This document provides an introduction to biotechnology, including definitions of biotechnology, the historical background of biotechnology, and its applications. It discusses how biotechnology has been used since ancient times in practices like fermentation and more recently in areas like genetic engineering and drug development. The document also reviews the growth of the biotechnology industry in India and key government initiatives to support the sector.
Biotechnology is the use of living organisms to develop products and technologies. Pharmaceutical biotechnology applies biotechnology principles to develop drugs. The majority of current drugs are biologics such as antibodies, nucleic acids, and vaccines. Biotechnology methods are important in drug research and development, with key applications in oncology, metabolic disorders, and musculoskeletal disorders. Examples of biotech drugs include insulin for diabetes, gene therapy to replace mutated genes, clotting factors for hemophilia, human serum albumin for burns treatment, and engineered enzymes for enzyme deficiencies.
The document discusses various herbal excipients that can be used in pharmaceutical formulations. It describes natural colorants, sweeteners, and binding agents that are derived from plant sources. Some key points discussed include natural colorants like henna, turmeric, and saffron; sweeteners such as stevia, licorice root, and bitter orange; and binding agents including acacia, tragacanth, and various plant gums. The document emphasizes the advantages of herbal excipients like low toxicity, biodegradability, availability, and low cost. It provides details on the plant source, active compounds, and uses of some important natural excipients.
Biotechnology with reference to pharmaceutical scienceAdarsh Patil
Biotechnology combines biology and technology to modify or make products. Karl Krkey is considered the father of biotechnology for describing using biological processes to boost agricultural production in 1919. Some early uses of biotechnology principles include making bread and curd 4000 BC and wine/beer 6000 BC. Major fields include animal, medical, industrial, and environmental biotechnology. Pharmaceutical biotechnology is the science of producing biological drugs using microorganisms, cells, or tissues and includes cytokines, enzymes, hormones, vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, and drug delivery applications.
UNIT 6 Fermentation technology, Fermenters, Study of Media, types of fermenta...Shyam Bass
UNIT-6 6th Sem B.Pharma Pharmaceutical Biotechnology-
Following slides include-
Fermentation technology and biotechnological products :
Fermentation methods and general requirements
Study of media
Equipment
Sterilization methods
Aeration process
Stirring
large scale production fermenter design and its various controls
BY- SHYAM BASS
UNIT-5 Protein Engineering: Brief introduction to protein engineering,Use of ...Shyam Bass
UNIT-5 6th Sem B.PHARMA PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY)
Protein Engineering: Brief introduction to protein engineering, Use of microbes in industry, Production of enzymes-general considerations, Amylase, Catalase, peroxidase, Lipase Basic principles of genetic engineering
BY- SHYAM BASS
This document discusses herbal formulations, including types such as herbal syrups, herbal mixtures, and tablets. It provides details on preparing herbal syrups, including using equal proportions of herbal infusions/decoctions and honey or sugar. Advantages of herbal syrups include masking bad tastes and soothing irritated tissues. The document also discusses novel herbal dosage forms like phytosomes, which are complexes of herbal extracts and phospholipids that can enhance absorption and bioavailability. Methods of preparing phytosomes and evaluating their properties and advantages are provided.
This document discusses enzyme biotechnology and methods of enzyme immobilization. It begins by defining enzymes and their function in cells. It then describes the different methods of immobilizing enzymes, including adsorption, covalent bonding, entrapment, cross-linking/copolymerization, and encapsulation. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are provided. Overall, the document provides an overview of enzyme biotechnology with a focus on immobilization techniques.
Biotechnology is the use of living organisms to develop products and technologies. Pharmaceutical biotechnology applies biotechnology principles to develop drugs. The majority of current drugs are biologics such as antibodies, nucleic acids, and vaccines. Biotechnology methods are important in drug research and development, with key applications in oncology, metabolic disorders, and musculoskeletal disorders. Examples of biotech drugs include insulin for diabetes, gene therapy to replace mutated genes, clotting factors for hemophilia, human serum albumin for burns treatment, and engineered enzymes for enzyme deficiencies.
The document discusses various herbal excipients that can be used in pharmaceutical formulations. It describes natural colorants, sweeteners, and binding agents that are derived from plant sources. Some key points discussed include natural colorants like henna, turmeric, and saffron; sweeteners such as stevia, licorice root, and bitter orange; and binding agents including acacia, tragacanth, and various plant gums. The document emphasizes the advantages of herbal excipients like low toxicity, biodegradability, availability, and low cost. It provides details on the plant source, active compounds, and uses of some important natural excipients.
Biotechnology with reference to pharmaceutical scienceAdarsh Patil
Biotechnology combines biology and technology to modify or make products. Karl Krkey is considered the father of biotechnology for describing using biological processes to boost agricultural production in 1919. Some early uses of biotechnology principles include making bread and curd 4000 BC and wine/beer 6000 BC. Major fields include animal, medical, industrial, and environmental biotechnology. Pharmaceutical biotechnology is the science of producing biological drugs using microorganisms, cells, or tissues and includes cytokines, enzymes, hormones, vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, and drug delivery applications.
UNIT 6 Fermentation technology, Fermenters, Study of Media, types of fermenta...Shyam Bass
UNIT-6 6th Sem B.Pharma Pharmaceutical Biotechnology-
Following slides include-
Fermentation technology and biotechnological products :
Fermentation methods and general requirements
Study of media
Equipment
Sterilization methods
Aeration process
Stirring
large scale production fermenter design and its various controls
BY- SHYAM BASS
UNIT-5 Protein Engineering: Brief introduction to protein engineering,Use of ...Shyam Bass
UNIT-5 6th Sem B.PHARMA PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY)
Protein Engineering: Brief introduction to protein engineering, Use of microbes in industry, Production of enzymes-general considerations, Amylase, Catalase, peroxidase, Lipase Basic principles of genetic engineering
BY- SHYAM BASS
This document discusses herbal formulations, including types such as herbal syrups, herbal mixtures, and tablets. It provides details on preparing herbal syrups, including using equal proportions of herbal infusions/decoctions and honey or sugar. Advantages of herbal syrups include masking bad tastes and soothing irritated tissues. The document also discusses novel herbal dosage forms like phytosomes, which are complexes of herbal extracts and phospholipids that can enhance absorption and bioavailability. Methods of preparing phytosomes and evaluating their properties and advantages are provided.
This document discusses enzyme biotechnology and methods of enzyme immobilization. It begins by defining enzymes and their function in cells. It then describes the different methods of immobilizing enzymes, including adsorption, covalent bonding, entrapment, cross-linking/copolymerization, and encapsulation. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are provided. Overall, the document provides an overview of enzyme biotechnology with a focus on immobilization techniques.
