In this PPT slides you will come to know about the different kinds of pest which is infesting in WHEAT plant. And also you will come to know about their management practices and also you will have an knowledge about some common chemicals which is being uses to eradicate the pests/diseases infesting in wheat plant.
Introduction to phylum Kinorhyncha
Introduction to phylum Nematoda
Characteristics of phylum Nematoda
Locomotion in Nematodes
External and Internal features
Feeding and Digestive systems
Reproduction and development in Nematodes
Some other organ systems
Presentation
Best of Luck
In this PPT slides you will come to know about the different kinds of pest which is infesting in WHEAT plant. And also you will come to know about their management practices and also you will have an knowledge about some common chemicals which is being uses to eradicate the pests/diseases infesting in wheat plant.
Introduction to phylum Kinorhyncha
Introduction to phylum Nematoda
Characteristics of phylum Nematoda
Locomotion in Nematodes
External and Internal features
Feeding and Digestive systems
Reproduction and development in Nematodes
Some other organ systems
Presentation
Best of Luck
host parasite relationship of nematode.pptxASNIANSAR
this includes the different host parasite relationship between nematodes. this ppt covers all the major nematodes and their relationship between the particular host. life cycle of different nematode is also included here. pictorial representation of the different types of nematode adds clarity for reader.
Biological Classification
This ppt shows the details of biological classification. it gives a brief idea about the five kingdom classification with a detailed description of kingdoms monera, protista and fungi. a detailed description of viruses, viroids, prions and lichens have also been given....
For more details visit my youtube channel: (VIHIRA ACADEMY)
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCxo06Nj-QWo_7SNvMyDnJCQ?view_as=subscriber
Described about general characters of fungi which include sexual and asexual reproduction with diagram, so it will be easy for undergraduates to understand the various concepts
Organisms with hidden form of reproduction or reproductive structure. This presentation provide a comprehensive knowledge on such organisms thereby aiding to clearly distinguish them from the Phanerogams, which are organisms with and identifiable form of reproduction or their reproductive structures are identifiable.
They have distinct cell nuclei and membrane-bound organelles which allow for compartmentalization and dedication of specific areas of the cell for specific functions.
Plays a very important role in the phylogeny of all eukaryotes.
They serve as the stem group for the fungi, plants, and animals.
Major groups within this kingdom include the algae, euglenoids, ciliates, protozoans and flagellates.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
3. Page 3
Introduction
• Nematodes are a diverse group of worm-like animals.
• They live virtually in every environment, both as parasites
and as free-living organisms.
• They are minute generally thus visible only under
microscope.
• Nematodes cause significant damage on crops leading to
huge yield losses.
4. Page 4
Appearance and structure
• Plant parasitic nematodes are thread-like worms ranging
from 0.25mm to >1.0mm long through some grow up to
4.0mm.
• Nematodes vary in shape and sizes through most are
known to taper towards the head and tail.
• Females of some species are known to lose the worm-like
shape as they mature and become enlarged taking a
pear, lemon or kidney shape or spherical as adults.
• Nematodes have circulatory, respiratory and digestive
system like all animals.
5. Page 5
Appearance and structure
• Plant parasitic nematodes differ
from nematodes which feed on
bacteria and fungi in that they
have a specialized feeding
structure, a spear or stylet.
• They use this stylet to inject
enzymes into plant cells and tissue
and then extract content in a
similar way that aphids feed on
plant.
6. Page 6
Appearance and structure
• The stylet is connected to the pharynx that, in turn, is
connected to the intestine.
• The intestine ends at the rectum in the female nematode
and the cloaca in the male.
• Attached to the pharynx are three - five salivary glands
which produce secretions that may be emitted from the
stylet and that assist the nematode in plant invasion and
parasitism.
7. Page 7
Appearance and structure
• The pharynx is a muscular specialize area that can
contact and expand the esophageal lining.
• The expansions and contraction of the pharynx muscles
allow the nematode to pump food into the intestine
through its stylet or eject secretion fro its salivary glands
into and around plant cells.
