I Mr. Omkar B. Tipugade, Assistant Professor, Genesis Institute of Pharmacy. Here I share notes on basic concept of microbiology and classification of microorganism and also the some basic concept of Epidemiology. Points are cover as per diploma pharmacy syllabus. Other stream students like science, nursing other medical students can also use notes. Thanking You.

1. INTRODUCTION TO
MICROBIOLOGY AND
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Social Pharmacy (20115)
Mr. Omkar B. Tipugade
M-Pharm (Pharmaceutics)
Genesis Institute of Pharmacy, Radhanagari.
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2. DEFINITION OF MICROBIOLOGY:
 Microbiology is the branch of science that deals with microscopic
organism and their interaction with other microscopic and macroscopic
organism.
 Microbiology also deals with the structure, function, classification of
such organisms, along with exploiting and controlling their activates.
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3. WHAT IS MICROBIOLOGY:
 Study of different microorganism.
 Can be bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungus.
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4. WHAT IS MICROORGANISM:
 Microorganism are tiny microscopic organisms that are too small to be
seen with naked eyes and thus, can only be seen with a microscope.
E,g. bacteria, fungi, protozoa and virus.
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5.  Classification of Microbes:
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Microorganism
Eukaryotes
Alage Fungi Protista
Prokaryotes
Bacteria

6. Characteristics Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Definition Prokaryotes are
organisms whose cells
lack a nucleus and other
organelles.
Eukaryotes are organisms
whose cells have a nucleus
enclosed within a nuclear
envelope.
Example Bacteria Fungi, plant, animal
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7. Characteristics Function Eukaryotes Prokaryotes
Nucleus Present Absent
Cell Size Large (10-100
Micrometers)
Small (less than
a micrometer to
5 micrometer)
Organism Type Multicellular Unicellular
Chromosomes Threadlike part
of the cell
that carries
hereditary
information in
the form of
genes
More than one One long single
loop of DNA and
plasmids
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8. Ribosomes help in protein
synthesis
Large Small
Growth rate Slower Faster
Plasma
membrane
separates the
interior of the cell
from the outside
environment
Present Present
Cytoplasm responsible for
holding the
components of
the cell and
protects them
from damage.
Present Present
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9. BACTERIA
 Bacteria are present everywhere –in animals, water , air and soil.
 Very small microorganism.
 Unicellular organisms
 Prokaryotics because they not have a nucleus.
 Size: 0.2 to 1.5μ in diameter or thickness and 3 to 14 μ in length.
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10.  Classification of bacteria (depending upon shapes)
Cocci: - These are spherical or oval cells.
- 1μm in diameter.
Bacilli:- rod-shaped bacteria.
-1 to 8 μm length & 0.1 to 0.5 μm width
Spirochaetes: These are relatively
longer, slender, non—branched
microorganisms of spiral shape
having several coils.
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11. Vibrios:- curved rod-shaped bacterial cells, having
comma like appearance.
- 3 to 4 μm
 Mycoplasma:- These bacteria lack in rigid
cells wall (cell wall lacking) and are
highly pleomorphic and off indefinite
shape.
- They occur in round or oval bodies &
in interlacing filaments.
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12.  Depending upon their characteristic arrangements, Cocci may further be
sub classified as:
i. Diplococci: When the cocci appear in pair.
ii. Streptococci: when the cocci are arranged in chain.
iii. Tetracocci: when cocci live in group of four.
iv. Staphylococci: when the cocci are arranged in cluster like bunch of grapes.
v. Sarcinae: Sarcinae cells divide in three planes in a regular pattern. These cells
produce a cuboidal arrangement of group of an eight cells.
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13. ALGAE
 Also called cynobacteria or blue green algae.
 Unicellular or in some cases multicellular eukaryotes, are aggregates of similar
cells.
 Found in aquatic environments or in damp soil.
 Contain chlorophyll and thus capable of photosynthesis.
 Length varies from 1.0 μm to many feet.
