Nightside clouds and disequilibrium chemistry on the hot Jupiter WASP-43b
REVIEWER OF GRADE 6 FOR SECOND QUARTER PERIODICAL TEST
1. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Digestions – This process of breaking down food into nutrients for
the use of body cells.
Digestive System-is made up of groups of organs that work
together to digest food so the body can use it.
Mouth - - where digestion begins.
Teeth –cut the food into small pieces, the tongue helps the food
move into small pieces, and the tongue helps the food move in the
mouth while chewing.
Tongue – Helps push the food into the esophagus when
swallowing.
Saliva – it is the one that softens and moistens the food when
chewing.
Amylase - Enzymes that contain saliva that digest starch.
Esophagus – is a long straight muscular tube that connects the
mouth to the stomach.
Peristalsis – the squeezing movement of muscles.
Stomach – muscular baglike organ at the end of the esophagus.
Stomach – It secretes acid and enzymes to digest food and mixes it
with gastric juices through peristalsis until it becomes a thick, soupy
mixture.
Chyme – This is a thick, soupy mixture of partly digested food.
Small intestine – is a narrow-folded tube about 2.5 cm wide and 7m
long.
Liver – releases bile which is stored in the gall bladder.
Bile – helps digest fats.
Pancreas – releases pancreatic juices that help in the digestion of
carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
Vili- A tiny fingerlike projection in the lining of the intestinal wall
Large intestine – Where undigested food stays and is eliminated
through the anus.
Feces or stool – the solid waste.
Defecation or bowel Movement – The process of elimination of
solid waste by the body.
Rule of the teeth in digestion:
- Start of digestion process
- Adult has 32 permanent teeth: eight incisors, four canines,
eight premolars, and 12 molars.
- Food rich in calcium and vitamins C and D are good for your
teeth.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Respiratory System – The body system that helps you breathe.
When you breathe, you inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide.
Nose- Where breathing starts. About 20 times a minute you take in
air through the nose.
Nostrils- the two openings of the nose.
Nasal Cavities – A pair of cavities separated by septum.
Cilia – Filter and trap dust and dirt in the air and the mucus warm
and moisten the air that you breathe in.
Pharynx – is a tube about 13 cm long, found at the back of the
throat.
2. 2 Tubes of Pharynx
- Esophagus – leading to the stomach.
- Trachea – leading to the lungs.
Voice Box – contains vocal cords.
Larynx – is a boxlike structure.
The air passing over vocal cords may cause them to vibrate, thus
producing SOUNDS.
Trachea or windpipe – trap the dirt and dust and sweep them away
from the lungs by coughing or sneezing.
Bronchi or bronchial tubes – short tubes that direct air into the
right and left lungs.
Bronchioles – each bronchial tube branches into smaller tubes.
Alveoli – The bronchioles lead into tiny air sacs.
Capillaries – Tiny blood vessels that surround the alveolus.
Lungs – are the major organ of the Respiratory System.
THE RIGHT LUNGS ARE DIVIDED INTO 3 PARTS CALLED LOBES.
THE SMALLER LEFT LUNG IS DIVIDED INTO 2 LOBES.
Pleura – a thin membrane that surrounds the lungs.
Rib Cage – It is the one that protects the lungs.
There are 12 pairs of rib cage protecting the lungs.
The lungs have a spongelike quality and pinkish color.
Diaphragm – a dome-shaped muscle that works with your lungs to
allow you to breathe in and breathe out.
Diaphragm – separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity.
Diaphragm – It is the main muscle for breathing.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Circulatory or Cardiovascular System – considered as the main
transport system of the body. Like a network Highways that
connects all the organ.
MAJOR PARTS: HEART, BLOOD VESSELS, AND BLOOD
Apex- the lowest part of the heart
Heart – a specialized muscular organ located on the left side of the
chest.
Pericardium – a thin but very strong sac in the air that we breathe.
Atria – the receiving chambers
Ventricles – the pumping chambers
The main function of the heart is to pump blood to the lungs and
the body cells.
Heart pumps approximately 5 liters of blood per minute.