Pharmaceutical biotechnology is the application of biotechnology principles to develop drugs. It aims to design drugs tailored to an individual's genetics for maximum therapeutic effect. Key applications include recombinant DNA vaccines, drugs, and proteins. Advantages include pharmacogenomics to customize medicine based on genetics. Recombinant DNA and monoclonal antibodies also provide opportunities for new drug development and delivery approaches. Common biotechnology products are antibodies, proteins, and recombinant DNA products. Therapeutic uses include detecting and treating genetic diseases, cancer, AIDS, and autoimmune diseases.
The document outlines the regulatory framework for Ayurvedic, Siddha, and Unani (ASU) drugs in India. It discusses the need for drug regulations to ensure safety, quality and promote public health. Key regulatory bodies like the ASU Drugs Technical Advisory Board and Drugs Consultative Committees are described. Manufacturing of ASU drugs must follow good manufacturing practices and adhere to standards for hygienic facilities, equipment and record keeping. The sale of adulterated, misbranded or prohibited drugs is penalized under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act.
The document discusses various approaches used in drug design, including quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) analysis. QSAR uses physicochemical parameters like partition coefficient, electronic parameters, and steric parameters to develop mathematical models correlating a drug molecule's structure to its biological activity. The goal is to predict activity for new compounds and guide drug design. Parameters commonly used in QSAR include log P for hydrophobicity, Hammett constants for electronics, and Taft constants for sterics. Methods involve Hansch analysis, Free Wilson models, and other statistical techniques.
Challenges in herbal formulation
Steps in herbal drug formulation
Types of conventional herbal formulations
Liquid herbal dosage forms
Solid herbal dosage forms
Other herbal dosage forms
Novel dosage form
This document discusses phytosomes, which are herbal extracts bound to phospholipids. Phytosomes have several advantages over traditional herbal extracts, including enhanced absorption and bioavailability. The document outlines the structure and properties of phytosomes, comparing them to liposomes. It also describes the preparation process, evaluation methods, and applications of various phytosome formulations. Common phytosomes include silymarin (milk thistle) for liver health, grape seed for antioxidants, green tea for antioxidants and chronic diseases, and curcumin for anti-inflammatory effects. Phytosomes allow herbal constituents to be absorbed more effectively and produce better results than conventional herbal extracts.
This document discusses kinetics of multiple dosing, drug accumulation, and concepts of loading and maintenance doses. It provides definitions and formulas for calculating accumulation factor, steady state levels, loading doses, and maintenance doses. The key points are:
1) Multiple dosing leads to drug accumulation until steady state is reached when the drug entering and leaving the system are equal.
2) Loading doses provide rapid target concentrations while maintenance doses maintain therapeutic levels.
3) Calculations for loading and maintenance doses depend on clearance, volume of distribution, and bioavailability. Maintaining therapeutic levels with minimal fluctuations is the goal of multiple dosing regimens.
Regulations in India (ASU DTAB, ASU DCC), Regulation of
manufacture of ASU drugs - Schedule Z of Drugs & Cosmetics Act for ASU drugs.
Introduction
Regulatory Requirements
Key function of regulatory agencies
Regulation in India
DRUG TECHNICAL ADVISORY BOARD
Drugs Consultative committee-DCC
Schedule Z of Drugs & Cosmetics Act for ASU drugs.
Production of Penicillin, Citric Acid, Vit B12, Glutamic Acid, GriseofluvinTheabhi.in
The document discusses the production of several compounds including penicillin, citric acid, vitamin B12, glutamic acid, and griseofluvin. It focuses on the production of penicillin, describing the microorganism used (Penicillium chrysogenum), fermentation process, and downstream processing steps such as filtration, solvent extraction, precipitation, and crystallization. It also discusses some advantages and disadvantages of penicillin. For citric acid production, it mentions that various microorganisms can be used including fungi, bacteria and yeasts in fermentation processes like submerged, surface, or solid state fermentation.
This document discusses the herbal drug industry in India. It provides an overview of:
- The growing trend toward herbal medicines and India's role as a source of medicinal plants
- The scope and size of the herbal drug market in India, which is growing at 20-25% annually
- Infrastructure requirements for herbal drug manufacturing facilities, including space allocation, environmental factors, and quality control processes
- Good manufacturing practices (GMP) that must be followed to ensure quality standards are met
This document discusses stability testing of herbal drugs. Stability is defined as the capacity of a drug to remain within established specifications limits to maintain its identity, quality and purity throughout its retest or expiration period. Stability testing helps determine a product's shelf life and suitable formulations, excipients, and packaging. It ensures product quality and safety for patients. Types of stability studies include physical, chemical, microbiological, and therapeutic stability testing. The document outlines specifications criteria, testing methods like real-time and accelerated testing, protocols, recommended tests for different dosage forms, and factors affecting stability of herbal medicines like physical and chemical instability, complexity, and drug interactions.
PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY BY PHARM.ISA HASSAN ABUBAKARISAHASSANABUBAKAR68
PHARMACEUTICALS BIOTECHNOLOGY IS A BRANCH OF SCIENCE THAT INVOLVES THE USE OF RECOMBINANT DNA FOR THE EFFECTIVE MANUFACTURE OF SOME EFFECTIVE DRUGS OR MEDICINE,EXAMPLE LIKE RECOMBINANT DNA VACCINE,RECOMBINANT DNA DRUGS,RECOMBINANT DNA ENZYMES,RECOMBINANT DNA INSULIN,RECOMBINANT DNA YEAST E.T.C. NOWADAYS PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES USES THIS RECOMBINANT DNA IN THE PRODUCTION OF VARIOUS CATEGORIES OF MEDICINES.
PRESENTED BY ISA HASSAN ABUBAKAR FROM NIGERIA
This document discusses bioavailability and bioequivalence concepts including definitions, objectives of bioavailability studies, types of bioavailability studies, and methods of measuring bioavailability. It also covers bioequivalence experimental study designs including completely randomized, randomized block, repeated measures, and Latin square designs. In vitro dissolution studies and developing in vitro-in vivo correlations to help assess bioavailability without human studies are also summarized.
Use of microbes in industry. Production of enzymes-General consideration-Amyl...Steffi Thomas
Industrial uses of microbes, properties of useful industrial microbes, various industrial products, production of enzymes-general consideration-amylase, catalase, peroxidase, lipase, protease, penicillinase, procedure for culturing bacteria and inoculum preparation, submerged fermentation and solid state fermentation, uses of different enzymes
The document discusses the design of large-scale fermenters used for industrial microbial growth. It outlines key components of fermenter design including supports for optimal organism growth, temperature and pH control systems, aeration and agitation components, and facilities for sampling and removal of biomass/products. Ideal properties of fermenters are also listed, such as ability to operate aseptically at low cost while controlling contamination and foam. Structural components like agitators, baffles, and aeration systems are also described.
