This presentation was given by Dr. Avishek Bhattacharjee in Botanical Nomenclature Course held in Botanical Survey of India, Eastern Regional Centre, Shillong in November 2016. This may be helpful to the undergraduate and post graduate Botany students to understand different types of taxonomic literature, especially Flora, Revision and Monograph.
This presentation was given by Dr. Avishek Bhattacharjee in Botanical Nomenclature Course held in Botanical Survey of India, Eastern Regional Centre, Shillong in November 2016. This may be helpful to the undergraduate and post graduate Botany students to understand different types of taxonomic literature, especially Flora, Revision and Monograph.
1.plant systematic
levels of taxonomy
specie
specie concept
phases of taxonomy
components of taxonomy
2.palynological evidence
2. taxonomical evidence
3. chemotaxonomy
Angiosperms are the flowering plants also known as Magnoliophyta. The botanical term "Angiosperm" meaning ‘bottle or vessel’ is derived from the ancient Greek. These are the most diverse group of land plants. Angiosperms are seed-producing plants and the distinguished features of angiosperms over gymnosperms are angiosperms bear flowers, endosperm within the seeds and the production of fruits that contain the seed. According to the botanists the flowering plants diversified and widespread 120 million years ago. The classification of the flowering plants also has a long history.
In the past, classification systems were typically produced by an individual botanist or by a small group resulting large number of systems. Different systems and their updates were generally favored in different countries. Bentham and Hooker’s system was popular in the Britain and the Engler’s system was famous in the Europe etc. These systems were introduced before the availability of genetic evidences and angiosperms were classified using their morphology and biochemistry. After the 1980’s genetic evidences were available and phylogenetic methods came into the classification procedures.
In the late 1990s, an informal group of researchers from major institutions worldwide came together and they established the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). The objective was to provide a widely accepted and more stable point of reference for angiosperm classification. APG I was published in 1998 as their first attempt in Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. The initial 1998 paper by the APG made angiosperms the first large group of organisms to be systematically re-classified primarily on the basis of genetic characteristics. The group emphasized the need for a classification system for angiosperms at the level of families, orders and above. The existed systems are rejected is because they are not phylogenetically classified. The outline of a phylogenetic tree of all flowering plants became established and several well supported major clades involving many families of flowering plants were identified. The new knowledge of phylogeny revealed relationships in conflict with the then widely used modern classifications.
The principles of APG system are retaining the Linnean system of orders and families, Use of monophyletic groups (Consist of all descendants of a common ancestor), taking a broad approach to defining the limits of groups such as orders and families and use of term ‘clades’ above or parallel to the level of orders and families. A major outcome of the classification is the disappearance of the traditional division of the flowering plants into two groups, which are monocots and dicots.
Even though there are several controversies about APG the botanists worldwide are influenced by the concept and are currently practice the system.
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification
APG I
APG II
APG III
APG IV
Molecular Based system
features and organization
Merits and demerits
Difference in APG system.
evidences of anatomy, cytology and chemistry to plant taxonomynasira jaffry
taxonomy is based on other disciplines of sciences. in this presentation, there is discussion how anatomy, cytology and chemistry influnces the taxonomy
This PPT explains about the various methods and steps of preparation of herbarium specimens. It also describes the various functions performed by herbaria and the various major herbaria of world as well as in India.
This presentation has been designed to give the foundation of taxonomy in general and Plant Taxonomy in particular as a matter of pleasure to explore the diversity of the plant world.
1.plant systematic
levels of taxonomy
specie
specie concept
phases of taxonomy
components of taxonomy
2.palynological evidence
2. taxonomical evidence
3. chemotaxonomy
Angiosperms are the flowering plants also known as Magnoliophyta. The botanical term "Angiosperm" meaning ‘bottle or vessel’ is derived from the ancient Greek. These are the most diverse group of land plants. Angiosperms are seed-producing plants and the distinguished features of angiosperms over gymnosperms are angiosperms bear flowers, endosperm within the seeds and the production of fruits that contain the seed. According to the botanists the flowering plants diversified and widespread 120 million years ago. The classification of the flowering plants also has a long history.
In the past, classification systems were typically produced by an individual botanist or by a small group resulting large number of systems. Different systems and their updates were generally favored in different countries. Bentham and Hooker’s system was popular in the Britain and the Engler’s system was famous in the Europe etc. These systems were introduced before the availability of genetic evidences and angiosperms were classified using their morphology and biochemistry. After the 1980’s genetic evidences were available and phylogenetic methods came into the classification procedures.
