UNIT 6 Fermentation technology, Fermenters, Study of Media, types of fermentation, Methods of Fermentation (6th Sem B.Pharma Pharmaceutical Biotechnology)
UNIT-6 6th Sem B.Pharma Pharmaceutical Biotechnology-
Following slides include-
Fermentation technology and biotechnological products :
Fermentation methods and general requirements
Study of media
Equipment
Sterilization methods
Aeration process
Stirring
large scale production fermenter design and its various controls
BY- SHYAM BASS
PREPARATION OF BACTERIAL VACCINES:
Steps involved in killed bacterial vaccine preparation:
1. Selection of an antigen:
The exact strain or strains to be incorporated for preparation of bacterial vaccine.
Eg. Cholera vaccine: smooth strains of the two serological types Inaba and Ogawa
TABC vaccine: O and H antigens in S. typhi and S. paratyphi microorganisms and these organisms also contains Vi antigen.
Each strain is carefully checked for freedom from variation and absence of contaminating organisms.
Use of microbes in industry. Production of enzymes-General consideration-Amyl...Steffi Thomas
Industrial uses of microbes, properties of useful industrial microbes, various industrial products, production of enzymes-general consideration-amylase, catalase, peroxidase, lipase, protease, penicillinase, procedure for culturing bacteria and inoculum preparation, submerged fermentation and solid state fermentation, uses of different enzymes
BOTECHNOLOGY IS CHALLENGING SUBJECT TO TEACH AND UNDERSTAND ALSO .....THEIR INTERESTING PART IS TO LEARN ABOUT MICROBIAL BIO TRANSFORMATION WITH BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS
PREPARATION OF BACTERIAL VACCINES:
Steps involved in killed bacterial vaccine preparation:
1. Selection of an antigen:
The exact strain or strains to be incorporated for preparation of bacterial vaccine.
Eg. Cholera vaccine: smooth strains of the two serological types Inaba and Ogawa
TABC vaccine: O and H antigens in S. typhi and S. paratyphi microorganisms and these organisms also contains Vi antigen.
Each strain is carefully checked for freedom from variation and absence of contaminating organisms.
Use of microbes in industry. Production of enzymes-General consideration-Amyl...Steffi Thomas
Industrial uses of microbes, properties of useful industrial microbes, various industrial products, production of enzymes-general consideration-amylase, catalase, peroxidase, lipase, protease, penicillinase, procedure for culturing bacteria and inoculum preparation, submerged fermentation and solid state fermentation, uses of different enzymes
BOTECHNOLOGY IS CHALLENGING SUBJECT TO TEACH AND UNDERSTAND ALSO .....THEIR INTERESTING PART IS TO LEARN ABOUT MICROBIAL BIO TRANSFORMATION WITH BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS
This PPT will provide the basic idea of Fermentation technology and it's use. The reference book is 'Pharmaceutical Biotechnology' by Giriraj Kulkarni.
Herbs, Herbal Drugs
Present Scope of Herbal Drug Industry
Scope of Herbal Drug Medicine and Industry
Indian Herbal Industry
International Scope of Herbal Medicines
World Wide Herbal Trade
Overview on plant based industries and research institutions in India
List of few herbal drug industries in India
List of few herbal research institution/ centres in India
General Introduction to Herbal Industry
Herbal drugs industry: Present scope and future prospects.
A brief account of plant based industries and institutions involved in work on medicinal and
aromatic plants in India.
Biotechnology with reference to pharmaceutical scienceAdarsh Patil
Introduction: Hisory
Biotechnology Biology + Technology
Defn:-
Any Technological application that uses biological system, living organisms, cells, tissues, explants or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or process for specific uses.
UNIT-5 Protein Engineering: Brief introduction to protein engineering,Use of ...Shyam Bass
UNIT-5 6th Sem B.PHARMA PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY)
Protein Engineering: Brief introduction to protein engineering, Use of microbes in industry, Production of enzymes-general considerations, Amylase, Catalase, peroxidase, Lipase Basic principles of genetic engineering
BY- SHYAM BASS
This PPT will provide the basic idea of Fermentation technology and it's use. The reference book is 'Pharmaceutical Biotechnology' by Giriraj Kulkarni.
