The document summarizes the key components of the endocrine system, including glands like the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, and parathyroid gland. It describes the functions and hormones secreted by each gland. The hypothalamus regulates the pituitary gland and secretes hormones that control other glands. The pituitary gland controls most biological processes and secretes hormones that target other glands. The thyroid gland regulates metabolism and development through thyroxine and triiodothyronine. The parathyroid gland regulates calcium and phosphate levels in the blood and bones through parathyroid hormone. Some common endocrine diseases include disorders of hormone overproduction or underproduction.

1. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
González Cisneros Wendy Lucero
Esparza Barrena Brenda Margarita
Santos Romero Fernanda
Giordano Arrevillaga Vanessa
Valencia Gutiérrez Rodrigo

2. Endocrine System
 System of glands.
 Regulates and coordinates several body
organs.
 Directs a metabolic steady state.
(Homeostasis)

3. Endocrine Gland
 Secrete their products (hormones) directly
into the bloodstream.
 Make their function in distant organs of the
body.
 Exert their effects on target cells.

4. Hormones
 Chemical released in one part of the body that
sends out messages that affect cells in other
parts of the organism.

5. Feedback mechanisms
 Positive Feedback – Stimulates.
 Negative Feedback – Inhibits.
 As the number of glands involved, glandular
circuits can be classified as long, short and
ultrashort.

6. Hypothalamus

7. Division
It is divided in two parts:
 Medial Hypothalamus: recorded the
greatest number of cores. This area has
the largest amount of soma and less of
fibers.
 Lateral Hypothalamus: is poor in soma
neuronal and rich in fibers.

8.  The elements that separate the medial
hypothalamus the side are the columns of
the fornix and a booklet that is born from
the mammillary body and rises again
toward the thalamus.

9. Functions of the
hypothalamus
 Regulation of the endocrine system.
 Regulation corporal temperature.

10.  Regulation of emotional behavior
 Regulation of sleep and wakefulness

11.  Regulation of food intake

12. Hormones of the
Hypothalamus
 Is highly involved in pituitary gland
function.
 When it receives a signal from the
nervous system, secretes substances
known as neurohormones that start and
stop the secretion of pituitary hormones.

13. Hormones secreted by the
hypothalamus include:
 Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
 Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

14.  Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) or
growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH), (also
known as somatocrinin)
 Oxytocin
 Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH) or prolactin-
inhibiting hormone (PIH)
 Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)

15. Pituitary Gland

16.  Oval shape with a diameter of 8 x12 mm
and 6 mm in the vertical direction (normal
conditions).
 Located in marrow
cavity of the skull base
(Sella turcica).

17.  Control most of the biological processes of
the organism (metabolism).
 The gland is 20% larger in women than in
men.

18.  Separated into 2 parts: the anterior lobe
and posterior lobe or adenohypophysis or
neurohypophysis.

19. PITUITAR
Y
Posterior
pituitary or
neurohypophy
sis.
Stores and releases
hormones synthesized
by the hypothalamus
(oxytocin and
vasopressin).
Anterior pituitary or
adenohypophysis.
(Secretion of
numerous
hormones).Hipófisis
intermedia.
Produce
melanotropin
s.
Intermediate
pituitary.

20. Thyroid gland
From Greek thyreos:
shield and eidos: form.

21.  Butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck,
before the trachea, between the cricoid
cartilage and rests over the jugular of the
breastbone.

22.  Thyroid has two lobes connected by an
isthmus, has a weight of 12 to 20 g, is very
vascularized and soft.

23. Hormones of the Thyroides
 Thyroid is the endocrine gland which has the
highest hormones storage capacity.
 Hormones need for their synthesis, the
presence of iodine in the diet.

24.  The iodine ingested binds to serum proteins,
especially to albumin it and which remains free
is eliminated in the urine. The thyroid gland
extracts the circulating iodine very effectively.

25. Hormones secreted by the
Thyroides include:
 Thyroxine (T4)
 Triiodothyronine (T3)
Which play a role during the
development and help
maintain homeostasis
thermogenic and metabolic
in adults.

26. Parathyroid Gland

27.  Located in the neck, related to the thyroid
gland with a distinct physiological function.
 Its shape is circular and flattened as lentils.

28.  Are four parathyroid glands, two upper (are
larger while the lower are more oval) and two
lower (are more oval).
 Each gland has an arterial branch itself and
are innervated

29. Hormones of the
Parathyroides
 Hormones secreted maintain calcium and
phosphate metabolism in the blood and within
the bones.

30. Hormones secreted by the
Parathyroides include:
Parathyroid hormone/ parathormone (PTH):
 Increases blood calcium levels so nervous and
muscles can function properly.
 Stimulating osteoclasts to break down bone
and release calcium.

31.  Promotes calcium conservation
(reabsorption) by the kidneys.
 PTH can be associated with feeling of fatigue
and anxiety.
 Increases gastrointestinal
calcium absorption by
activating vitamin D.

32. Endocrine diseases
Can generally be classified as:
 Low production diseases or hormonal
overproduction.
 Diseases related to the development of space-
occupying lesions.

33. Hypothalamic-pituitary Disease
 The hypothalamus and pituitary gland are
so tightly connected these are known as
hypothalamic-pituitary disorders

34. Acromegaly overproduction growth hormone
Giantism. Overproduction. Growth hormone.
Deficiency in growth
hormone.
Low production. Growth hormone.
Syndrome of
inappropriate
secretion of
antidiuretic hormone.
Overproduction. Vasopressin.
Sheehan Syndrome. Low production. Any pituitary
hormone.
Pituitary adenoma. Overproduction. Any pituitary
hormone.

35. Disorders of the Thyroid
Gland
Hyperthyroidism
 Excessive secretion of TSH.
 There are three types of treatment: radioiodine
and antithyroid medication surgery.

36. Hypothyroidism
 Decreased production of thyroid hormones.
 Treatment is thyroid hormone replacement or
levothyroxine, orally.