile call.
● Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN): Connects several thousands of miles of
transmission infrastructure, including fixed land lines, microwave, and satellite links.
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13. Cordless Telephony
● The BS does not need to have any network functionality. When a call is coming in from the
PSTN, there is no need to find out the location of the MS. Similarly, there is no need to
provide for handover between different BSs.
● There is no central system. A user typically has one BS for his/her apartment or business
under control, but no influence on any other BSs. For that reason, there is no need for (and
no possibility for) frequency planning.
● The fact that the cordless phone is under the control of the user also implies a different
pricing structure: there are no network operators that can charge fees for connections from
the MS to the BS; rather, the only occurring fees are the fees from the BS into the PSTN.
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15. The Difference Between a Cordless & Cellular Phone
CORDLESS PHONES CELL PHONES
Cordless phones consist of a base station and the
cordless phone itself. A cordless phone will not
work if it is outside of the range of the base station.
If the cell phone moves outside of the tower's range,
the cell phone network automatically transfers the
call to another tower so that the user can continue
his call as long as he is within range of at least one
tower.
Cordless phones do not need to be registered with
the phone company.
Before using a cell phone, you need to activate the
device with the cellular service provider either by
installing an activated SIM card or by contacting
the service providers.
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16. Fixed Wireless Access (FWA)
● It is a type of wireless broadband data communication, which is performed between two
fixed locations - connected through fixed wireless access devices and equipment..
● Traditionally, enterprises used leased lines or cables to connect two different locations. FWA
is cheaper alternative, specifically in densely populated areas.
● Typically, FWA employs radio links as the communication and connecting medium between
both locations. Usually, the fixed wireless broadcasting equipment is hoisted at building
roofs on both the locations to ensure an obstruction free data transmission.
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21. Requirements for the Services
● Data Rate
● Range and no. of users
● Mobility
● Energy Consumption
● Direction of transmission
● Service Quality
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22. Data Rates
● Sensors : up to 1 kbits/s ; central nodes upto 10Mbits
● Speech: 5 to 64kbits/s; cordless phones : 32 kbits/s and cellphones : 10kbits/s
● Elementary data services require between 10 and 100 kbit/s.
● Communications between computer peripherals and similar devices: 1Mbits/s
● High-speed data services: WLANs and 3G cellular systems 0.5 to 100Mbits/s
● Personal Area Networks (PANs): over 100Mbits/s
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23. Range and Number of Users
● Body Area Networks : 1m
● Personal Area networks : 10m
● Wireless Area Network : 100m; no.of users :10 ; cordless phones :300m
● Cellular Systems: Microcells-500m, macrocells – 10 or 30 Km radius; no.of users :5 -50
● Fixed wireless access services: between 100m and several tens of kilometers
● Satellite Systems
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24. Mobility
● Fixed Devices : telephones
● Nomadic Devices: laptop
● Low Mobility: cordless
● High Mobility: cellphones
● Extremely High Mobility: cellphones in a moving car
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25. Energy Consumption
● Rechargeable Batteries: mobiles
● One Way Batteries: sensors
● Power Mains: BSs and other fixed devices can be connected to the power mains (antennas)
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26. Use Of Spectrum
● Spectrum dedicated to service and operator : certain part of the electromagnetic spectrum is
assigned, on an exclusive basis, to a service provider.
● Spectrum allowing multiple operators
Spectrum dedicated to a service : the spectrum can be used only for a certain service
Free Spectrum :The ISM( industrial, scientific, and medical radio ) band at 2.45 GHz is the best known
example – it is allowed to operate microwave ovens, Wi-Fi LANs, and Bluetooth wireless links, among
others,
• Ultra Wide Bandwidth systems
• Adaptive spectral usage
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27. Direction Of Transmission
● Simplex: broadcast systems :TV
● Semi-Duplex: walkie talkie
● Full Duplex: cell phones
● Asymmetric Duplex: digital subscriber line (DSL) technologies
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28. Service Quality
● Speech quality: Mean Opinion Score
● Data Services : file transfer service: bits/s
● Delay :
Voice : 100ms
Video : Streaming allowed
Critical Services
● Service Quality
Cell phones : the complement of “fraction of blocked calls plus 10 times fraction of dropped calls.”
For emergency services and military applications: the complement of “fraction of blocked calls plus fraction
of dropped calls.”