The heart beats between 60 – 100 times per minute.
The sound the heartbeat represents as lubb-dubb-pause-lubb-dubb
Stethoscope - the heartbeat can be heard using this instrument.
Blood Vessels – are like roadways of the body where blood passes
through.
Arteries – carry blood away from the heart to the body cells.
Aorta – biggest artery.
Arteriors – smaller artery.
3. Capillaries – have very thin walls that allow the food nutrients and
oxygen molecules to easily pass through.
Blood – protein-rich fluid circulating in the body.
Blood plasma – 55% of the blood. It also delivers the nutrients to
the cells.
Red Blood Cells RBCs- are tiny biconcave disks.
Erythrocytes - most abundant cells in the blood.
Hemoglobin – An iron-containing protein contains in blood vessels.
120 days – life span of red blood cells.
White blood Cells WBCs – or Leukocytes – are generally larger or
lesser than red blood cells.
Platelets or Thrombocytes – are the smallest element in the blood
that plays an important role in blood clotting.
Fibrin – Clotting protein.
Clot – jelly-like red mass.
Blood circulation- the movements of blood as it distributes food
and oxygen to the body cells and removes waste materials.
Pulmonary Circulation – the pathway of blood from the heart to the
lungs and back to the heart.
Systematic Circulation – The pathway of the blood from the heart of
the others parts of the body and back to the heart.
Pulmonary arteries – are the only arteries in the body that carry
oxygen-poor blood.
Blood picks up oxygen and gets rid of carbon dioxide.
Pulmonary veins- are the only veins that carry oxygen-rich blood.
Oxygen - burns the food nutrients in the cells and energy is
produced.
Coronary Circulation – It is responsible for the transport of Food
nutrients and oxygen to the muscle tissues of the heart.
Urine – The unwanted substances such as excess water, salt, urea
uric acid, and other chemicals.
Blood Pressure – it exerts force inside walls of the blood vessels.
Sphygmomanometer – measures the blood pressure.
Diastolic Pressure – is the low pressure of the heart that occurs
when it is relaxed.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Nervous System – is the control system of the whole body.
Two divisions: CNS or Central Nervous System and PNS Peripheral
Nervous System.
CNS or Central Nervous System – is made up of brain and spinal
cords which process all incoming and outgoing messages in the
body.
PNS or Peripheral Nervous System – consist of cranial nerves and
spinal nerves.
Cranial nerves – are 12 pairs of nerves. these nerves are associated
with motor and sensory functions.
Spinal Nerves – are 31 pairs of nerves. This supply communication
links between the central nervous system and the neck, trunks,
arms, and legs.
Neuron –nerve cells that serve as the functional unit of the nervous
system.
Cell Body – is the enlarged portion that contains the nucleus.
4. Dendrites – Receive information from the other cells.
Axon – Conducts nerve signals away from the body.
Synapse – the gap between axon and dendrite.
Neurotransmitter – allows nerve impulses to transfer to the next
cells.
Receptors – carry sensation from the outer part of the body to the
central nervous system.
Stimulus- anything that receptors of the sense organs collect from
the environment.
Impulse – the electrical messages that pass through the neurons.
Sensory Nerve – A bunch of neurons bundled together.
Brain - the largest organ in the nervous system.
Cerebrospinal fluid (csf) – acts as a shock absorber to help prevent
injury.
Cerebrum – The largest part of the brain
Cerebellum- small cauliflower-like structure is the second largest
part of the brain.
Medulla oblongata – It relays information between the spinal cord
and the brain.
Midbrain- act as a cellular switch board to keep the different areas
of the brain communicating continuously.
Hypothalamus- regulates body function such as thirst and hunger.
Pons – specialized bond of nerve fibers that connect midbrain with
oblongata.
Spinal cord – made up of nerve fibers that carry information to and
from the brain.
Spinal cord – information highway of the central nervous system.
Vertebrates- bones that protect spinal cords.
Hormones – chemical substances produced by the body that
influence and regulate body activities.
Pituitary glands- is the main endocrine gland that is located at the
base of the brain.
Reflex action – a quick response that you cannot control.