The human body is made up of many components organized from the smallest to largest levels. These include atoms and molecules, cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems like the circulatory, respiratory, skeletal, and muscular systems. The body contains several cavities that house and protect internal organs. The circulatory system moves blood throughout the body carrying oxygen, nutrients, wastes, and more. The respiratory system allows for gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. The skeletal system provides structure, protection, movement, and supports the body.
Endocrine glands are glands of the endocrine system that secrete their products, hormones, directly into the blood rather than through a duct. The major glands of the endocrine system include the pineal gland, pituitary gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, hypothalamus and adrenal glands.
Endocrine glands are glands of the endocrine system that secrete their products, hormones, directly into the blood rather than through a duct. The major glands of the endocrine system include the pineal gland, pituitary gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, hypothalamus and adrenal glands.
Skeletal system. anatomy and physiology of skeletal system. appendicular skel...mamtabisht10
SKELETAL SYSTEM
bones, cartilage and ligaments are tightly joined to form a strong, flexible framework called skeletal system
anatomy and physiology of axial and appendicular skeletal system
Axial Skeleton: The axial skeleton includes the skull, spine, ribs and sternum.
Appendicular Skeleton:
The appendicular skeleton includes the appendages of the body, which are the shoulders, arms, hips, and legs.
Skeletal system
Divisions of skeletal system,
types of bone,
salient features and functions
of bones of axial and appendicular skeletal system Organization of skeletal muscle,
physiology of muscle contraction,
neuromuscular junction.
In this book following points has been defined and described.
Define anatomy
Discuss the different fields of anatomy
Identify and describe the integumentary system
Identify and describe the musculoskeletal system
Identify and describe the cardiovascular system
Identify and describe the lymphatic system
Identify and describe the digestive system
Identify and describe the respiratory system
Identify and describe the endocrine system
Identify and describe the urinary system
Identify and describe the reproductive system
Identify and describe the nervous system and special senses
Abhay_cell tissues and the organ system.pptxwemoji5816
in this ppt we have tell you about the biological importence of cells tissues and the organ system of the human body with different system like nervous system digestive system
Skeletal system. anatomy and physiology of skeletal system. appendicular skel...mamtabisht10
SKELETAL SYSTEM
bones, cartilage and ligaments are tightly joined to form a strong, flexible framework called skeletal system
anatomy and physiology of axial and appendicular skeletal system
Axial Skeleton: The axial skeleton includes the skull, spine, ribs and sternum.
Appendicular Skeleton:
The appendicular skeleton includes the appendages of the body, which are the shoulders, arms, hips, and legs.
Skeletal system
Divisions of skeletal system,
types of bone,
salient features and functions
of bones of axial and appendicular skeletal system Organization of skeletal muscle,
physiology of muscle contraction,
neuromuscular junction.
In this book following points has been defined and described.
Define anatomy
Discuss the different fields of anatomy
Identify and describe the integumentary system
Identify and describe the musculoskeletal system
Identify and describe the cardiovascular system
Identify and describe the lymphatic system
Identify and describe the digestive system
Identify and describe the respiratory system
Identify and describe the endocrine system
Identify and describe the urinary system
Identify and describe the reproductive system
Identify and describe the nervous system and special senses
Abhay_cell tissues and the organ system.pptxwemoji5816
in this ppt we have tell you about the biological importence of cells tissues and the organ system of the human body with different system like nervous system digestive system
THIS DOCU IS FOR GRADE 6 PUPILS EXAMINATIONleicatapang
This file is for grade 6 pupil who will take their Second Quarter Examination. A reviewer will help them review because it is already summarized and completed and based on what has been discussed in the whole Second Quarter. It will make it easier and faster for them to understand the topics that have been talked.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
1. Introduction to the human body
The body is a very complex organism
It consists of many components
Starting with the smallest component and working towards the largest
Atoms & molecules-chemical level
Cells- the smallest structural units; organizations of various chemicals
Tissues-organizations of similar cells
Organs-organizations of different kinds of tissues
Systems- organizations of many different kinds of organs
Systems of the body
Circulatory
Respiratory
Skeletal
Muscular
Digestive
Excretory
Reproductive These organ systems are woven together because one can not work without other
Integumentary
Nervous
Endocrine
Immune
Lymphatic
2. Directional terms of the body
Body regions
Axial region - head, neck, and trunk which comprise the main vertical axis of our body
Appendicular region- limbs, or appendages, attach to the body’s axis
Quadrans of the body
Body cavities
Body cavities are spaces within the body.
Protect, separate , and support internal organs
Separate body cavities by Bones, muscles, ligaments, and other structures.