8. Page 8
Appearance and structure
• They have an outer skin or cuticle that is secreted from an
inner hypodermis.
• The muscles are attached longitudinally to the
nematode’s hypodermis, allowing them to move only in
the dorsal ventral direction (snake-like movement).
• Inside the nematode there is an inner tube, the alimentary
canal, which runs inside the nematode from head to tail.
9. Page 9
Appearance and structure
• Between the alimentary canal and the body wall is fluid
that provides pressure against the wall to maintain body
shape and allow movement.
• In the middle to posterior of the nematode are the
reproductive organs (vulva and spicule).
• Nematode species often have both males and females,
but it is not uncommon for plant nematodes to reproduce
asexually by parthenogenesis.
10. Page 10
Appearance and structure
• The number of ovaries and position of vulva in female
vary.
• Male nematodes have one or two testes and they are
easily identified by the presence of spicules.
11. Page 11
Appearance and structure
• Nematodes are triploblastic,
containing three body layers
(ectoderm, mesoderm and
endoderm) in the embryo.
• Nematodes have a body
cavity that is not totally
surrounded by mesoderm, so
they are pseudocoelomic.
12. Page 12
Structure and types of stylets
• Nematodes have different stylets for which they use to
obtain nutrients from their food sources.
• There are two types of stylets namely:
Stomato stylet- This is divided into 3 the knobs, shaft and
cone plus a guiding ring in between the shaft and cone.
Odonto stylet – This has also the 3 parts knob shaft and
cone.
13. Page 13
Stomato stylet
The shaft and cone are
separated by a guiding ring
and restricts fluid movement
from the nematode to the host
the nematode feeds on. The
knobs are larger compared to
those of odonto stylet.
E.g. Tylenchulus
14. Page 14
Odonto stylet
• These stylets lack the guiding
ring between the shaft and
cone and thus the nematode
fluids are able to flow into the
target host and thus able to
transmit diseases e.g. plant
viruses
• E.g. Xiphinema
15. Page 15
Life cycle
• A nematode life cycle
is divided into 6
stages namely: the
egg, 4 juvenile stages
and adult.
• Duration of the stages
differ in different
species and also
depending on factors
such as temperature,
moisture and plant
host.
16. Page 16
Cont..
• Nematodes are evolutionarily related to insects, and one
feature they have in common is the requirement to molt
between juvenile stages.
• All nematodes undergo four molts from the juvenile to the
adult phase of their life cycle.
• They have four juvenile stages and an adult stage.
• In many nematodes the first molt usually occurs in the
egg and it is the second-stage juvenile that hatches.
17. Page 17
Life cycle
• Under favourable conditions in the tropics many species
have relatively short life cycles.
• This leads to several generations per each season thus
rapid population build up.
• Nematodes are known to survive unfavorable conditions
such as dry season or cold winter in cyst form.
• Different species are known to survive best at different
stages e.g. Heterodera species survive best as egg
encapsulated with cyst, Anguina species as second stage
juvenile etc.
18. Page 18
Nematode types
• Nematodes can be separated into 2:
Aerial parasites i.e those which feed on above ground
parts of plant.
Root and tuber parasites i.e those which feed on below
ground plant parts.
• Nematodes can also be grouped by their feeding behavior
and motility as follows:
Migratory endoparasitic nematodes
Sedentary endoparasites nematodes
Ectoparasitic nematodes
19. Page 19
Ectoparasites
• Ectoparasites feed from root tissue by inserting their stylet
from outside the root .
• The group consists of several morphologically divergent
families that have evolved different feeding strategies.
• As a rule, species that have a short stylet feed on
epidermal cells e.g. Tylenchorhychus dubius and those
with long stylets feed on deeper tissues e.g.
Belonolaimus, and Dolichodorus spp. Ectoparasites are
either migratory or sedentary.
20. Page 20
Ectoparasitic nematodes
• These nematodes feed on the
plant from the outside of the
plant.
• They feed externally on surface
of the plant usually on root hairs
or cortical tissue.