Herbs, Herbal Drugs
Present Scope of Herbal Drug Industry
Scope of Herbal Drug Medicine and Industry
Indian Herbal Industry
International Scope of Herbal Medicines
World Wide Herbal Trade
Overview on plant based industries and research institutions in India
List of few herbal drug industries in India
List of few herbal research institution/ centres in India
General Introduction to Herbal Industry
Herbal drugs industry: Present scope and future prospects.
A brief account of plant based industries and institutions involved in work on medicinal and
aromatic plants in India.
Biotechnology with reference to pharmaceutical scienceAdarsh Patil
Introduction: Hisory
Biotechnology Biology + Technology
Defn:-
Any Technological application that uses biological system, living organisms, cells, tissues, explants or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or process for specific uses.
UNIT-5 Protein Engineering: Brief introduction to protein engineering,Use of ...Shyam Bass
UNIT-5 6th Sem B.PHARMA PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY)
Protein Engineering: Brief introduction to protein engineering, Use of microbes in industry, Production of enzymes-general considerations, Amylase, Catalase, peroxidase, Lipase Basic principles of genetic engineering
BY- SHYAM BASS
Similar to UNIT 6 Fermentation technology, Fermenters, Study of Media, types of fermentation, Methods of Fermentation (6th Sem B.Pharma Pharmaceutical Biotechnology)
fermentation, chemical process by which molecules such as glucose are broken down anaerobically. More broadly, fermentation is the foaming that occurs during the manufacture of wine and beer, a process at least 10,000 years old.
The function of the fermenter or bioreactor is to provide a suitable environment in which an organism can efficiently produce a target product—the target product might be cell biomass,metabolite and bioconversion Product. It must be so designed that it is able to provide the optimum environments or conditions that will allow supporting the growth of the microorganisms. The design and mode of operation of a fermenter mainly depends on the production organism, the optimal operating condition required for target product formation, product value and scale of production.
The choice of microorganisms is diverse to be used in the fermentation studies. Bacteria, Unicellular fungi, Virus, Algal cells have all been cultivated in fermenters. Now more and more attempts are tried to cultivate single plant and animal cells in fermenters. It is very important for us to know the physical and physiological characteristics of the type of cells which we use in the fermentation. Before designing the vessel, the fermentation vessel must fulfill certain requirements that is needed that will ensure the fermentation process will occur efficiently. Some of the actuated parameters are: the agitation speed, the aeration rate, the heating intensity or cooling rate, and the nutrients feeding rate, acid or base valve. Precise environmental control is of considerable interest in fermentations since oscillations may lower the system efficiency, increase the plasmid instability and produce undesirable end products.
Many important bio-products are produced by means of fermentation where microbial, plant or animal cells are employed to produce them as their metabolites.
The word Fermentation is derived from Latin word fervere which means to boil.
But the conventional definition of Fermentation is to break down of larger molecules into smaller and simple molecules using microorganisms.
In Biotechnology, Fermentation means any process by which microorganisms are grown in large quantities to produce any type of useful materials.
This ppt is prepared by Sandeep Kumar Maurya , m. pharma ,department of pharmaceutical sciences, dr. harisingh gour university sagar madhya pradesh. contains fermentation technology.
detailed design of bioreactor
its components
its application
Similar to UNIT 6 Fermentation technology, Fermenters, Study of Media, types of fermentation, Methods of Fermentation (6th Sem B.Pharma Pharmaceutical Biotechnology) (20)
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
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Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
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Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
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UNIT 6 Fermentation technology, Fermenters, Study of Media, types of fermentation, Methods of Fermentation (6th Sem B.Pharma Pharmaceutical Biotechnology)
1. BIOTECHNOLOGY
Unit VI
Fermentation technology and biotechnological products :
• Fermentation methods and general requirements
• Study of media
• Equipments
• Sterilisation methods
• Aeration process
• Stirring
• large scale production fermenter design and its various controls
PRESENTED BY: SHYAM BASS
LOVELY SCHOOL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
B.SC BIOTECHNOLOGY (HONS) , B.PHARMA
2. INTRODUCTION
• The science of Fermentation is called ZYMOLOGY.