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29. Economic and Social Aspects
1. Economic Requirements for Building WC Systems
● Use less expensive digital circuitry
● Integrate all components into 1 chip rather than using 2 chips (one for analog RF circuitry
and one for digital(baseband) processing).
● Reduce human labour
● Same chips should be used in as many systems as possible.
● Reduce price difference between wired and wireless systems.
● Cost of building infrastructure should be less than wired systems
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30. Contd..
2. The Market for Wireless Communications
● Price of the offered services
● Price of MS
● Attractiveness of the offered services
● General economic situation
● Existing telecom infrastructure
● Predisposition of the population
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31. TECHNICAL
CHALLENGES
INVOLVED
Unit 1: Chapter 2 and 3 : WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS
Andreas F. Molisch: 2.1,2.2,2.3 and 2.4 && 3.2
For more details on Fading refer 5.9 of Upena Dalal
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33. Multipath Propagation
● Multipath is a propagation phenomenon that causes the transmitted signal to be sent on two
or more paths to the receiver.
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35. Contd..
● Fading: Fading is a phenomenon cause by the constructive and destructive interference of
two or more copies of the same signal that arrive at the receiver at different times.
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38. Usually the digital information that is transmitted will be in the form of square waveform
representing the 1’s and 0’s. When this square waveform mixes with the noises and non
linarites in the channel, the square waveform starts to spread and merge with the adjacent
symbol sequence, making the data there to be unreadable. At the receiver end this data is
wrongly decoded.
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39. User Mobility
Home Location Register (HLR) and the Visitor
Location Register (VLR).
If an MS moves across a cell boundary, a different
BS becomes the serving BS; in other words,
the MS is handed over from one BS to another.
Spectrum Limitations
• Frequency reuse in Regulated
Systems
• Frequency reuse in Un Regulated
Systems
Limited Energy
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40. Noise-Limited Systems
● We set up link budgets for noise-limited systems and compute the minimum transmit power
(or maximum range) that can be achieved in the absence of interference.
● Such computations give a first insight into the basic capabilities of wireless systems and also
have practical applications.
● For example, Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) and cordless phones often operate in
a noise-limited mode, if no other Base Station (BS) is in the vicinity.
● Wireless systems are required to provide a certain minimum transmission quality.
● The transmission quality in turn requires a minimum Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) at the
receiver (RX).
Consider now a situation where only a single BS transmits, and a Mobile Station (MS) receives; thus, the
performance of the system is determined only by the strength of the (useful) signal and the noise.
As the MS moves further away from the BS, the received signal power decreases, and at a certain distance,
the SNR does not achieve the required threshold for reliable communications.
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41. Contd..
● Let us assume for the moment that the received power decreases with d2, the square of the
distance between BS and MS. More precisely, let the received power PRX be (Eq: 3.1)
● where GRX and GTX are the gains of the receive and transmit antennas, respectively, λ is the
wavelength, and PTX is the transmit power
● The noise that disturbs the signal can consist of several components, as follows:
Thermal noise
Man-made noise
Spurious emissions
Other intentional emission sources
Receiver noise
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42. A link budget is accounting of all of the
gains and losses from the transmitter,
through the medium (free space, cable,
waveguide, fiber, etc.) to the receiver in a
telecommunication system.
Need: To be able to calculate
how far we can go with the
equipment we have.
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43. Contd..
● Thermal Noise:
● The power spectral density of thermal noise depends on the environmental temperature Te
that the antenna “sees.” The temperature of the Earth is around 300 K, while the temperature
of the (cold) sky is approximately Te ≈ 4K
● As a first approximation, it is usually assumed that the environmental temperature is
isotropically 300 K. Noise power spectral density is then
● where kB is Boltzmann’s constant, kB = 1.38 * 10−23 J/K, and the noise power is
● where B is RX bandwidth (in units of Hz). It is common to write Eq. (3.2) using logarithmic
units (power P expressed in units of dBm is 10 log10 (P/1 mW)):
● This means that the noise power contained in a 1-Hz bandwidth is −174 dBm. The noise
power contained in bandwidth B is
● The logarithm of bandwidth B, specifically 10 log10(B), has the units dBHz.
