This document is the transcript of a lecture on wireless communications. It discusses the history and evolution of wireless technologies from early inventions using smoke signals and flags to modern cellular standards. Key developments include Maxwell's electromagnetic theory, Hertz's demonstration of wireless transmissions, Marconi's wireless telegraph, the introduction of analog cellular networks, and the transition to digital 2G, 3G, and 4G cellular standards. It also covers trends toward higher data rates, mobility, and applications of wireless including in transportation, emergencies, and entertainment.

1. ‫االلكتروني‬ ‫المحاضرات‬ ‫نظام‬
Mobile Communications
Prepared for
Dijlah University College
Department of Computer Techniques Engineering
2015 – 2016
Lecture 1 – Introduction to
wireless communications
Dr. Eng. Hussein Jamaluddin Khaleel
Email: hussein.khaleel@duc.edu.iq
http://www.duc.edu.iq/

2. ‫االلكتروني‬ ‫المحاضرات‬ ‫نظام‬
Introduction – Wireless communications
• Wireless communications: the ability to transmit information using
electromagnetic waves in open space
• Advantages:
• Freedom from wires
• No cost of installing wires, no bunches of wires
• Moving around e.g. Bluetooth , Wi-Fi
• Global coverage
• Where wired communication is not feasible or costly e.g. rural areas, battle field and
outer space
• Stay Connected
• Any where any time
• Flexibility
• Connect to multiple devices simultaneously
Dijlah University College 2

3. ‫االلكتروني‬ ‫المحاضرات‬ ‫نظام‬
Introduction – Mobile communications
• Mobile communications: the ability to communicate on the move
• Mobility involves three aspects:
• User mobility: users communicate wirelessly anywhere and anytime
• Device portability: provide connectivity to the network anywhere & anytime
• Coverage: availability of the network connection anywhere and anytime
Dijlah University College 3

4. ‫االلكتروني‬ ‫المحاضرات‬ ‫نظام‬
Introduction – Cont.
• Wireless communication methods have been developing for more
than one century
• Growth driven by advancements in:
• Electronic circuits integration and miniaturization
• Signal processing techniques
• Wireless communication technologies
• Materials fabrication
• Resulted in large-scale deployment of portable radio equipment and
communication networks that are:
• Smaller, lighter and cheaper
• More reliable and powerful
• Easy to use
Dijlah University College 4

5. ‫االلكتروني‬ ‫المحاضرات‬ ‫نظام‬
History of wireless communications
• Early inventions
• 150 BC - Smoke signals for
communication, Greece
• Acoustic signals
• Flags (semaphore)
• 1792 - Optical telegraph, Claude
Chappe, France
Dijlah University College 5

6. ‫االلكتروني‬ ‫المحاضرات‬ ‫نظام‬
History of wireless communications
• Discovery of electromagnetic waves
• 1864 - Maxwell theory of electromagnetic fields, England
• 1888 - Hertz demonstrates wave transmission through space,
Germany
• Wireless transmissions
• 1896 - Guglielmo Marconi demonstrates wireless telegraphy
• 1907 - Commercial transatlantic connections
• 1915 - Wireless voice transmission, New York - San Francisco
• 1920 - Discovery of short waves by Marconi
• 1926 - Train phone on the line Hamburg - Berlin
Dijlah University College 6
Maxwell
Hertz
Marconi

7. ‫االلكتروني‬ ‫المحاضرات‬ ‫نظام‬
History of wireless communications – Cont.
• 1934 – Mobile communications for public safety, using AM
• 1935 – Edwin Armstrong demonstrated FM
• WWII – Accelerated the evolution of technology
• Technology used in mobile communications and TV
• Number of mobile users increased significantly
• 1946
Dijlah University College 7
• 1946 – 1st Mobile Telephone Service (MTS) in the U.S.
• Single high-power transmitter, FM, manual dial
• Problem: uses high bandwidth because of technology
limitations
• 1965 – Improved MTS (IMTS) was introduced
• Increased spectrum efficiency, automatic channel trunking
• Problem: poor service due to large number of subscribers