3. Cranial cavity contains brain
Spinal cavity contains spinal cord
Thoracic cavity contains heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus and several large blood vessels
Abdominal cavity, contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large
intestine.
pelvic cavity, contains the urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and internal organs of the
reproductive system
Circulatory system
Contain the heart and all the blood vessels
Responsible for movement of blood, nutrients and gases
Heart pumps blood to lungs to receive oxygen and
to the rest of the body
Remove waste products
Major organs
Heart, Veins, Arteries, Capillaries, Blood
1.Heart
Size of your fist
Thick muscular walls
Divided in to two chambers
Upper chamber – atrium receives blood coming from the veins
Lower chamber- ventricles squeezes blood into the arteries
Blood
Pumps by the heart
Travel through thousands of miles of blood vessels
Carries nutrients, water, oxygen and waste products to and from the body cells
Contain blood cells and plasma
4. Plasma
Is straw colored liquid component of blood
It contain 90-92 of water and 8-9 of solid
Red blood cells
Carry oxygen from the lungs to all the cells of the body
Take carbon dioxide and transport it
back to the lungs
About 5,000,000 red blood cells in one blood drop
White blood cells
protect the body from germs
Attack and destroy germs when they enter the body
Contain neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils
Platelets
Prevent and stop bleeding
Smallest component of blood and known as “thrombocytes”
Hemoglobin
Average Hb content is 14-16 gm/dl
Varies by gender and age
Need for carrying oxygen
ESR
ESR is the rate which the erythrocytes settle down
PCV
Amount of red cells in blood
Blood vessels
Hollow tubes that circulate the blood. There are three kind of blood vessels
Respiratory System
Situated in the thorax
Provide route for gain oxygen & excrete carbon dioxide (Gaseous exchange)
External respiration
Exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood
Internal respiration
Exchange of gases between the blood and the cells
Nasal cavity
Para nasal sinuses
Pharynx Upper respiratory tract
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi Lower Respiratory tract
Bronchioles
Lungs (alveoli)
Pleura
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
5. Nose
The air is Warming by high vascularity, Filter and Moistening (humidification)
Paranasal sinuses
A group of four paired air-filled cavities
Continue with the nasal cavity by tiny opening
Pharynx
A 12 -14 cm long muscular tube. Extends from the posterior nares (base of the skull) to the level of the C6
Three regions
The Nasopharynx -Lies behind the nose above the level of the soft palate
The Oropharynx- Oral part of the pharynx
The Laryngopharynx -Opening into the larynx and esophagus.
Functions
Passageway for air and food
Warming and humidifying air
Taste- oral and pharyngeal parts
Hearing -
Speech - acting as a resonating chamber
Larynx
Produce sound. By the intermittent release of expired air(exhalation) and
vibrating vocal cord
The epiglottis.
A leaf-shaped fibroelastic cartilage
Attached to the thyroid cartilage
That covers the glottis (superior opening of the larynx) during swallowing,
Preventing the entrance of food and drink into the larynx.
Trachea
Size – 10-12 cm long, 2cm diameter
Extend from end of Larynx (C6) to level of T5
Lies median plane in front of the oesophagus
It divides (bifurcates) into the right and left bronchi at the carina
Function
Passageway of air
Mucociliary escalator.
A defiance mechanism
Continues beating of cilia towards larynx
Maxillary sinuses
Frontal sinuses
Sphenoidal sinuses
Ethmoidal sinuses
6. Remove foreign particles from lungs (swallowed or expectorated)
Warming, humidifying and filtering of air
Cough reflex
Stimulate cough receptors in trachea & larynx
Nerve impulse travel to brain stem
Deep inspiration & close glottis
Contract diaphragm
Sudden forceful air release
Bronchi & bronchioles (Broncheal tree)
Trachea divides into two main (primary) bronchus
at T5 level
The alveoli are surrounded by a network of capillaries
The gases exchange takes place across alveolar and
capillary membranes
Lungs
Two lungs
Corn shaped
Composed with Bronchi and broncheoles, alveoli, connective tissue, blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves
Right lung
Divided into three lobes
Superior, middle and inferior
Left lung
Divided into two lobes
Superior and inferior.
Pleural cavity
Space between visceral & parietal pleura
Contains a small amount of pleural fluid.
Preventing friction between two layers during breathing
Respiratory mechanism
Contract respiratory muscles
Increase capacity of thoracic cavity
Reduce pleural cavity pressure than atmospheric pressure
Visceral pleura follows the parietal pleura pulling the lung
Drawing air into the lungs
Air in the pleural cavity – Pneumothorax
Fluids in the pleural cavity – pleural effusion
Blood in the pleural cavity – Hemothrax
Pus in the pleural cavity – emphyema
7. Skeletal System
Includes bones, cartilage, ligament and bone marrows. About 206 bones in the adult human body
Bones are connected to each other by ligaments.