This document provides an overview of Novel Drug Delivery Systems (NDDS). It defines NDDS as approaches that transport pharmaceutical compounds safely in the body as needed. The goals of NDDS are to provide therapeutic drug levels at the target site with minimal side effects, degradation, and increased bioavailability. Ideal NDDS would safely deliver drugs in a controlled and sustained manner over time at the site of action. The document discusses various NDDS approaches and terminologies and provides examples of controlled, sustained, delayed, and extended release systems.
Herbs, Herbal Drugs
Present Scope of Herbal Drug Industry
Scope of Herbal Drug Medicine and Industry
Indian Herbal Industry
International Scope of Herbal Medicines
World Wide Herbal Trade
Overview on plant based industries and research institutions in India
List of few herbal drug industries in India
List of few herbal research institution/ centres in India
General Introduction to Herbal Industry
Herbal drugs industry: Present scope and future prospects.
A brief account of plant based industries and institutions involved in work on medicinal and
aromatic plants in India.
Biotechnology is the application of biological processes and systems to solve problems or make useful products. It includes techniques like genetic engineering, cloning, and cell fusion. India has emerged as a major player in biotechnology, with several top companies and research institutions. The future of biotechnology looks promising, with potential applications in medicine, agriculture, and more.
Biotechnology is the application of biological processes and systems to solve problems or make useful products. It includes techniques like genetic engineering, cloning, and cell fusion. India has emerged as a major player in biotechnology, with several biotech clusters and top companies located in cities like Bangalore, Hyderabad, and New Delhi. The Indian government has supported biotechnology growth through agencies and funding. Biotechnology is applied in diverse fields like healthcare, agriculture, industry, and environment.
Pharmaceutical biotechnology is the application of biotechnology principles to develop drugs. It aims to design drugs tailored to an individual's genetics for maximum therapeutic effect. Key applications include recombinant DNA vaccines, drugs, and proteins. Advantages include pharmacogenomics to customize medicine based on genetics. Recombinant DNA and monoclonal antibodies also provide opportunities for new drug development and delivery approaches. Common biotechnology products are antibodies, proteins, and recombinant DNA products. Therapeutic uses include detecting and treating genetic diseases, cancer, AIDS, and autoimmune diseases.
The document outlines the regulatory framework for Ayurvedic, Siddha, and Unani (ASU) drugs in India. It discusses the need for drug regulations to ensure safety, quality and promote public health. Key regulatory bodies like the ASU Drugs Technical Advisory Board and Drugs Consultative Committees are described. Manufacturing of ASU drugs must follow good manufacturing practices and adhere to standards for hygienic facilities, equipment and record keeping. The sale of adulterated, misbranded or prohibited drugs is penalized under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act.
The document discusses various approaches used in drug design, including quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) analysis. QSAR uses physicochemical parameters like partition coefficient, electronic parameters, and steric parameters to develop mathematical models correlating a drug molecule's structure to its biological activity. The goal is to predict activity for new compounds and guide drug design. Parameters commonly used in QSAR include log P for hydrophobicity, Hammett constants for electronics, and Taft constants for sterics. Methods involve Hansch analysis, Free Wilson models, and other statistical techniques.
Challenges in herbal formulation
Steps in herbal drug formulation
Types of conventional herbal formulations
Liquid herbal dosage forms
Solid herbal dosage forms
Other herbal dosage forms
Novel dosage form
This document discusses phytosomes, which are herbal extracts bound to phospholipids. Phytosomes have several advantages over traditional herbal extracts, including enhanced absorption and bioavailability. The document outlines the structure and properties of phytosomes, comparing them to liposomes. It also describes the preparation process, evaluation methods, and applications of various phytosome formulations. Common phytosomes include silymarin (milk thistle) for liver health, grape seed for antioxidants, green tea for antioxidants and chronic diseases, and curcumin for anti-inflammatory effects. Phytosomes allow herbal constituents to be absorbed more effectively and produce better results than conventional herbal extracts.
This document discusses kinetics of multiple dosing, drug accumulation, and concepts of loading and maintenance doses. It provides definitions and formulas for calculating accumulation factor, steady state levels, loading doses, and maintenance doses. The key points are:
1) Multiple dosing leads to drug accumulation until steady state is reached when the drug entering and leaving the system are equal.
2) Loading doses provide rapid target concentrations while maintenance doses maintain therapeutic levels.
3) Calculations for loading and maintenance doses depend on clearance, volume of distribution, and bioavailability. Maintaining therapeutic levels with minimal fluctuations is the goal of multiple dosing regimens.
Regulations in India (ASU DTAB, ASU DCC), Regulation of
manufacture of ASU drugs - Schedule Z of Drugs & Cosmetics Act for ASU drugs.
Introduction
Regulatory Requirements
Key function of regulatory agencies
Regulation in India
DRUG TECHNICAL ADVISORY BOARD
Drugs Consultative committee-DCC
Schedule Z of Drugs & Cosmetics Act for ASU drugs.
Production of Penicillin, Citric Acid, Vit B12, Glutamic Acid, GriseofluvinTheabhi.in
The document discusses the production of several compounds including penicillin, citric acid, vitamin B12, glutamic acid, and griseofluvin. It focuses on the production of penicillin, describing the microorganism used (Penicillium chrysogenum), fermentation process, and downstream processing steps such as filtration, solvent extraction, precipitation, and crystallization. It also discusses some advantages and disadvantages of penicillin. For citric acid production, it mentions that various microorganisms can be used including fungi, bacteria and yeasts in fermentation processes like submerged, surface, or solid state fermentation.
This document discusses the herbal drug industry in India. It provides an overview of:
- The growing trend toward herbal medicines and India's role as a source of medicinal plants
- The scope and size of the herbal drug market in India, which is growing at 20-25% annually
- Infrastructure requirements for herbal drug manufacturing facilities, including space allocation, environmental factors, and quality control processes
- Good manufacturing practices (GMP) that must be followed to ensure quality standards are met
This document discusses stability testing of herbal drugs. Stability is defined as the capacity of a drug to remain within established specifications limits to maintain its identity, quality and purity throughout its retest or expiration period. Stability testing helps determine a product's shelf life and suitable formulations, excipients, and packaging. It ensures product quality and safety for patients. Types of stability studies include physical, chemical, microbiological, and therapeutic stability testing. The document outlines specifications criteria, testing methods like real-time and accelerated testing, protocols, recommended tests for different dosage forms, and factors affecting stability of herbal medicines like physical and chemical instability, complexity, and drug interactions.
PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY BY PHARM.ISA HASSAN ABUBAKARISAHASSANABUBAKAR68
PHARMACEUTICALS BIOTECHNOLOGY IS A BRANCH OF SCIENCE THAT INVOLVES THE USE OF RECOMBINANT DNA FOR THE EFFECTIVE MANUFACTURE OF SOME EFFECTIVE DRUGS OR MEDICINE,EXAMPLE LIKE RECOMBINANT DNA VACCINE,RECOMBINANT DNA DRUGS,RECOMBINANT DNA ENZYMES,RECOMBINANT DNA INSULIN,RECOMBINANT DNA YEAST E.T.C. NOWADAYS PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES USES THIS RECOMBINANT DNA IN THE PRODUCTION OF VARIOUS CATEGORIES OF MEDICINES.
PRESENTED BY ISA HASSAN ABUBAKAR FROM NIGERIA
This document discusses bioavailability and bioequivalence concepts including definitions, objectives of bioavailability studies, types of bioavailability studies, and methods of measuring bioavailability. It also covers bioequivalence experimental study designs including completely randomized, randomized block, repeated measures, and Latin square designs. In vitro dissolution studies and developing in vitro-in vivo correlations to help assess bioavailability without human studies are also summarized.
Use of microbes in industry. Production of enzymes-General consideration-Amyl...Steffi Thomas
Industrial uses of microbes, properties of useful industrial microbes, various industrial products, production of enzymes-general consideration-amylase, catalase, peroxidase, lipase, protease, penicillinase, procedure for culturing bacteria and inoculum preparation, submerged fermentation and solid state fermentation, uses of different enzymes
The document discusses the design of large-scale fermenters used for industrial microbial growth. It outlines key components of fermenter design including supports for optimal organism growth, temperature and pH control systems, aeration and agitation components, and facilities for sampling and removal of biomass/products. Ideal properties of fermenters are also listed, such as ability to operate aseptically at low cost while controlling contamination and foam. Structural components like agitators, baffles, and aeration systems are also described.
This document provides an overview of Novel Drug Delivery Systems (NDDS). It defines NDDS as approaches that transport pharmaceutical compounds safely in the body as needed. The goals of NDDS are to provide therapeutic drug levels at the target site with minimal side effects, degradation, and increased bioavailability. Ideal NDDS would safely deliver drugs in a controlled and sustained manner over time at the site of action. The document discusses various NDDS approaches and terminologies and provides examples of controlled, sustained, delayed, and extended release systems.
Herbs, Herbal Drugs
Present Scope of Herbal Drug Industry
Scope of Herbal Drug Medicine and Industry
Indian Herbal Industry
International Scope of Herbal Medicines
World Wide Herbal Trade
Overview on plant based industries and research institutions in India
List of few herbal drug industries in India
List of few herbal research institution/ centres in India
General Introduction to Herbal Industry
Herbal drugs industry: Present scope and future prospects.
A brief account of plant based industries and institutions involved in work on medicinal and
aromatic plants in India.
Biotechnology is the application of biological processes and systems to solve problems or make useful products. It includes techniques like genetic engineering, cloning, and cell fusion. India has emerged as a major player in biotechnology, with several top companies and research institutions. The future of biotechnology looks promising, with potential applications in medicine, agriculture, and more.
Biotechnology is the application of biological processes and systems to solve problems or make useful products. It includes techniques like genetic engineering, cloning, and cell fusion. India has emerged as a major player in biotechnology, with several biotech clusters and top companies located in cities like Bangalore, Hyderabad, and New Delhi. The Indian government has supported biotechnology growth through agencies and funding. Biotechnology is applied in diverse fields like healthcare, agriculture, industry, and environment.
Designing of drug delivery system for biotechnology products considering stab...Smaranika Rahman
This document discusses drug delivery systems for biotechnology products, focusing on stability aspects and monitoring methods to improve stability. It provides background on biotechnology and its history, then describes various routes for delivering biotech products, including orally, nasally, transdermally, parenterally, and rectally. For each route, it discusses technologies being investigated or developed to enhance stability and absorption of biotech drugs, such as using polymers, absorption enhancers, and targeted delivery methods. The goal is to develop delivery systems that can safely and reliably deliver biotech medications at therapeutic levels.
Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary field that utilizes living organisms to develop products and processes. It has a long history dating back to ancient times when early humans selected plants for food and developed animal farming and food preservation techniques. Modern biotechnology applies techniques such as recombinant DNA, gene cloning, monoclonal antibodies, PCR, and genetic engineering to produce genetically modified organisms for applications in agriculture, health, industry, and environmental remediation. Biotechnology draws upon disciplines including biochemistry, bioinformatics, engineering, genetics, microbiology, molecular biology, mathematics, and statistics. It has various branches including agricultural, aquatic, energy, and health biotechnology.
Biotechnology is the use of living organisms to develop useful products. It has a long history, from early applications like brewing beer and selective breeding of crops thousands of years ago, to modern developments like genetic engineering and DNA sequencing. The document outlines the history of biotechnology in three stages - ancient biotechnology before 1800 which included early agriculture and food preservation, classical biotechnology from 1800-1950s which included discoveries like genetics and antibiotics, and modern biotechnology from the 1950s onward including defining the DNA structure and recombinant DNA techniques. Various branches of modern biotechnology like bioinformatics, green biotechnology, and white biotechnology are also defined.
1. The history of biotechnology can be divided into 3 stages - ancient, classical, and modern. Ancient biotech involved early applications related to food and shelter. Classical biotech built on these techniques and promoted fermentation. Modern biotech manipulates genetic information through techniques like genetic engineering.
2. Biotechnology has 5 main branches - animal, medical, environmental, industrial, and plant. Animal biotech improves livestock through techniques like artificial insemination, cloning, and transgenic animals. Medical biotech develops drugs and treatments.
3. Environmental biotech applies bioprocesses to clean pollution through bioremediation. Industrial biotech uses organisms to produce chemicals. Plant biotech engineers crops for desired traits like pest
Biotechnology has a long history dating back thousands of years to early practices like brewing beer and wine, but emerged as a modern science in the late 20th century. Key developments included the discovery of DNA's structure in 1953 and the first genetic engineering experiments in the 1970s. The field advanced significantly in the 1980s when the Supreme Court ruled engineered organisms could be patented, fueling growth of the biotech industry. Today biotechnology draws on chemistry, physics and biology and has widespread applications in medicine, agriculture, and more. It plays a crucial role in developing treatments and vaccines.
DNA replication is the process by which a cell makes an identical copy of its DNA when it divides. It involves unwinding the DNA double helix structure, forming a replication fork, and using DNA polymerases to add complementary nucleotides to each strand, forming two new double helix DNA molecules each with one original strand and one newly synthesized strand. Key enzymes that aid in replication include DNA helicase, DNA primase, DNA polymerase, and DNA ligase. Precise DNA replication is essential for accurate cell division and the transmission of genetic information from parent cells to daughter cells.