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14. FUNGI:
 Fungi are eukaryotic protists
 Unable to prepare their food
 Have rigid cell wall containing polysacharides
 Nuclei contain nuclear membrane and paired chromosomes.
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15. RICKETTSIA
 Simple, unicellular, gram negative, obligate intracellular parasites that can
grow only in living tissue.
 Rod shaped, spherical or pleomorphic in shape, with a varying size between
0.3 – 0.6 μ * 0.8 -2.0 μ.
 Found in arthropods.
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16. VIRUSES
 Size : 20nm to 300nm.
 Vary in shape but they are mostly roughly spherical and some are irregular and
pleomorphic.
 They posses either DNA or RNA, but never both
 Heat labile.
 All forms of life, animal , plant and even bacterial, are susceptible to infection
by viruses.
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17.  Virus particles consist of genetic material, either RNA or DNA , surrounded by
a protein coat, known as capsid.
 The capsid is composed of a large number of subunit , known as the
capsomeres.
 The capsid protects viral genes from adverse environmental factor.
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18. EPIDEMIOLOGY DEFINITION:
 Epidemiology is derived from Greek word “epidemic”.
EPI : up on DEMOS: people
LOGOS : study
 Epidemiology means the study of disease in human population.
 Epidemiology is defined as the study (scientific, systematic, and data-driven)
of the distribution (frequency, pattern) and determinants (causes, risk
factors) of health related states or events in specified populations
(neighborhood, school, city, state, country, global) and the application of this
study to control the health problems.
 Epidemiological information is used to plan and evaluate strategies to prevent
illness and as a guide to the management of patients in whom disease has
already developed.
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19. APPLICATION:
 To make a community diagnosis. Epidemiology helps to identify and describe
health problems in a community (e.g. the prevalence of anemia or the nutrition
status of children).
 To monitor continuously over a period of time the change of health in a
community. ( e.g. the effect of a vaccination program, health education,
nutritional supplementation).
 To practice surveillance for a specific disease in order to be able to act quickly
and so cut short any outbreak.
 To investigate an outbreak of a communicable disease, analyze the reason for
it, plan a feasible remedy and carry it out and monitor the effect of the remedy
on the outbreak.
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20.  To plan effective health service. Effective service, intervention and
remedies all depends on accurate data.
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21. TERMS
 EPIDEMIC: affecting or tending to affect a disproportionately large
number of individual within a population, community or region at the
same time or an outbreak of disease that spreads quickly and affect
many individuals at the same time an outbreak of epidemic.
 ENDMIC: something is endemic if it is found in a particular geographic
area, population or region. An endemic disease is constantly present is
an particular area. E.g. AIDS is endemic in parts of Africa.
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22.  PANDMIC: used to illustrate the quick spread of transmissible
infections over worldwide. Epidemic becomes worldwide and affect a
large percent of the population it becomes known as a pandemic.
 ISOLATION: separates sick people with a contagious disease from
people who are not sick.
 QUARANTINE: separates and restricts the movements of people who
were exposed to a contagious disease to see if they become sick.
 INCUBATION PERIOD: The time taken by the symptoms to first appear
on an infected individual. The incubation time for COVID-19 ranges
from 1-14 days, most commonly being around 5 days.
 CONTACT TRACING: the process of attempting to identify people who
have recently been in contact with someone diagnosed with an
infectious disease, especially in order to treat or quarantine them.
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23. MODE OF TRANSMISSION:
A mode of transmission is the movement or the transmission of
pathogens from a reservoir to a liable multitude. Transmission can be by
direct or indirect contact or throughout airborne transmission.
Direct Contact is person to person transmission of pathogens throughout
touching, bitting and sexual interaction. Microorganism can also be
excluded from the body by coughing, sneezing and talking. The organism
move in droplets is inhaled by a vulnerable host.
Indirect Contact include together vehicle borne and vector borne contact.
A vehicles is a non-living soother and mediator among the entrance of exit
from the reservoir and the entry to the host. E.g. handkerchiefs and
surgical instruments and dressings.
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24. Thanking You !
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