4 major functions
protection- protect vital organs
Organ are protected by skeleton
brain by skull
heart and lungs by ribs
2. Storage- store minerals and fat
3. Blood cell formation- make blood cells
4. Provide shape and support
Bones
Bones are made of calcium, mineral salt, cells and living parts
They are also made of stringe like material called ‘Collagen’
Bones have a red and yellow tube called ‘marrow’
The bone marrow produce red cells and store fat
The outer layer is called hard bone, the spongy bone is like a honeycomb
Bone is a strong and durable type of connective tissue
Joints
Where 2 or more bones come together
Some move- hip, Some don’t- skull
3 types of joints
Sliding joints- bones slide each other (hand)
Ball and socket joints- like a joystick in a computer game (Shoulder)
Hinge joint- like a door hinge, flex and extends (Knee)
Skull
Synonym- cranium
Protective cover of the brain
Provide structure for face and head
Consist 28 bones (Face and head)
Closely fitted together
Arms
Consist of three main bones and 15 small bones
Hand
27 bones and five fingers in each hand
The hand is very flexible with lots of joints
Spine
Contain 33 bones (Vertebra)
There are main 3 parts of the spine
Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar
In the center of the spine is the spinal cord
8. Rib cage
The ribs, the spine and the sternum combine to make up the ribcage
Leg
The human leg contain 4 bones
Possible diseases
Osteoporosis
Rickets
Arthritis
Muscular system
Specialized tissue that enable the body and its parts to move
3 types
Smooth muscle- found only in digestive tract and blood vessels
Cardiac muscle- only found in hearts. Blood pump when contract
the muscle
Skeletal muscle- muscles attach to the bones
Functions
Movement
Maintenance of posture
Heat production
Protect the bones and internal organs
Use to give injections (Intra muscular injections)
Tendons- connect muscle to bones
Ligaments- connect bone to bone
Digestive system
The food passes through a continues canal which is divided in to various compartments
Major organs
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Rectum
Anus
Salivary gland
Pancreas
Liver
Gall bladder
Functions
Ingestion of food
Digest food into smaller molecules and absorb nutrients
Remove undigested food from the body
9. Buckle cavity
The food chew and break down mechanically into small pieces
Esophagus
The swallowed food passes into the food pipe (Esophagus)
Food is pushed down by movement of wall of the esophagus
Stomach
Receive the food from esophagus
At the end of the esophagus it open into the stomach
Small intestine
It receive digestive secretions from the liver and pancreas
Liver- secreta bile and add to the small intestine
Bile stored at gallbladder
Large intestine
It absorb water and some salts from the undigested food materials
The remaining waste passes into the rectum and remaining there as semi
solid faeces
Anus
The faeced matter is removed through the anus from time to time
Excretory system
Remove waste products from the body
Major organs
Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra
Lungs
Liver
Skin
Excretion by other organs
lungs- remove carbon dioxide and water vapor
Skin- excrete water, salts, and some wastes. Remove heat of the body
Liver- excrete many substances like bile pigments, heavy metals, drugs and toxins, bacteria etc…
The excretory function of these are limited.
Renal system has maximum capacity
Process of renal system
Kidneys produce the urine
Nephron is the functional unit of kidney and filter the urine and waste
Ureters transport the urine to the bladder
Urinary bladder stores the urine until it voided
Urine voided from bladder through urethra
10. Nervous system
Gather and interpret information
Responds to the information
Help maintain homeostasis
Coordinates activities of other organs and systems
Major organs
Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves
Diseases
Paralysis
Brain tumor
Psychiatric disorders
Alzheimer’s disease
Dementia
Endocrine system
Regulate body activities using hormones
Glands secrete hormones that regulate
processes such as growth, reproduction,
and nutrient use (metabolism) by body
cells.
Major organs
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Thymus gland
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes
Immune system
Fight for foreign invades for body.
Include white blood cells and macrophages
Defense mechanism help to prevent from infection
First line- skin, mucus membrane, hair, tears, saliva, ear Wax
Second line- phagocytoses fight with the germ
Cardinal signs- redness, heat, pain, swelling
Third line- when first line and second line unable to fight activate
The third line
Get the infection and produce antibodies
11. Integumentary system
Organs
Epidermis
Dermis
Sweat gland
Sebaceous gland
Hair follicle
Blood vessels
Nerves
Functions
Barrier against infection
Help to regulate body temperature
Remove excretory waste
Protect against sun UV rays
Production of vitamin D
Possible problems
Pressure ulcers
Lymphatic system
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream.
Houses white Blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against
foreign substances within the body.
Include
Lymph
Lymph vessels
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Thymus
Reproductive system
Overall function is production of offspring.
Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female
reproductive tract.
Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization
and development of the fetus.
Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.
Major organs
Ovaries
Uterus
Testes
Prostate gland
External genitalia
Mammary glands
12. Why diseases occurred
Disease is a disordered or incorrectly functioning organ, part, structure, or system of the body.
Causes of disease:
• Genetic or developmental errors
Aging
• Infection
• Poisons
• Nutritional deficiencies or imbalance
• Toxicity
• Unfavorable environmental factors
Signs of disease are objective; they can be measured.
Signs of Disease:
• Fever
• High blood pressure
• Rash
Symptoms of disease are subjective. Symptoms can’t be observed by another person; but a person that is
ill experiences them.
Symptoms of Disease:
• Dizziness
• Pain
• Blurry vision