The document provides an overview of 11 human body systems: digestive, urinary, respiratory, circulatory, skeletal, muscular, nervous, integumentary, immune, endocrine, and reproductive. For each system, the key organs and their functions are described. Common diseases associated with each system are also listed. The document emphasizes how body systems work interdependently, with the circulatory system connecting many organs and the nervous system coordinating responses across systems.

1. A. Clark
Medical Science

2.  1. Digestive
 2. Urinary
 3. Respiratory
 4. Circulatory
 5. Skeletal
 6. Muscular
 7. Nervous
 8. Integumentary
 9. Immune
 10. Endocrine
 11. Reproductive

4. The Digestive System
converts food into simpler
molecules that can be used
by cells; absorbs food;
eliminates waste.

5.  Mouth
 The first stop in the disassembly of
your food;
Mechanical digestion = chewing and
Chemical digestion = enzymes found
in saliva
 Pharynx (throat)
 Epiglottis
 Small flap that closes over the
opening of the respiratory system
when swallowing, preventing food
from entering the airway.
 Esophagus
 Muscular tube connecting the mouth
to the stomach

6.  Liver
 Produces bile, a substance that helps
break down fats
 Gallbladder
 Stores bile produced by the liver
 Stomach
 Muscular pouch like organ where
involuntary muscular churning and
chemical digestion occurs
 Pancreas
 Secretes enzymes to help break
down carbohydrates, proteins and
fats
 Small Intestine
 Narrow muscular tube where
digestion of food is completed with
the help of enzymes secreted by the
liver and pancreas

7.  Villi (plural: Villus)
 Little projections in the lining of
the small intestine that function
in the absorption of digested
food
 Large Intestine (colon)
 Muscular tube where water and
salts are absorbed; material
spends 18-24 hours here
 Appendix
 Tube like extension off of the
large intestine
 Rectum
 The last part of the digestive
system, feces are eliminated
from the rectum through the
anus

8. Muscular – contains smooth muscle
Nervous – gets signals that control
the rate of digestion
Circulatory – broken down food
travels through blood vessels to cells
Endocrine – hormones (ex. Insulin)
control blood sugar levels

9.  1. Appendicitis
 2. Cholecystitis and 3. Cholelithiasis
 4. Cirrhosis
 5. Hemorrhoids
 6. Ulcer

11. The Urinary System filters
blood, maintains
electrolyte and fluid
homeostasis, and
eliminates waste products
from the body

12.  Kidneys
 Help maintain homeostasis by filtering
blood to remove waste
 Nephron
 Tiny filter that makes up the
kidney, there are millions
 Ureters
 Tubes connecting the kidneys
to the bladder
 Urinary Bladder
 Smooth muscle bag that stores
a solution of wastes called urine
 Urethra
 Tube where urine passed out of
the body (*Excretory Only)
 *Skin
 *Lungs

13. Circulatory – waste products are
carried from the cells to the kidney
through blood vessels
Endocrine – hormones are sent that
control water levels and homeostasis Respiratory – expels toxic CO2 out of body

15. The Respiratory System
provides oxygen needed
for cellular respiration
and removes carbon
dioxide from the body

16.  Nose and Mouth
 Respiration begins with taking in air
 Pharynx (Throat)
 Larynx
 Where your vocal cords are
 Trachea (Windpipe)
 Passes air into the bronchi
 Bronchi (singular: Bronchus)
 Passes air from trachea to the lungs

17.  Bronchioles
 Each Bronchus in the lungs
branches out like a tree into
bronchioles
 Alveoli
 Sacs at the end of the
Bronchioles where oxygen
and carbon dioxide are
exchanged
 Diaphragm
 Muscle that enables you to
breathe

18. Circulatory – brings O2 to
the cells and CO2 back to
the lungs
 Excretory – part of the excretory system to get rid of toxic CO2 from the body

19.  1. Asthma
 2. Emphysema – smoker’s disease from cancer
sticks. Progressive loss of alveoli which decreases lung
function. Remaining alveoli become enlarged,
inelastic, and inefficient. Carbon dioxide remains
inside the alveoli. No cure. Breathing treatments help
slow progression of disease and improve breathing.

20.  Pleurisy- (first information, there are two layers that
surround the lungs. They are covered in blood vessels
and nerves. The inner lung-side layer is called the
visceral pleura. The outer rib-side layer is called the
parietal pleura) In pleurisy, the pleura become
inflamed. If/when the pleura become inflamed
enough, it causes a sharp, stabbing pain, usually in the
side or upper back/chest.
 Pneumonia- an inflammation or infection of the
lungs characterized by fluid buildup in the alveoli.
Usually caused by bacteria, viruses, or chemicals.

