The document provides an overview of human anatomy and physiology, describing the following key points: 1. Anatomy is the study of the structure and relationship between body parts, while physiology is the study of how the body and its parts function. 2. The human body is composed of several levels of organization from atoms to organ systems. 3. The major organ systems include the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems. 4. All organ systems work together to carry out essential life functions like maintaining homeostasis.

1. Chapter 1: Body Orientation & Anatomical Terminology Human Anatomy & Physiology S. Franklin-Jones

2. Anatomy the study of structure and shape of the body and body parts and their relationships to one another Gross anatomy- study of large body structures. Heart, bones Microscopic anatomy- study of small body structures Cells and tissue Anatomy

3. Physiology the study of how the body and its parts work or function Neurophysiology- explains working of the nervous system Cardiac physiology- studies the function of the heart Physiology

4. Levels of Organization Atoms: tiny building blocks of matter Cells: the smallest units of all living things Tissues: groups of similar cells that have a common function, ex. muscle, nerves Organ: a structure composed of two or more tissue types that perform a specific function for the body, ex. brain Organ System: a group of organs that cooperate to accomplish a common function, ex. Circulatory System Organism: all organ systems that make up living body

5. Integumentary: skin Waterproof, cushions, protection Regulation of temperature Temperature, pressure, and pain receptors

6. Skeletal bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints Supports body and allows for movement Protection of organs Formation of blood cells and storage of minerals

7. Muscular only one function, to contract or shorten

8. Nervous brain, spinal cord, and sensory receptors Detect stimuli and respond to it by activating the appropriate muscles or glands the body’s fast-acting control system nerve impulses- electrical signals central nerve system- brain and spinal cord receives and responds

9. Endocrine produce hormones to control body activities Hormones- chemical molecules produced by endocrine glands The endocrine glands: Pituitary Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenals Thymus Pancreas Pineal Ovaries and testes Growth, reproduction, and food use by cells are controlled by hormones.

10. Circulatory includes the cardiovascular and lymphatic Cardiovascular System- distributes blood to all the parts of the body Includes the heart and the blood vessels Carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other substances White blood cells help to protect the body for toxins, bacteria, and tumor cells Lymphatic System- consists of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphoid organ and tissues Lymphatic vessels returns the fluid leaked from the blood back to the blood vessels so blood can keep circulating Lymph nodes and lymphoid organs help cleanse the blood and house cells involved with immunity Transport and delivery system Protect the body from foreign invaders

11. Respiratory nose -> lungs Keep body constantly supplied with oxygen Remove carbon dioxide Consists of: nasal passages pharynx larynx trachea bronchi lungs

12. Digestive tube running from the mouth to the anus Break down food and disperse food particles to cells Removal of undigested food Consists of: oral cavity esophagus stomach small and large intestines rectum

13. Urinary removes all nitrogen containing wastes from the blood and flushes them from the body as urine - Consists of: Kidneys Ureters Bladder Urethra

14. Reproductive produce offspring and sex hormones Male organs Testes: produces sperm Scrotum Penis Accessory glands Duct system: carries sperm outside the body Female organs Ovaries: produce eggs Uterine tubes Uterus: provides site for development of the fetus Vagina

15. Necessary Life Functions Maintaining Boundaries: inside distinct from outside Movement: provided by muscular and skeletal systems Responsiveness (irritability): ability to sense changes in your environment and respond to them Digestion: breaking down food and delivering to cells Metabolism: all chemical reactions that occur in cells Excretion: removing wastes from body Reproduction: formation of offspring Growth: increase in size (increase in cell #)

16. Survival Needs What the body needs to function properly Water 60 to 80% of body weight Oxygen 20% of the air we breathe is oxygen Food Nutrients is what the body takes in through food Contains chemicals for cell building Carbohydrates are the major energy providing fuel for body cells Appropriate temperature and pressure Around 37◦C (97 ◦F)

17. Homeostasis the body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is continuously changing

18. Anatomical Terms Anatomical Position: standing straight with the feet together and the arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing forward

19. Anatomical Terms: Directional Superior (towards head) vs. Inferior (away from head) Anterior (front of body) vs. Posterior (back of body) Medial (midline) vs. Lateral (away from midline) Proximal (close to origin) vs. Distal (far from origin) Superficial (body surface) vs. Deep (internal)

20. Anatomical Terms: Body Planes Sagittal Section: longitudinal cut, divides right/left Frontal Section: divides into anterior vs. posterior Transverse: horizontal cut, divides superior/inferior

21. Anatomical Terms: Body Landmarks Abdominal Patellar: knee Antecubital: elbow Pubic: genital Axillary: armpit Thoracic: chest Brachial: arm Umbilical: navel Buccal: cheek Deltoid: shoulder Cervical: neck Gluteal: butt Digital: fingers, toes Lumbar: lower back Femoral: thigh Occipital: back of head Inguinal: groin Popliteal: knee Oral: mouth Scapular:shoulder blade Orbital:eyes Sural: calf

22. Body Cavities: Dorsal Cranial: the space inside the skull Spinal: extends from cranial cavity and continues down the vertebral column

23. Body Cavities: Ventral Thoracic: lungs, heart, rib cage, separated via the diaphragm from the abdominal cavity Abdominal: stomach, liver, intestines, etc. Pelvic: reproductive organs, bladder, rectum

24. Body Cavities Quadrants vs. Regions of the Abdominopelvic Cavity Right Upper Quadrant: Liver Left Upper Quadrant: Liver, stomach Right Lower Quadrant:Large and small intestine, right ovary Lower Left Quadrant: Large and small intestine, left ovary Right Hypochondriac Epigastric Left Hypochondriac Right Lumbar Umbilical Left Lumbar Right iliac Hypogastric Left Iliac