Inroduction to biotechnology, history and applications.krishna keerthi
Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary field that harnesses biological systems, living organisms or their derivatives to develop products and solutions that benefit society. it encompasses a wide range of scientific disciplines including biology, chemistry, genetics, microbiology, and engineering. At its core, biotechnology applies scientific principles and techniques to manipulate biological processes, organisms, or molecules for practical purposes. historical background of biotechnology. pharmaceutical sciences of biotechnology and its applications.
The document provides an overview of biotechnology, including:
1. Biotechnology is defined as technology based on biology and involves working at the micro level with cells and biomolecules, rather than macro level practices like crop breeding.
2. The applications of biotechnology include health care through diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines; agriculture through crop biotechnology, forest biotechnology, and animal biotechnology; industry through food processing and safety testing; and the environment through green plastics and environmental biotechnology.
3. The merits of biotechnology are that it can improve health and reduce hunger, create flexibility in the food chain, offer medical advancement opportunities, allow preservation of resources, help minimize waste, and
This document provides an introduction to plant biotechnology. It defines plant biotechnology and discusses its origins from early uses of microorganisms in fermentation. It outlines the broad categories of biotechnology and characteristics of technological revolutions. The document also summarizes the history of plant tissue culture, from early experiments in the 1900s to recent developments in genetic engineering. It describes various plant tissue culture techniques including callus, organ, meristem, protoplast and cell culture.
Biotechnology definitions and history, biotechnology in Nepal.pptxBinod Bohara
This document provides an overview of biotechnology definitions, history, and applications in Nepal. It defines biotechnology as using living organisms to make or improve products, involving manipulating DNA. The term was coined in 1919. The document traces important developments in biotechnology from the first vaccination in 1797 to human cloning in 2003. It also outlines biotechnology initiatives and research in Nepal, including the first test tube baby in 2005 and efforts by organizations like NARC to develop virus-free potatoes and drought-tolerant rice varieties.
This document discusses various applications of biotechnology across different fields including food, medical, environmental, and industrial biotechnology. In food biotechnology, genetically modified foods are discussed that have extended shelf life like tomatoes or more efficient food processing using bacterial rennin production. Medical applications include monoclonal antibodies for cancer treatment, bioprocessing insulin, stem cells for tissue regeneration, and tissue engineering. Environmental biotechnology aims to use bioremediation and biosensors to eliminate hazardous waste and monitor pollution. Industrial biotechnology produces chemicals, pharmaceuticals, biofuels and other products using microbes.
The introductory slide deck is based on a Biotechnology Fundamentals course we delivered to AusIndustry (Australian Government, Department of Industry) R&D Tax Assessors in May/June 2014. It covers the broad concept of biotechnology from its historical relevance to its impact in the achievement of contemporary objectives in the fields of medicine, plant and animal sciences, in food, marine and environmental sciences, drawing comparisons with conventional technologies, introducing the concepts of bioethics, patenting and other regulatory issues and providing non-science professionals with a basic understanding of the science, technology, regulatory and commercial environments driving the biotechnology sectors, delivered in bite sized portions. The first deck is a Welcome and Overview covering:
• Definition of biotechnology
• Historical relevance
• Contemporary objectives with overview of industry sub-sectors
• State of play
This document provides an introduction to plant biotechnology. It defines biotechnology as the application of living organisms and biological processes for technological development. The document discusses the history of biotechnology from ancient to modern applications. It outlines the key branches of biotechnology including medical, industrial, agricultural, and environmental biotechnology. The document also discusses the importance and applications of biotechnology in areas like agriculture, medicine, industry, and the environment.
This document provides an introduction to biotechnology. It defines biotechnology as the use of living organisms to develop useful products. The history of biotechnology is discussed, from early uses of yeast in beer production thousands of years ago to more modern applications using recombinant DNA technology beginning in the 1970s. The document outlines major areas of biotechnology research and application, including human health, agriculture, and industry. It also describes different branches and classifications of biotechnology such as medical, industrial, environmental, and agricultural biotechnology. Products of biotechnology in various fields like medicine, industry, and agriculture are highlighted.
Syngulon - Breakout session Synthetic Biology June 10, 2022.pdfSyngulon
This document summarizes a presentation given by Dr. Philippe Gabant on the applications of synthetic biology. The presentation discusses Syngulon's work developing bacteriocins and tuning microbiota to address antimicrobial resistance and contamination issues. It provides an overview of Syngulon's technologies, markets in biopharma, cosmetics and more. It also discusses their PARAGEN collection of bacteriocin genes and peptides, and how they are applying synthetic biology to expand this collection. The goal is to balance and control microbial life through developing alternatives to antibiotics.
Computer science plays an important role in biotechnology by enabling the analysis and management of vast amounts of biological and genetic data. Bioinformatics tools allow researchers to gather, store, analyze and integrate various data sources to make new discoveries about gene and protein sequences, structures and functions. These tools include biological databases and software for tasks like sequence alignment, analysis and interpretation of data, and development of algorithms and statistics. The Human Genome Project was a landmark international scientific research project that mapped the human genome with the help of computational analysis and over 3300 billion lines of code.
Institution's Innovation Council (IIC) of Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute) organized a webinar on "Career Talk: How to ace summer internship?" keynote lecture was delivered by Abhijit Debnath, Asst. Professor NIET (Pharmacy Institute).
Hands-On Training on “Screening of Natural Compounds by Molecular Docking, A...Theabhi.in
Invited Lecture on “Screening of Natural Compounds by Molecular Docking, ADME, Toxicity Studies: Hands-On Training,” Organized by BACS, University of Delhi
Drosophila Model for toxicity Assessment of Nanoparticle based Drug Developme...Theabhi.in
Short Term Training Course on DROSOPHILA BIOLOGY AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY (STTC Programme for Mid Career Scientist/UG & PG Teaching Faculty) | 6-20 April 2021
Introduction to various Instructional tools for HEIs by Abhijit DebnathTheabhi.in
Invited talk on One Week Online Faculty Development Programme on "Enhancing Pedagogy through Innovative Instructional Tools for HEIs" 18-24th December 2023
Organized by Faculty of Humanities & Social Sciences, Assam down town University
Video Lecture is available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DXu_CLgB4q0
Introduction, terminology/definitions and rationale, advantages, disadvantages, selection of drug candidates. Approaches to design-controlled release formulations based on diffusion, dissolution and ion exchange principles. Physicochemical and
biological properties of drugs relevant to controlled release formulations.