• Fermentation means any process that converts larger molecules into smaller and
simpler molecules using micro-organisms I.e. it is a metabolic anaerobic process
that converts Sugars(larger molecules) to acids , gases , alcohol or any metabolic
by-product.
• Thus in biotechnology Fermentation is a process sin which micro-organisms are
grown in large quantiles by providing them favourable conditions which converts
Organic complex substances to simpler compounds.
• Fermentation also occur in oxygen starved muscle cells , as in case of Lactic acid
Fermentation.
Production of Fermented Foods by Bacteria and Yeast (Saccharomyces)
3. OBJECTIVES OF FERMENTATION PROCESS
The major objectives of fermentation are:
• To produce large amount of microbial cells or Biomass (Large microbial colonies).
• To produce microbial enzymes(e.g- proteases ,invertase etc).
• To produce microbial metabolites (e.g-microbial metabolite of Glucose are Lactic
acid , Ethanol etc.
• To produce recombinant products(e.g- productions of several vaccines).
Objectives of fermentation process
4. BASIC STEPS OF FERMENTATION PROCESS AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
The basic steps for fermentation process are:
1. Formulation of fermentation media: it is chemically a cell culture media which is
a mixture of molecules used for cellular metabolism and growth. e.g. Carbon
source, energy source, oxygen, nitrogen etc.
2. Sterilisation: sterilisation of fermentation media, Fermenters and other
equipments.
3. Inoculum formation: production of an active , pure culture In sufficient quantity
to inoculate into the production vessel.
4. Fermentation: growth of the micro-organism in the production fermenter under
optimum conditions for formation of by-products.
5. Extraction and purification of the product.
Figure shows the upstream
fermentation process
5. BASIC STEPS OF FERMENTATION PROCESS AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
The general requirements for fermentation process are:
1. Fermentation medium
2. Inoculum
3. Fermenter
4. Sterilisation
5. Growth of organism
6. Extraction and purification
6. METHODS OF FERMENTATION PROCESS
Three Methods
Of
Fermentation process
Batch
Fermentation
process
Continuous
Fermentation
process
Solid state
Fermentation
process
• Batch fermentation: Batch culture is a closed culture system which contains
limited amount of nutrients.
• Continuous fermentation: it is open culture system where nutrients are
continuously added to fermenter and product is continuously removed at same
rate.
• Solid state fermentation: the fermentation medium is in the solid state , here the
micro-organisms are grown on solid substratum in the absence or near absence of
free water.
7. STUDY OF MEDIUM
Fermentation medium:
• Medium with nutritional and hormonal requirements of cells in optimum
concentration.
• Small modifications in the medium could change cell line stability, product quality,
and yield.
Composition of media:
=>Carbon source-dextrin, glucose, starch etc
=>Nitrogen source-yeast extract, soybean meal, cotton seed meal etc.
=>Inorganic salts-ammonium salts, ammonium nitrate etc.
=>Vegetable/Animal fat-soybean oil, linseed oil etc.
=>Growth regulators - Vitamin B12
=>Trace elements-zinc, copper etc.
=>Buffers-to maintain pH eg calcium carbonate etc
=>Oxygen etc
Inoculum:
• It is the pure bacterial cell culture that is introduced to the medium .
• The cell then grows in the medium , conducting metabolism.
8. Fermenter:
• A Fermenter is a device that accomplishes the fermentation process by the help of
certain microorganisms, and thus it also refers as “Biofermenter or Bioreactor“. it
is equipped with all the elements that are necessary to carry out the commercial
production of substances like antibiotics, enzymes, beverages etc. in many
industries.
EQUIPMENTS
BASIC DESIGN OF FERMENTER
10. EQUIPMENTS
Specific parts of fermenters are:
1-Body: It is important to select the material that can with stand repeated steam
sterilisetion cycles .
e.g. Glass : advantages-
• gives smooth surface
• Non toxic
• Corrosion proof
• Easy to examine the interior part of vessel during fermentation process.