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44. ● Man-made noise: We can distinguish two types of man-made noise:
● Spurious emissions: Many electrical appliances as well as radio transmitters (TXs) designed
for other frequency bands have spurious emissions over a large bandwidth that includes the
frequency range in which wireless communications systems operate.
● For example urban outdoor environments, car ignitions and other impulse sources are
especially significant sources of noise.
● At 150 MHz, it can be 20 dB stronger than thermal noise; at 900 MHz, it is typically 10 dB
stronger.
● At Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) frequencies, Neubauer et al.
[2001] measured 5-dB noise enhancement by manmade noise in urban environments and
about 1 dB in rural environments.
● Furthermore, for communications operating in licensed bands, such spurious emissions are
the only source of man-made noise.
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45. Contd..
45
● Other intentional emission sources: Several wireless communications systems operate in
unlicensed bands.
● In these bands, everybody is allowed to operate (emit electromagnetic radiation) as long as
certain restrictions with respect to transmit power, etc. are fulfilled.
46. Contd..
● Receiver noise: The amplifiers and mixers in the RX are noisy, and thus increase the total
noise power.
● This effect is described by the noise figure F, which is defined as the SNR at the RX input
(typically after down conversion to baseband) divided by the SNR at the RX output.
● As the amplifiers have gain, noise added in the later stages does not have as much of an
impact as noise added in the first stage of the RX.
● Mathematically, the total noise figure Feq of a cascade of components is
● where Fi and Gi are noise figures and noise gains of the individual stages in absolute units
(not in decibels (dB)).
● where Fi and Gi are noise figures and noise gains of the individual stages in absolute units
(not in decibels (dB)).
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47. Contd..
● For a digital system, the transmission quality is often described in terms of the Bit Error
Rate (BER) probability.
● Depending on the modulation scheme, coding, and a range of other factors, there is a
relationship between SNR and BER for each digital communications systems.
● A minimum transmission quality can thus be linked to the minimum SNR, SNRmin, by this
mapping
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48. ● Thus, the planning methods of all analog and digital links in noise-limited environments are
the same; the goal is to determine the minimum signal power PS:
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49. Contd..
● Link Budget
● A link budget is the clearest and most intuitive way of computing the required TX power.
● It tabulates all equations that connect the TX power to the received SNR.
● The link budget gives only an approximation (often a worst case estimate) for the total SNR,
because some interactions between different effects are not taken into account.
● The attenuation (path loss) due to propagation effects, between TX and RX.
● For distances d < dbreak, the received power is proportional to d−2, according to Eq. (3.1).
● Wireless systems, especially mobile systems, suffer from temporal and spatial variations of
the transmission channel (fading).
● In other words, even if the distance is approximately constant, the received power can
change significantly with small movements of the TX and/or RX.
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50. Contd..
● Uplink (MS to BS) and downlink (BS to MS) are reciprocal, in the sense that the voltage
and currents at the antenna ports are reciprocal (as long as uplink and downlink use the same
carrier frequency).
● However, the noise figures of BSs and MSs are typically quite different.
● As MSs have to be produced in quantity, it is desirable to use low-cost components, which
typically have higher noise figures.
● Furthermore, battery lifetime considerations dictate that BSs can emit more power than
MSs.
● Finally, BSs and MSs differ with respect to antenna diversity, how close they are to
interferers, etc. Thus, the link budgets of uplinks and downlinks are different.
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51. Contd..
● The performance of any communication link depends on the quality of the equipment being
used.
● Link budget is a way of quantifying the link performance.
● The received power in an 802.11 link is determined by three factors: transmit power,
transmitting antenna gain, and receiving antenna gain.
● If that power, minus the free space loss of the link path, is greater than the minimum
received signal level of the receiving radio, then a link is possible.
● The difference between the minimum received signal level and the actual received power is
called the link margin.
● The link margin must be positive, and should be maximized (should be at least 10dB or
more for reliable links).
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54. Example link budget calculation
● Let’s estimate the feasibility of a 5 km link, with one access point and one client radio.
● The access point is connected to an antenna with 10 dBi gain, with a transmitting power of
20 dBm and a receive sensitivity of -89 dBm.
● The client is connected to an antenna with 14 dBi gain, with a transmitting power of 15
dBm and a receive sensitivity of -82 dBm.
● The cables in both systems are short, with a loss of 2dB at each side at the 2.4 GHz
frequency of operation.
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