Introduction to Novel Drug Delivery SystemsTheabhi.in
Full lecture is available in youtube
Part1: https://youtu.be/-8v5VmM-kVg
Part2: https://youtu.be/TdrEUEDAcbU
The Lecture includes:
Introduction to Novel Drug Delivery Systems
What is Drug?
Drug Discovery and Drug Development
Challenges in Drug Discovery & Drug Development
Novel Drug Delivery Systems
Conventional vs Novel Drug Delivery Systems
Various Novel Drug Delivery Systems
NDDS Course contents are available at https://theabhi.in/pharma/ndds
Unit 4 - Informatics & Methods in drug design: Introduction to Bioinformatics, chemoinformatics. ADME databases, chemical, biochemical and pharmaceutical databases.
CADD UNIT V - Molecular Modeling: Introduction to molecular mechanics and quantum mechanics.Energy Minimization methods and Conformational Analysis, global conformational minima determination.
General method of the preparation of Bacterial Infections, Toxoids, Viral vaccine, Antitoxins, Serum-immune blood derivatives and other products relative to immunity.
Hybridoma technology involves fusing antibody-producing B lymphocytes with myeloma tumor cells to produce hybridoma cells. These hybridoma cells are immortal and divide indefinitely while continuously producing monoclonal antibodies of a single specificity. The key steps involve immunizing mice, fusing their spleen cells containing B lymphocytes with myeloma cells using polyethylene glycol, and selecting antibody-producing hybridomas by culturing the fused cells in HAT selective medium. This technique allows for the unlimited production of monoclonal antibodies that recognize a single antigen.
The document discusses hypersensitivity reactions, immune stimulation, and immune suppression. It defines hypersensitivity as increased reactivity to an antigen that an animal has been previously exposed to. Immune stimulation refers to stimulating the immune system through external sources like vaccines to confer a protective effect against microbes. Immune suppression involves deliberately or unintentionally suppressing the immune system through diseases, drugs before transplants, or chemotherapy which increases risk of infection.
This document contains lecture notes on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and related topics from a biotechnology course. It discusses antigen-presenting cells, the structure and function of MHC class I and II molecules, similarities and differences between the two classes, MHC-associated genes, and important immune signaling molecules like cytokines, interleukins, interferons, and chemokines. Diagrams are included to illustrate MHC pathway and types of interferons. The notes provide an overview of key concepts in MHC and immunology for students in the biotechnology course.
Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are Y-shaped proteins produced by B lymphocytes that bind to pathogens like bacteria and viruses. They have a variable region that changes to bind different antigens and a constant region. The five major classes of immunoglobulins are IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, and IgD. Immunoglobulins recognize and bind to specific antigens, which can trigger immune responses like phagocytosis. While antibodies are a type of immunoglobulin, not all immunoglobulins function as antibodies.
Immunity, Types of immunity- humoral immunity, cellular immunityTheabhi.in
This document discusses immunity and the immune system. It describes the three levels of immune defense: physical and physiological barriers, innate immunity, and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity provides rapid responses and involves cells like neutrophils, macrophages, and natural killer cells. Adaptive immunity involves B cells and T cells and has immunological memory, allowing for enhanced responses to pathogens over time. The adaptive immune response includes both humoral immunity through antibodies and cellular immunity.
A mutation is a change in a DNA sequence that can be caused by errors during DNA replication, exposure to mutagens like radiation or chemicals, or infection by viruses. Mutations can be passed on to offspring or occur somatically in body cells. Some mutations can cause genetic disorders like sickle cell anemia, Down syndrome, or Edwards syndrome, while others may have no effect or even provide an advantage to survival. Mutants arise from mutations in existing genomes due to errors in DNA replication or repair.
This document discusses various techniques in microbial genetics including transformation, transduction, conjugation, plasmids, and transposons. Transformation involves the uptake of genetic material like DNA by bacterial cells. Transduction occurs when viruses called bacteriophages transfer genetic material between bacteria. Conjugation is the transfer of genetic material like plasmids through direct contact between bacteria. Plasmids are small circular DNA molecules that are distinct from chromosomal DNA and often provide genetic advantages to bacteria. Transposons are genetic elements that can move to different locations in a genome and contribute to the spread of traits like antibiotic resistance.
Genetic organization of eukaryotes and prokaryotes Theabhi.in
The document discusses the genetic organization of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Prokaryotes typically have a single circular chromosome, while eukaryotes have multiple linear chromosomes contained within a nucleus. The prokaryotic genome is much smaller than the eukaryotic genome. Key differences include prokaryotes lacking membrane-bound organelles and having genes that are not interrupted by non-coding sequences like introns.
Immuno blotting techniques- ELISA, Western blotting, Southern blotting.Theabhi.in
The document discusses various immune blotting techniques including ELISA, Southern blotting, Northern blotting, and Western blotting. ELISA is an assay that uses antibodies to detect antigens or vice versa. Southern blotting detects DNA, Northern blotting detects RNA, and Western blotting detects proteins. All techniques involve separating molecules, immobilizing them, and using probes to detect specific targets. They are commonly used research tools in biochemistry and molecular biology.
This document discusses various blood products including whole blood, dried plasma, and plasma substitutes. It provides details on:
- The collection of whole blood from donors and testing/storage requirements
- The processing of dried plasma which involves freezing, drying, and storage at below 20°C for 5+ years
- Plasma substitutes made from materials like gum, saline, or polyvinylpyrrolidone that can temporarily restore blood volume until the recipient replaces lost proteins.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Hiranandani Hospital in Powai, Mumbai, is a premier healthcare institution that has been serving the community with exceptional medical care since its establishment. As a part of the renowned Hiranandani Group, the hospital is committed to delivering world-class healthcare services across a wide range of specialties, including kidney transplantation. With its state-of-the-art facilities, advanced medical technology, and a team of highly skilled healthcare professionals, Hiranandani Hospital has earned a reputation as a trusted name in the healthcare industry. The hospital's patient-centric approach, coupled with its focus on innovation and excellence, ensures that patients receive the highest standard of care in a compassionate and supportive environment.
1. Introduction to Biotechnology
6 June 2021 Abhijit Debnath BP605T and Biotech Unit-1 1
CO1.1
Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology
(Pharmacy Institute) Greater Noida
2. Introduction to
Biotechnology
6 June 2021 Abhijit Debnath BP605T and Biotech Unit-1 2
What is Biotechnology ?
Historical Background of Biotechnology
Applications of Biotechnology
What's the difference between biotech
and pharma?
Top Pharma Companies
Top Biotech Companies
CO1.1
Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology
(Pharmacy Institute) Greater Noida
3. ‘Biotechnology’ means any scientific application that uses biological systems, living
organisms or derivatives thereof, to produce or alter products or processes for particular
use’ . The utilization of living organisms, systems or processes constitutes biotechnology’ .