• Often found in high densities
though do not pose a problem.
• They however cause serious
damage if the plant is suffering
abiotic or biotic stresses such as
fungal attach or low water
availability.
22. Page 22
Ectoparasitic nematodes
• It has been found that some ectoparasitic nematodes
transmit plant virus e.g. Longidorus spp, Xiphinema spp,
Trichodorus spp and Paratrichodorus spp.
23. Page 23
Migratory ectoparasites
• These nematodes have the most primitive mode of
parasitism; they remain outside of the root and use their
protrusible stylet to feed either on epidermal cells or cells
deeper within the root.
• With the exception of species of a few genera that feed on
root tips, e.g. Belonolaimus, nematodes with this type of
feeding strategy generally cause little obvious tissue
damage .
24. Page 24
Cont..
• The migratory ectoparasites remove cytoplasm from the
parasitized cell, frequently causing their death and then
move to another cell to repeat the feeding process.
• Dorylaimid migratory ectoparasites include Trichodorus
spp, Xiphinema index and Longidorus elongatus while
Tylenchid migratory ectoparasite includes
Tylenchorhychus dubius. Psilenchus, Tylenchus and
Atylenchus feed only on root hairs.
25. Page 25
Sedentary ectoparasites
• These nematodes feed from a single site or plant cell for a
prolonged period of time while remaining outside the root.
• Sedentary ectoparasites such as Criconemella xenoplax use a
single feeding cell as a nutrient source for several days before the
nematode moves on to establish another feeding cell.
• Feeding by C. xenoplax causes little tissue damage compared to
Hemicycliophora arenaria and some Helicotylenchus species
(migratory ecto-endoparasites) which induce terminal galls when
feeding on the root tips.
• Hoplolaimus and Telotylenchus are semi-endoparasites feeding
internally and externally on plant root tissues.
26. Page 26
Endoparasites
• Endoparasitic nematodes invade the root tissue with part
or all of their body.
• Some feed soon after entering the root while others feed
only after migrating to a preferred feeding site (e.g. the
cortex and the xylem parenchyma cells).
27. Page 27
Migratory endoparasites
• Migratory endoparasites such as Pratylenchus,
Hirschmanniella and Radopholus spp, which have a small
but robust stylet enter the root and periodically feed as
they migrate intracellularly through the root tissue.
• They primarily inhabit the cortical tissue of the root and
retain their mobility and feed on the tissues as they move.
This causes extensive destruction of root tissue along the
path of the migrating nematode.
28. Page 28
Sedentary endoparasitic nematodes
• These are nematodes which
once they have reached the
feeding site inside plant cease
to be mobile and feed from a
fixed location.
• They include nematodes
species such as:
• Meloidogyne spp.
• Tylenchulus semipenetrans
• Rotylenchus spp.
29. Page 29
Sedentary endoparasitic nematodes
• These nematodes invade plant
tissue as newly hatched second-
stage juveniles- the infective
wormlike stage.
• They move through soil to locate
host then through plant tissue to
locate feeding site.
• Once at the feeding site the
female develops, remaining
permanently at the site for the
duration of her life.
30. Page 30
Sedentary endoparasitic nematodes
• As she develops her body
swell as a spherical, lemon,
kidney or ovoid form.
• Nematode feeds on relatively
small number of cells which
are regulated by the nematode
with growth substances.
• Cyst and root-knot nematodes
causes “giant” feeding cells to
form in the host plant.
31. Page 31
Sedentary endoparasitic nematodes
• Males remain in worm like shape
feeding on the surface of root for
a few days during which they
may or may not fertilize the
female before moving into the
soil where they die.
• Females produce large number
of eggs which remain in their
bodies (e.g. cyst nematodes –
Heterodera spp) accumulate in
egg masses (e.g. root-knot
nematodes –Meloidogyne spp.)
Attached to their bodies.
32. Page 32
Nematode shapes
• Nematode assume different shapes when alive and once
dead.
• These shapes vary in different nematode species too.
Swollen/ fusiform
Eg Nacobbus and Achysiella