8. ‫االلكتروني‬ ‫المحاضرات‬ ‫نظام‬
History of cellular communications
• 1968 – Concept of cellular mobile system proposed
• Breaking coverage zone into small cells
• Advantage: re-use of portions of the spectrum in different
cells
• Disadvantage: greater infrastructure and management
• 1st Generation mobile system (1G): analog
• 1979 –1st cellular system in the world, by NTT, Japan
• 1981 – NMT-450 in Scandinavian countries
• 1983 – AMPS in the U.S.
• 1985 – ETACS in some European countries, C-450 in
Germany
Not compatible
with each other
Dijlah University College 8

9. ‫االلكتروني‬ ‫المحاضرات‬ ‫نظام‬
History of cellular communications – Cont.
• 2nd generation mobile system (2G): digital, SMS
• 1990 – GSM (Global System for Mobile), Europe
• 1991 – D-AMPS (Digital AMPS) or USDC (US Digital Cellular), U.S & Canada
• 1993 – PDC (Pacific Digital Cellular), Japan
• 1995 – CDMAOne, IS-95, IS-136, U.S.
• 2000 – GPRS (General Packet Radio Service), HSCSD (2.5G), MMS, Internet
• 2003 – EDGDE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution), improved data rate
• 3rd generation mobile system (3G): video calls, high speed Internet
• 2000 – CDMA2000, U.S. and China
• 2000 – UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) (W-CDMA),
Europe, worldwide
• 2008 – HSPA (High Speed Packet Access), (HSDPA & HSUPA), higher data rates
• 2010 – HSPA+ (Evolved HSPA), further improved data rates
Dijlah University College 9

10. ‫االلكتروني‬ ‫المحاضرات‬ ‫نظام‬
History of cellular communications – Cont.
• 4th generation mobile system (4G): ultra broadband, high-quality
audio/video streaming
• 2007 – Mobile WiMax, IEEE 802.16, U.S.
• 2009 – LTE (Long Term Evolution), Europe, worldwide
• 2013 – LTE Advanced, improvement on LTE, higher data rates
• 5th generation mobile system (5G): in progress
• Concept in research and development phase
• Expected to achieve even higher data transmission rates
• Aims to achieve more efficient utilization of spectrum
Dijlah University College 10

11. ‫االلكتروني‬ ‫المحاضرات‬ ‫نظام‬
Cellular evolution and standards
(Source: Wikipedia)
Dijlah University College 11

12. ‫االلكتروني‬ ‫المحاضرات‬ ‫نظام‬
Early mobile
phones, IMTS,
1960s-1970s
Evolution of mobile phones
More modern phones over the
last 2 decades became smaller
and lighter
Dijlah University College 12

13. ‫االلكتروني‬ ‫المحاضرات‬ ‫نظام‬
Statistics:
Percentage of telephone subscribers
Dijlah University College 13

14. ‫االلكتروني‬ ‫المحاضرات‬ ‫نظام‬
Statistics:
Mobile phone subscribers in Iraq
Dijlah University College 14
Source: ITU World Telecommunications

15. ‫االلكتروني‬ ‫المحاضرات‬ ‫نظام‬
Classification of mobile radio systems
• Historically, “mobile” was used for radio devices that can move
during operation
• Home equipment: garage door opener, remote control
• Walkie-talkie
• Pagers
• Recently, “mobile” is used for a radio terminal that is attached to high
speed mobile platform
• Cellular phone in a fast moving car
• “Portable“ describes a radio terminal that can be hand-held and
moved at walking-speed
• Walkie-talkie and cordless phone
Dijlah University College 15