In the late 1990s, an informal group of researchers from major institutions worldwide came together and they established the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). The objective was to provide a widely accepted and more stable point of reference for angiosperm classification. APG I was published in 1998 as their first attempt in Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. The initial 1998 paper by the APG made angiosperms the first large group of organisms to be systematically re-classified primarily on the basis of genetic characteristics. The group emphasized the need for a classification system for angiosperms at the level of families, orders and above. The existed systems are rejected is because they are not phylogenetically classified. The outline of a phylogenetic tree of all flowering plants became established and several well supported major clades involving many families of flowering plants were identified. The new knowledge of phylogeny revealed relationships in conflict with the then widely used modern classifications.
The principles of APG system are retaining the Linnean system of orders and families, Use of monophyletic groups (Consist of all descendants of a common ancestor), taking a broad approach to defining the limits of groups such as orders and families and use of term ‘clades’ above or parallel to the level of orders and families. A major outcome of the classification is the disappearance of the traditional division of the flowering plants into two groups, which are monocots and dicots.
Even though there are several controversies about APG the botanists worldwide are influenced by the concept and are currently practice the system.
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification
APG I
APG II
APG III
APG IV
Molecular Based system
features and organization
Merits and demerits
Difference in APG system.
evidences of anatomy, cytology and chemistry to plant taxonomynasira jaffry
taxonomy is based on other disciplines of sciences. in this presentation, there is discussion how anatomy, cytology and chemistry influnces the taxonomy
This PPT explains about the various methods and steps of preparation of herbarium specimens. It also describes the various functions performed by herbaria and the various major herbaria of world as well as in India.
This presentation has been designed to give the foundation of taxonomy in general and Plant Taxonomy in particular as a matter of pleasure to explore the diversity of the plant world.
The topic of Discussion is the Process of Classification, Identification & Nomenclature of an organism based upon their similarities and placing them under a common taxa. The rules of Nomenclature and Taxonomy.
Each organism in this world, whether it is a plant, an animal or a microorganism, is unique in itself. This uniqueness of individuals forms the basis of the diversity among the living organisms.
This presentation explores diversity in organisms. How are they classified and how are they studied.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
This presentation intends to explore the communication of the cell within and others for sustainability along the regulation mechanisms by the cellular neural networks and others to sing the song of the life.
Bioenergetics is an important domain in biology. This presentation has explored ATP production and its optimum utilization in biological systems along with certain theories and experiments to give a bird's eye view of this important issue.
This presentation offers the bird's eye view of the cell as the basic structural and functional unit of life. It also addresses the origin of eukaryotic cells from the prokaryotic cell by the endosymbiotic theory.
This presentation has been intended to offer a bird's eye view about the phylogenetic classification of the plant kingdom in general and the Engler and Prantl system in particular with merits and demerits.
This PPT has been made to explore the plant classification in general and the classification as made by Bentham & Hooker for the classification of the flowering plants. It also offers the history of plant classification along with the merits and demerits of this aforesaid classification.
Energy and the biological systems are joined together and no biological world is almost impossible without ATP. This study material intends to explore the beauty of ATP to drive different biological processes.
This PPT offers a bird's eye view of ICBN and its different rules along with regulations for the naming of plants. It also highlights the history of IBC and its contribution to plant taxonomy.
This presentation intends to offer the basic features of plant metabolism along with the different types of mechanisms to regulate and control the metabolic pathways.
Sex and sexuality are very common words in biology but para-sexuality is a little bit uncommon, several organisms in general and fungi in particular have the pleasure of sexuality to bring variations by beside sex. This PPT explores the beauty of para-sexuality for the academic fraternity.
Sex life in fungi is not less fascinating than in other organisms. Heterosexuality is a matter of pleasure to explore the diversity of sex in fungi along with its cause and consequences. You can find a pleasure to go through the content.
This PowerPoint wants to explore the bird's eye view of the reproduction of bacteria in general and the genetic recombination of bacteria in particular.
This presentation gives the bird's eye view of bacterial nutrition along with some other issues required to understand bacterial diversity as far as nutrition is concerned.
This presentation explores the food value of mushrooms along with the long-term and short-term storage procedures. It also offers a detailed account of the nutrients that remain present in the edible mushrooms.
If you want to explore the role of Cyanobacteria in soil fertility in general & Azolla-Anabena association in particular, you can visit this PowerPoint Presentation.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
3. TAXONOMY
• Taxonomy is the science that explores, describes, names, and classifies all
organisms. In this introductory slide, I will highlight the major steps in the
elaboration of this science that provides baseline data for all fields of biology and
plays a vital role for society but is also an independent, complex, and sound
hypothesis-driven scientific discipline.
• Plant taxonomy is the science that finds, describes, identifies, classifies, and
names plants. The term Systematics is applied to the study or description of
variations among organisms in order to formulate a classification system.
