To give knowledge about topic.

1. Introduction to biotechnology
Prepared by:
Ms. Harshada R. Bafna.
M. Pharm (Quality Assurances)
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2. Introduction to biotechnology:
'Bio' refers to life and 'technology' refers to the application of information for
practical use, i.e. the application of living organisms to create or improve a product
 Definition: Biotechnology is the use of living systems and organisms to
develop or make useful products, or “any technological application that uses
biological systems, living organisms or derivatives there of, to make or modify
products or processes for specific use”.
 European Federation of Biotechnology (EFB) has defined biotechnology as
“The integration of natural science and organisms, cells, and molecular
analogues for products and services”.
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3. 6000 BC Yeast was utilized to prepare beer (Sumerians and Babylonians).
4000
BC
In Egypt, a process was discovered to prepare leavened bread by means of yeast.
1630 William Harvey explained that plants and animals are similar in their reproduction, i.e.
they reproduce sexually.
1856 Carl Ludwig discovered a procedure for keeping animal organs alive under in
vitro conditions.
1863 Pasteur discovered the method of pasteurization. In this method he heated wine enough
to inactivate microbes (that would otherwise convert the 'vin' to 'vin aigre' or 'sour
wine') and realized that this procedure did not affect the flavor of the wine
1868 Casimir Joseph Davaine cured plants suffering from bacterial infection by a novel heat
treatment.
1870 Walther Flemming discovered mitosis
1918 Herbert M Evans stated (mistakenly) that human genetic material is made up of 48
chromosomes
1972 Paul Berg, a biochemist, utilized a restriction enzyme to cut DNA into fragments.
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4. HISTORY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
Traditional Biotechnology (Old)
New Biotechnology (Modern)
Traditional Biotechnology:
The Traditional biotechnology refers to the conventional technology which have
been used for many centuries. Beer, Wine, Cheese and many foods have been
produced using traditional biotechnology.
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5.  The traditional biotechnology is an art rather than a science.
Modern Biotechnology:
 Capability of science to change the genetic material for genetic new products for
specific requirement through recombinant DNA technology.
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6. Area of biotechnology research and application of biotechnology:
Biotechnology is an area of activity having various effects on different areas
of human welfare:
Area are illustrated as follow:
 Human health
 Animal health
 Medicine
 Diary product
 Animal husbandry
 Agriculture
 Forestry
 Crimes
 Chemical and biochemical
 Horticulture
 Floriculture
 Pollution control
 Population control
 Renewal of fuels
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7. Branches of Biotechnology
1. Medical biotechnology: This field is useful to improve the health of humans, for
vaccine and highly valuable drug production.
2. Industrial biotechnology: Micro-organisms are used for biochemical ranging
from alcohol to antibiotic.
3. Environmental biotechnology: Organisms such as; fungi, bacteria, etc. are used
for limiting plant diseases.
4. Animal biotechnology: For multiplication (rapid) of farm animals such as cattle,
hormones, induced and embryo splitting along with embryo transfer is used.
5. Agriculture biotechnology: Clonal multiplication of forest trees, genetic
variations creation and transfer of valuable genes through genetic engineering
have uses in improved production of crops, their protection and further
improvement. 7

8.  White Biotechnology: White Biotechnology is also called and known by the
name Industry Biotechnology. This kind of biotechnology is used and applied in
industries.
 Red biotechnology: Red biotechnology is referred to as Medical
Biotechnology. It is used for the production of drugs and antibiotic medicines.
 Green Biotechnology: is the term used for the agricultural sector. Also, with the
help of Transgenic plants (plants whose DNA is modified), this design of
transgenic plants helps to grow in a specified environment with the help of
certain chemicals.
Classificationaccording to color:
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9.  Blue Biotechnology: is the term used for the marine sector. Blue
biotechnology is biotechnology using aquatic organisms—think ''blue'' for the water
that these organisms live in. We already utilize many aquatic resources such as fish,
shellfish, sponges, and petroleum reserves.
 Gold biotechnology: Bioinformatics is a combination of computers and
biotechnology. It helps in finding the analysis of data related to Biotechnology. It is
used for various purposes like drugs, for the development of medicines.
Bioinformatics is known and referred by the term computational biology. It plays an
important and vital role in areas like Functional genomics, structural genomics, and
proteomics. These areas contribute a lot and become a key contributor to the
Biotechnology and pharma sector.
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10.  Yellow biotechnology: It refers to the use of biotechnology in food production, for
example in making wine, cheese, and beer by fermentation. It has also been used to
refer to biotechnology applied to insects.
 Brown biotechnology: It related to the management of arid lands and deserts. One
application is the creation of enhanced seeds that resist extreme environmental
conditions of arid regions, which is related to the innovation, creation of agriculture
techniques and management of resources.
 Violet biotechnology: It is related to law, ethical and philosophical issues around
biotechnology
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12. Pharmaceutical biotechnology is a relatively novel and advancing field in which the
principles of biotechnology are applied for the development of drugs.
Thus, biotechnology products broadly refer to biopharmaceutical drugs generated
through researches in cell biology, genetics and recombinant DNA technology.
Aim:
The aim of this pharmaceutical biotechnology is to design, produce drugs that are
adapted to each persons genetic makeup, which can give the maximum therapeutic
effect.
Biotechnology plays an important role in pharmaceutical science most especially in
the pharmaceutical industries by creation of genetically modified organisms that can
be used in industrial production.
Pharmaceutical Biotechnology:
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13. Products of biotechnology:
1. Medical biotechnology:
 Monoclonal antibodies (cancer, hepatitis B) produced by Hybridoma
technology
 DNA probes (Kala Azar); Recombinant vaccine (human hepatitis, insulin)
produced by genetically engineered microbes.
2. Industrial biotechnology:
 Enzymes like amylase, protease; antibiotics like penicillin, streptomycin,
mitomycin, etc., through the use of microorganisms especially fungi and
bacteria
 Fuel produced from fermentation by microorganisms
 Production of immunotoxin for treatment of cancer.
3. Animal biotechnology:
 The development of transgenic animals for increased milk or meat production
with resistance to various diseases.
 Couple suffering from infertility in that case test tube baby in humans. 13

14. 4. Environmental biotechnology:
 Detoxification of waste and industrial effluents done by genetic engineering
 Control of plant diseases and insects through the use of biological agents, such
as viruses, bacteria, fungi etc.
5. Plant Biotechnology:
 Plant Biotechnology is a combination of tissue culture and genetic engineering.
It deals with development of transgenic plants with resistance to biotic and
abiotic stress; development of haploids, embryo rescue, clonal multiplication,
cryopreservation etc.
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