16. ‫االلكتروني‬ ‫المحاضرات‬ ‫نظام‬
Examples of mobile radio systems
• Paging systems
• Send brief messages (pages) to a subscriber (numeric, alphanumeric or voice)
• Notification, news
• Consist of network of telephone lines, base stations transmitters, radio
towers for broadcasting of messages
• One-way communication (simplex)
• High-power transmitters
• Coverage may vary, within a city or a building
• Standards:
• POCSAG in the 1970s
• ERMES and FLEX in the 1990s
Dijlah University College 16

17. ‫االلكتروني‬ ‫المحاضرات‬ ‫نظام‬
Examples of mobile radio systems – Cont.
• Cordless telephone systems
• Provide wireless extension to the telephone network within a limited area
• Two-way (duplex) communications
• Consists of a portable handset, connected to dedicated base station, which is
connected to the telephone network
• 1st generation: household environment
• 2nd generation: allow mobility in workplace and public use with limited
coverage in urban areas
• DECT (Digital European Cordless Telephone), Europe, 1993
• PACS, U.S., 1994
Dijlah University College 17

18. ‫االلكتروني‬ ‫المحاضرات‬ ‫نظام‬
Examples of mobile radio systems – Cont.
• Cellular telephone system
• Provide wireless connection over a large geographical area
• Coverage are is divided into small cells
• Radio channels are re-used by other distant cells
• Two-way (duplex) communications
• High quality voice and data services
• Uninterrupted call when users move from one cell to another
• Consist of (at high level):
• Mobile stations (phone)
• Base stations (tower)
• Mobile switching center
Dijlah University College 18

19. ‫االلكتروني‬ ‫المحاضرات‬ ‫نظام‬
Comparison of mobile radio systems
• Mobile station
Dijlah University College 19

20. ‫االلكتروني‬ ‫المحاضرات‬ ‫نظام‬
Comparison of mobile radio systems – Cont.
• Base station
Dijlah University College 20

21. ‫االلكتروني‬ ‫المحاضرات‬ ‫نظام‬
Trends in radio communications:
Technologies
(Source: Y. D. Zhang, Villanova University)
Dijlah University College 21

22. ‫االلكتروني‬ ‫المحاضرات‬ ‫نظام‬
Trends in radio communications:
Speed and mobility
(Source: Y. D. Zhang, Villanova University)
Dijlah University College 22

23. ‫االلكتروني‬ ‫المحاضرات‬ ‫نظام‬
Applications – I
• Mobility
• transmission of news, road condition, weather, music
• personal communication using GSM
• position via GPS
• local ad-hoc network with vehicles close-by to prevent accidents, guidance
system, redundancy
• vehicle data (e.g., from busses, high-speed trains) can be transmitted in
advance for maintenance
• Emergencies
• early transmission of patient data to the hospital, current status, first
diagnosis
• replacement of a fixed infrastructure in case of disasters, e.g. earthquakes,
hurricanes, fire, etc.
• crisis, war, etc.
(Source: Prof. J. Schiller, FU Berlin)
Dijlah University College 23

24. ‫االلكتروني‬ ‫المحاضرات‬ ‫نظام‬
Applications – II
• Travelling salesmen
• direct access to customer files stored in a central location
• consistent databases for all agents
• mobile office
• Replacement of fixed networks
• remote sensors, e.g., weather, earth activities
• flexibility for trade shows
• LANs in historic buildings
• Entertainment & education
• outdoor Internet access
• intelligent travel guide with up-to-date
location dependent information
• ad-hoc networks for
multi user games
(Source: Prof. J. Schiller, FU Berlin)
Dijlah University College 24

25. ‫االلكتروني‬ ‫المحاضرات‬ ‫نظام‬
Goal – always best connected
(Source: Prof. J. Schiller, FU Berlin)
GSM
GSM
LAN,
WLANGSM
GSM, WLAN
GSM, Bluetooth
GSM, DSL/WLAN
DSL, WLAN
Dijlah University College 25

26. ‫االلكتروني‬ ‫المحاضرات‬ ‫نظام‬
End of Lecture 1
Any questions?
Dijlah University College 26