Organisms thus arranged into groups enable a large population to be categorised
and understood. Plant taxonomy or Sytematics has undergone through four major
approaches of study. These could be summarized as: 1) Pioneer or Alpha: This
phase was early periods that involved explorations and discovery of new plants.
2) Consolidation: In this phase, the large amount of data collected was organised
to understand classification.
5. WHAT IS TAXONOMY
• 3)Synthesis: During this phase, the consolidated data and adequate plant material
collected was classified principally based on morphological characters. It attained
its peak by late 1800’s and to some extent still continues. 4) Experimental: Using
different scientific tools and modern technology, the vast amount of collected
data interpreted in evolutionary or phylogenetic terms is being currently analysed.
This phase is still evolving.
• OBJECTIVES
• i) to provide a convenient method for identification and communication;
• ii) to produce a coherent and universal system of classification;
• iii) to provide a single Latin “scientific” name to every plant and groups of plants
in the world, both living and fossil.
• iv) to maintain inventory of the world flora; and
• v) to demonstrate the evolutionary implications of plant diversity; There are
four important steps in taxonomy:
7. STEPS OF TAXONOMY
• There are four important steps in taxonomy: 1. CHARACTERISATION 2.
IDENTIFICATION 3. CLASSIFICATION 4. NOMENCLATURE
• These are the primary activities of a taxonomist. Characterisation is the basic
requirement for understanding the different parts of the organism. It is thus a
description of the characters. By comparing the characters of two or more
organisms, it becomes possible to differentiate them. This leads to identification.
When two or more organisms have been differentiated (identified) by their
characters, it becomes necessary to group them into categories. This is essentially
what taxonomists do when they classify organisms. Once the identified
organisms have been classified, it becomes necessary to name them. Thus the
process of taxonomy is a logical sequence of knowing (1) the characters of the
organisms; (2) identifying them on the basis of an understanding of their
characters; (3) classifying them into groups; and (4) providing them name
9. IDENTIFICATION
• It is the determination of the group to which a specimen belongs.The process usually
includes a direct compariszonof an unkown specimen with the already classified,
circumscribed, and named taxa.The process includes the use of keys-of various types,
computer based methods and variety of polyclave species.It is done by the following
methods:
• i. The determination of the similarities and differences between two specimens,
• ii.The direct comparison of the features of a specimen in hand with those in keys in order
to arrive at a name,
• iii.he assignment of an unidentified taxon to a correct class in an established system of
classification,
• iv. The determination of a name for a particular specimen in relation to an established
system of classification,
• Mostly the morphological characters along with anatomy, phytochemistry, cytology,
palenology and molecular data are involved for the proper identification of the unknown
spercimen.
11. NOMENCLATURE
• Nomenclature is a very important constituent of plant taxonomy. It can be defined
as the system of naming an object particularly that of biological origin. We are
aware that man has been interested in plants since prehistoric times. The plants
have been given names by tribes in their own languages. These are called
common or vernacular names.
• Arrangement of definite names to plants is called nomenclature & it involves the
principles governed by rules formulated and adopted by ICBN listed frormally in
a code .The major goal of ICBN is to provide one correct name for each taxon-
the unit of taxonomy.
• Although a number of rules are addressed in the nomenclature of plants but the
binomial system is based on C. Linnaeus(1707-1778), the swidish naturalist in
the first edition-Species Plantarum.The name comprises two parts-
• Generic name & Specific epithet following some rules.
• e.g. Oryza sativa L. of Rice
13. CLASSIFICATION
• Classification always follows identification. Thus when two or more groups of plants
have been differentiated (identified) from their characters, it becomes necessary to
recognize their relationships. This leads to placing the groups in defined categories. The
end result of this leads to the synthesis of a system of classification.
• Kingdom : Plantae Division : Magnoliophyta Class : Asteropsida Order : Asterales
Family : Asteraceae Genus : Helianthus Species : annuusClassification is the
arrangement of organisms into groups having common characteristics. These groups are
then arranged according to a system. For example similar species of flowering plants are
placed into a genus (plural, genera); similar genera are grouped into families; families
with common features are arranged into orders, orders into classes and classes into
divisions. Classification results in the placing of organisms into a hierarchy of ranks or
categories such as species, genera, and families and so on.Indeed, classification is both,
an information storage and retrieval system without which scientific communication
would be impossible.
15. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
• Google for images
• Advanced Plant Taxonomy by A. K. Mondal
• A text book of Botany- Hait, Bhattacharya & Ghosh
• Plant Taxonomy –O. P. Sharma
• This presentation has been developed for the enrichment of online learning without
any financial interest. The author is grateful for all for having the pleasure of uses of
the content used in this presentation.