21.  Carotid Dorsalis Pedis
 Subclavian Axillary
 Aortic arch Brachial
 Abdominal aorta Radial
 Hepatic artery Ulnar
 Renal arteries
 Iliac arteries
 Femoral arteries
 Popliteal arteries
 Anterior and Posterior tibial
**You have a heart sketch already, today, you are adding
a completely separate sketch of the major arteries

22.  Jugular
 Left Subclavian
 Superior Vena Cava
 Inferior Vena Cava
 Axillary
 Basilic
 Brachial
 Superior Mesenteric
 Renal (r and L)
 Iliac
 Femoral
 Poplieteal
 Anterior and Posterior
Tibial
 Dorsal Venous Arch
 **Figure 6-25
 On page 130

24. The Circulatory Systems brings
oxygen, nutrients and
hormones to cells; removes cell
wastes; regulates body
temperature

25.  Heart
 The pump that keeps blood flowing
through your body
 Blood Vessels
 Arteries
 Carry blood away from the heart
 Blood
 Red Blood Cells
 Carry oxygen to the body cells
 White blood cells
 Defend body against disease
 Platelets
 Cell fragments needed for blood
clotting
 Plasma
 Fluid portion of the blood

26.  1. Diastole - relaxed / resting phase
 2. Systole – Contracted / Squeezing phase
 3. Blood Pressure- Systole over Diastole
 Normal BP is slightly less than 120/80
 4. Apex – point
 5. Tricuspid Valve-Btw Rt Atrium and Rt Venticle
 6. Mitral Valve – Btw Lt Atrium and Lt Ventricle
 7. Stethoschope-

27.  1. Anemia- inadequate # of RBCs, hemoglobin, or
both. S/S : paleness, fatigue, dyspnea, and rapid heart
rate. Tx : blood transfusion, iron supplements
 2. Aneurysm- ballooning out segment of an artery
 3. Arteriosclerosis- hardening and thickening of the
arterial walls resulting in loss of elasticity. S/S : high
blood pressure
 4. Atherosclerosis-fatty plaques deposit on arterial
walls. Diet high in saturated fat and smoking.
Medications and lifestyle change can help.

28.  5. Embolus- a foreign substance circulating in the
bloodstream. It could be air, a blood clot, bacterial
clumps, a fat globule, or other foreign substance.
 6. Hypertension- high blood pressure. 140/90 or
higher. Risk factors: family history, obesity, stress,
smoking, aging, high sat fat diet/high sodium diet.

29. Connected to almost all
other systems since the
circulatory system carries
oxygen to all cells

31. The Skeletal System
supports the body; protects
internal organs; allows
movement; stores mineral
reserves; provides blood
cell formation

32.  Bones
 Produce blood cells
 Red Marrow
 Produce red and white blood cells
 Yellow Marrow
 Consists of stored fat
 Joints
 Found where two (2) bones meet
 Cartilage
 Surrounds the end on bone to prevent grinding upon another
bone
 Ligaments
 Tough band of tissue attaching one bone to another
 Tendons
 Thick bands of tissue connecting muscle to bone

33.  All on own page
 1. Find Labeled Diagram of Facial Bones
 2. Cranial Bones
 3. Vertebrae
 4. Upper Extremities
 5. Lower Ext
 6. Rib cage
 7. Pelvic Bones
 8. Hand
 9. Foot
 ------Next Slide----Choose and describe 5 Dz

34. Muscular system – bones and
muscles work together for
movement
Circulatory system and immune
system – all blood cells (red and
white) are made in the bone
marrow

36. The Muscular System
produces movement;
helps to circulate venous
blood, moves food
through digestive system

37.  Cardiac Muscle
 Makes up your heart, is
adapted to generate and
conduct electrical impulses
 Skeletal Muscle
(voluntary muscle)
 Attaches to and moves
bones
 Smooth Muscle
(involuntary muscle)
 Found on walls of internal
organs and blood vessels

38. Works closely with the:
skeletal system
Circulatory – brings O2 to
muscles and waste products
such as lactic acid away
Nervous – how muscles
contract

39.  1. Adduction-moving a body part toward midline
 2. Abduction-moving a body part away from the
midline
 3. Flexion-decreasing the angle between two bones,
bending a body part
 4. Extension-increasing the angle between two
bones, straightening a body part
 5. Rotation-turning a body part around its axis
 6. Circumduction-moving in a circle at a joint