Based on the Collins English Dictionary definition,
Biotechnology is the employment of living organisms, their parts or processes, to develop
active and useful products and to provide services e.g. waste treatment. The term
signifies a broad range of processes, from the use of earthworms as a source of protein to
the genetic modification of bacteria to offer human gene products, e.g. growth
hormones.
According to the Golden Treasury of Science and Technology ,
Biotechnology is a discipline based on the harnessing of life processes which are
controlled for the bulk production of valuable substances
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WHAT IS BIOTECHNOLOGY ? (CO1.1)
4. Based on the The Universities Press Dictionary of Biology defines
Biotechnology as ‘the application of technology to biological processes
for industrial, agricultural and medical purposes.
According to the Oxford Dictionary of Biology,
Biotechnology as ‘the development of techniques for the application of
biological processes to the production of materials of use in medicine and
industry.’
Biotechnology is ‘the integrated use of microbiology, biochemistry and engineering sciences in production or as
service operation’
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11. In India
India is among the top 12 destinations for biotechnology worldwide.
The industry comprises >2,700 biotech start-ups and >2,500 biotech companies in the country.
India has 665 FDA-approved plants the US; 44% of the global abbreviated new drug
applications (ANDA) and >1400 manufacturing plants, which are compliant with WHO.
The country is also the world’s third-largest producer of recombinant Hepatitis B vaccine and
second-largest producer of BT cotton (genetically modified pest resistant plant cotton).
The Indian biotechnology industry amounted to US$ 63 billion in 2019 and is forecast to reach
US$ 102 billion by 2025
Biopharmaceutical is the largest segment that contributed ~58% to the Indian biotechnology
market in 2019
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12. Indian Vaccines
Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd. is the
world's largest vaccine manufacturer by
number of doses produced and sold
globally (more than 1.5 billion doses) which
includes Polio vaccine as well as Diphtheria,
Tetanus, Pertussis, Hib, BCG, r-Hepatitis B,
Measles, Mumps and Rubella vaccines.
It is estimated that about 65% of the
children in the world receive at least one
vaccine manufactured by Serum Institute.
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13. Indian Government Initiatives
As on 4th April 2021
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Indian Government Initiatives
WHAT IS BIOTECHNOLOGY ? (CO1.1)
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Indian Government Initiatives
WHAT IS BIOTECHNOLOGY ? (CO1.1)
16. 7000 BCE – Chinese discover fermentation through beer making.
6000 BCE – Yogurt and cheese made with lactic acid-producing bacteria by various people.
4000 BCE – Egyptians bake leavened bread using yeast.
500 BCE – Moldy soybean curds used as an antibiotic.
300 BCE – The Greeks practice crop rotation for maximum soil fertility.
100 CE – Chinese use chrysanthemum as a natural insecticide.
1663 CE – First recorded description of living cells by Robert Hooke.
1677 – Antonie van Leeuwenhoek discovers and describes bacteria and protozoa.
1798 – Edward Jenner uses first viral vaccine to inoculate a child from smallpox.
1802 – The first recorded use of the word biology.
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17. 1824 – Henri Dutrochet discovers that tissues are composed of living cells.
1838 – Protein discovered, named and recorded by Gerardus Johannes Mulder and Jöns Jacob Berzelius.
1862 – Louis Pasteur discovers the bacterial origin of fermentation.
1863 – Gregor Mendel discovers the laws of inheritance.
1864 – Antonin Prandtl invents first centrifuge to separate cream from milk.
1869 – Friedrich Miescher identifies DNA in the sperm of a trout.
1871 – Ernst Hoppe-Seyler discovers invertase, which is still used for making artificial sweeteners.
1877 – Robert Koch develops a technique for staining bacteria for identification.
1878 – Walther Flemming discovers chromatin leading to the discovery of chromosomes.
1881 – Louis Pasteur develops vaccines against bacteria that cause cholera and anthrax in chickens.
1885 – Louis Pasteur and Emile Roux develop the first rabies vaccine and use it on Joseph Meister.
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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF BIOTECHNOLOGY (CO1.1)
18. 1919 – Károly Ereky, a Hungarian agricultural engineer, first uses the word biotechnology.
1928 – Alexander Fleming notices that a certain mould could stop the duplication of bacteria, leading to the first
antibiotic: penicillin.
1933 – Hybrid corn is commercialized.
1942 – Penicillin is mass-produced in microbes for the first time.
1950 – The first synthetic antibiotic is created.
1951 – Artificial insemination of livestock is accomplished using frozen semen.
1953 – James D. Watson and Francis Crick describe the structure of DNA.
1958 – The term bionics is coined by Jack E. Steele.
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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF BIOTECHNOLOGY (CO1.1)
19. 1964 – The first commercial myoelectric arm is developed by the Central Prosthetic Research Institute of the
USSR, and distributed by the Hangar Limb Factory of the UK.
In the year of 1972, first ever recombinant molecule was fabricated by utilizing restriction enzyme digestion to
produce fragments of DNA and further ligatition of fragments by enzyme ligase.
1972 – The DNA composition of chimpanzees and gorillas is discovered to be 99% similar to that of humans.
1973 – Stanley Norman Cohen and Herbert Boyer perform the first successful recombinant DNA experiment, using
bacterial genes.
1974 – Scientist invent the first biocement for industrial applications.
1975 – Method for producing monoclonal antibodies developed by Köhler and César Milstein.
1978 –scientists shown it is possible to introduce specific mutations at specific sites in a DNA molecule.
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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF BIOTECHNOLOGY (CO1.1)
20. 1980 – The U.S. patent for gene cloning is awarded to Cohen and Boyer.
1982 – Humulin, Genentech's human insulin drug produced by genetically engineered bacteria for the treatment
of diabetes, is the first biotech drug to be approved by the Food and Drug Administration.
1983 – The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique is conceived.
1990 – First federally approved gene therapy treatment is performed successfully on a young girl who suffered
from an immune disorder.
1994 – The United States Food and Drug Administration approves the first GM food: the "Flavr Savr" tomato.
1997 – British scientists, led by Ian Wilmut from the Roslin Institute, report cloning Dolly the sheep using DNA
from two adult sheep cells.
1999 – Discovery of the gene responsible for developing cystic fibrosis.
2000 – Completion of a "rough draft" of the human genome in the Human Genome Project.
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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF BIOTECHNOLOGY (CO1.1)
21. 2001 – Celera Genomics and the Human Genome Project create a draft of the
human genome sequence. It is published by Science and Nature Magazine.
2002 – Rice becomes the first crop to have its genome decoded.
2003 – The Human Genome Project is completed, providing information on the
locations and sequence of human genes on all 46 chromosomes.
2008 – Japanese astronomers launch the first Medical Experiment Module called
"Kibo", to be used on the International Space Station.
2009 – Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute uses modified SAN heart genes to create the
first viral pacemaker in guinea pigs, now known as iSANs.
2012 – Thirty-one-year-old Zac Vawter successfully uses a nervous system-
controlled bionic leg to climb the Chicago Willis Tower.
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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF BIOTECHNOLOGY (CO1.1)
22. 2019 – Scientists report, for the first time, the use of the CRISPR
technology to edit human genes to treat cancer patients with whom
standard treatments were not successful.
2019 – In a study researchers describe a new method of genetic
engineering superior to previous methods like CRISPR they call
"prime editing".
2019- For the first time successfully engineered and 3D printed an
entire heart suitable for human transplants and also patches which
can regenerate replete with cells blood vessels ventricles and
chambers.
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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF BIOTECHNOLOGY (CO1.1)
23. 2016 –Researchers first discovered plastic-eating bacteria in 2016 at a bottle-recycling facility in Japan. The organisms
produce two enzymes that help them break down PET within weeks. Scientists dubbed the enzymes PETase and
MHETase.
2019 – Scientists report, for the first time, the use of the CRISPR technology to edit human genes to treat cancer
patients with whom standard treatments were not successful.
2019 – In a study researchers describe a new method of genetic engineering
superior to previous methods like CRISPR they call "prime editing".
2019- For the first time successfully engineered and 3D printed an entire
heart suitable for human transplants and also patches which can regenerate
replete with cells blood vessels ventricles and chambers.
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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF BIOTECHNOLOGY (CO1.1)
24. 2019 – Scientists at Spain developed a new type of transgenic rice that
contains antifungal compounds .
2019- Researchers at Tel Aviv University, Israel have developed an
artificial cell-on-a-chip that is capable of performing complex reactions
2019 – Scientists of University of Wisconsin – Madison bacterium was
genetically modified to produce Biodegradable plastic from plant
material.
2019 – Scientists at Durham University, UK developed A new type of
nano molecular nanodrills that can be activated by light against highly
resistant bacteria.
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25. 2020 – Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier have been awarded Nobel prize for their
breakthrough research on CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing Tool.
2020 – Scientists engineered plastic-eating 'super-enzymes' that can break down bottles in days.
2020- A US firm Eat Just was able to make lab-grown meat which was included in an eatery in
Singapore in 2020. The cultured meat tasted similar to the conventionally grown meat.
2020- Scientists has identified that Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes help drive dengue out of
infected communities. Infecting mosquitoes with bacterium Wolbachia cuts dengue spread by 77%.
2020- Dutch scientists fortuitously discovered a new tiny organ in the human body. While studying
tumor-like growths using PSMA PET/CET, they accidentally found the so-called tubarial glands that
are positioned in the upper region of the throat.
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26. 2021 – Researchers at University of Minnesota, Lab-created heart valves can grow with the
recipient. This Groundbreaking discovery could potentially reduce multiple pediatric heart valve
replacement surgeries.
2021- Scientists have solved a long-standing mystery of how living organisms distinguish RNA and
DNA building blocks during gene expression paving the way for the design of new antiviral drugs.
2021- Scientists has solved The chicken-and-egg problem. A Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet
(LMU) in Munich team has shown that slight alterations in transfer-RNA molecules (tRNAs) allow
them to self-assemble into a functional unit that can replicate information exponentially. tRNAs are
key elements in the evolution of early life-forms.
2021-Scientists identify more than 140,000 virus species in the human gut, more than half of which
have never been seen before.
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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF BIOTECHNOLOGY (CO1.1)
27. 2021 – A new study from Florida Atlantic University suggests that the
conotoxins from a cone snail, may potentially treat malaria.
2021- Scientists find antibody that blocks dengue virus
2021- Double mutant' Covid variant found in India.
2021- Scientists Develop New Blood Test That Could Diagnose Your Level of
Depression
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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF BIOTECHNOLOGY (CO1.1)
28. 4000 BC – Ayurveda, Siddha, Yoga
India
China
Egypt
Greece
2600 BC – Egyptian god of medicine
400 BC – Traditional Chinese Medicine
~632 CE– Unani medicine or Unani
tibb, Arabian medicine, or Islamic
medicine
Germany
1796 CE– Homeopathy
England
19th Century – Modern Medicine
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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF BIOTECHNOLOGY (CO1.1)
29. 4000 BC – Ayurveda, Siddha, Yoga
2600 BC – Egyptian god of medicine
400 BC – Traditional Chinese Medicine
~632 CE– Unani medicine or Unani
tibb, Arabian medicine, or Islamic
medicine
1796 CE– Homeopathy
19th Century – Modern Medicine
Since 12th century, India was rules by Muslim rulers and they introduced
Unani medicine or Unani tibb, Arabian medicine, or Islamic medicine
6 June 2021 Abhijit Debnath BP605T and Biotech Unit-1 29
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN INDIA (CO1.1)
30. 4000 BC – Ayurveda, Siddha, Yoga
2600 BC – Egyptian god of medicine
400 BC – Traditional Chinese Medicine
~632 CE– Unani medicine or Unani
tibb, Arabian medicine, or Islamic
medicine
1796 CE– Homeopathy
19th Century – Modern Medicine
Since 1858 to 1947, India was rules by British East India Company who
introduced English Medicine or Modern Medicine
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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN INDIA (CO1.1)
31. 4000 BC – Ayurveda, Siddha, Yoga
2600 BC – Egyptian god of medicine
400 BC – Traditional Chinese Medicine
~632 CE– Unani medicine or Unani
tibb, Arabian medicine, or Islamic
medicine
1796 CE– Homeopathy
19th Century – Modern Medicine
Since1947, after Independence India has given importance to all the
Traditional and Modern Medicine including Biotechnology
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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN INDIA (CO1.1)
32. Genetic Testing, Diagnostic
testing is used to identify a disease
in a person having Genetic disease
in Family history.
Enzyme Technology used in
food production, food processing
and preservation.
Hybrid Antibiotics effective
against Drug Resistant
pathogenic microorganisms
Monoclonal Antibodies, engineered
to enhance or mimic the immune
system's attack on cancer cells.
Biosensors diagnosis sugar level
indiabetes mellitus
Gene Therapy uses genes to treat
or prevent disease
Drug Delivery, is used to
deliver the Drug at specific site of
Action
Diagnostic, performed for
detection of disease.
Applications
Vaccine Development
used to stimulate the production of antibodies and
provide immunity against diseases.
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APPLICATIONS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY (CO1.1)
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WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BIOTECH AND PHARMA? (CO1.1)
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TOP PHARMA COMPANIES (CO1 .1)
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TOP BIO-PHARMA COMPANIES (CO1 .1)