40.  1. Muscular Dystrophy- a group of inherited diseases
that lead to chronic, progressive muscular atrophy.
(atrophy means shrinking of the muscle)
 2. Contracture-Severe tightening of a flexor muscle
resulting in bending (scrunching up) of a joint
 3. Muscle spasms-sudden, painful, involuntary
muscle contractions
 4. Strain-overstretching of or injury to a muscle
and/or tendon. S/S include myalgia, swelling, and
Limited movement. Tx: rest, ice, compression, and
elevation

42. The Nervous System
recognizes and coordinates
the body's response to
changes in its internal and
external environments

43.  Neurons (Nerve Cells)
 Basic unit of structure and
function of the nervous
system
 Long cell with 3 regions
1. Cell body
2. Dendrites
 Receive impulses and
deliver them to the cell
3. Axon
 Extension of the
neuron that carry
impulses away from the
cell

44.  Brain
 Control center
 Spinal Cord
 Central Nervous System
 Made up of the brain and
spinal cord and coordinates
your body’s activities
 Peripheral Nervous
System
 Made up of the nerves which
carry messages to and from
the central nervous system

45. The nervous system works
with many other systems, but
works closely with the:
Digestive system
Muscular system

46.  1. CVA –Cerebrovascular Accident- Stroke-Brain Attack.
Occurs when blood flow to the brain is impaired, resulting
in a lack of oxygen to brain tissues and destruction to
those tissues.
 A. Hemorrhagic- bursting forth of blood inside the
cranial cavity after a vessel has burst. Hypertension, drugs,
trauma
 B. Occlusive- blood clot within a small vessel inside the
brain-> tissue post clot isn’t receiving adequate
oxygenation.
 SS: Severe headache, ptosis-facial drooping usually one
sided, Slurred speech, loss of coordination.
 Tx: stop the bleeding or remove the clot, reverse the
excess pressure on the brain. Recovery varies by severity

48. The Integumentary System
is the barrier against
infections and injury;
regulates body
temperature; protects
against ultraviolet radiation

49.  Skin
 Epidermis: outermost layer of skin
 covers the surfaces of the body
 Dermis: inner layer of skin
 Contains blood vessels, nerve cells, hair follicles, sweat
and oil glands
 Hair, Skin and Nails
 Made up of Keratin
 Pigment of skin and hair
 Controlled by melanin
 Sweat
 Produced to help maintain homeostasis
 Oil Glands

50. The integumentary
contains blood vessels
and nerves

52. The Immune System helps
protect the body from
disease; collects fluid lost
from blood vessels and
return it to the circulatory
system

53. White Blood Cells
Thymus
Spleen
Lymph Vessels
Lymph Nodes

54. The immune system works
closely with the circulatory
system

56. The Endocrine System
controls growth,
development, and
metabolism; maintains
homeostasis

57.  Hypothalamus
 Part of the brain that the main
link between the endocrine
and nervous systems
 Pituitary
 The main gland of the
endocrine system. It is
stimulated by the
hypothalamus when changes
in homeostasis are detected
and produces chemicals and
stimulates other glands.

58. Thyroid
 Produces thyroxin, the
main growth and
metabolic hormone
 Also regulates calcium
levels in the blood
Parathyroid
 Regulates minerals by
producing PTH
(parathyroid hormone)

59.  Adrenal Glands
 Prepare the body for
stress by releasing
hormones
 epinephrine (adrenaline)
norephinephrine which
increases blood pressure
and heart rate
 called corticosteroids that
influence or regulate salt
and water balance in the
body

60.  Pancreas
 produces two important hormones
 insulin and glucagon: they work together to maintain
a steady level of glucose, or sugar, in the blood and to
keep the body supplied with fuel to produce and
maintain stores of energy
 Ovaries
 Secretes female sex hormones
 Testes
 Secretes male sex hormones

61. The endocrine system works
closely with the reproductive
system and the digestive
system. Several hormones
originate in the brain, part of
the nervous system.

63. The Reproductive System
produces reproductive
cells; in females nurtures
and protects developing
embryo

64. Males
 Penis
 Testes
 Site of sperm production
 Epididymis
 Where sperm mature
 Vas Deferens
 Duct where mature sperm are stored
before being transported to the urethra
 Urethra
 Transports sperm out of the male body

65. Females
 Ovaries
 Where eggs mature
 Fallopian Tubes
 Tube connecting ovaries to
the uterus
 Uterus
 Where a fetus develops
during pregnancy
 Vagina
 Canal leading to the uterus

66. The reproductive system works
most closely with the
endocrine system (hormones)