• Steel: As per AISI(American Iron and Steel Institute) -Steel alloys are those
counting less than 4% chromium while Stainless steel are those contacting more
than 4% chromium.
• Fro making of fermenter body mostly stainless steels are preferred
• Steel coated with glass/phenolic epoxy can also be used.
2- Seal: to seal top plate and vessel to prevent air leakage.
Types are :
• Gasket seal- can be used to seal glass and metal
• Lip seal- for joining of glass to metal
• O-ring seal-for joining of metal to metal or glass to metal.
11. EQUIPMENTS
3-Agitator: (Impellers)
The agitator is required for mixing of bulk fluid , gas phase mixing , air dispersion,
oxygen transfer etc to maintain uniform environment.
Types of agitator are as follows:
a)
b)
c)
d)
12. EQUIPMENTS
4-Baffles: There are normally 4 baffles incorporated into of vessel of fermenter of all
sized to prevent vortex (swril effect) or to improve proper aeration efficiency.
Baffles are metal strips which are radially attached to the fermenter wall.
Four baffles in the fermentation vessel
5-Spargers: The air introducing device in the fermenter is the Spargers. The different
types of sparers are:
• Orifice spargers
• Porous spargers
• Nozzle spargers
Sparger giving out air forming bubbles in the liquid Sparger device
13. TYPES OF FERMENTER
Types
of fermenter
Stirred tank
Bioreactor
Packed bed
Bioreactor
Fluidised bed
Bioreactor
Continuous Stirred tank bioreactor: In the CSTR, with one or extra agitator, fermentation broth is continuously
stirred and the composition is identical and homogeneous to that for outgoing flow into the reactor.Application of the
CSTR is constant flow of the gas throughout the liquid that normally contains a diluted solution of basic nutrients for
the organism to develop and survive on.
Airlift bioreactor: Airlift fermenter is also recognised as tower reactor. An airlift fermenter vessel is cylindrical in
shape in which air is presented at the bottom of receptacle which arises through the column to the medium. It
capable of using for free or together with immobilised cells that are suitable for bacteria, yeast, fungi and animal and
plant cells. These type of the fermenter does not have agitation system, but contents in the vessel is agitated with the
air introduced from the bottom.
Packed bed bioreactor: Packed bed bioreactor is well known as fixed bed bioreactor. It is normally used in
wastewater engineering with biofilms attached.
Fluidised bed bioreactor: This type of reactor contains packed bed with small size particles which moves the
fluid. The minor particle size accelerates higher rate of oxygen transfer, mass transfer, higher mixing rates and
nutrients to the cells. FBB has many advantages over other type of reactor so in current years use of this type of
reactor has increased. Fluidized bed reactor are developed for the biological system has cells as biocatalyst that are
three phase system (liquid, solid and gas).
Bubble column
Bioreactor
Membrane
Bioreactor
Airlift
Bioreactor
14. STERILISATION METHODS
• Heat sterilisation is the most commonly used for sterilisation of media or vessels.
• Medium is sterilised at high heat and high pressure .
• Medium can be sterilised by Filtration, Radiation, chemical treatment or heat.
15. STERILISATION METHODS
• Heat: For sterilization, the type of heat, time of application and temperature required to
ensure destruction of all microorganisms must always be considered. Endospores of
bacteria are the most thermo-resistant of all cells so their destruction usually
guarantees sterility.
• Boiling: Boiling is done at >100˚C for 20-30 min. It kills everything except for some
endospores. To kill endospores and therefore perfectly sterilize the solution, very long
boiling is required.
• Autoclaving: Autoclaving is the process of using steam under pressure in an autoclave
or pressure cooker. It involves heating at 121˚C for 15-20 min under 15 psi pressure
and can be used to sterilize almost anything.
• Dry Heat (Hot Air Oven): The process involves heating at 160˚C for 2 hours or at 170˚C
for 1 hour. It is used for glassware, metal and objects that will not melt.
• Sterilization in industry-scale fermenters (or bioreactors) is more complex. Steam is
used to sterilize fermentation media sterilisation is the most commonly used for
sterilisation of media or vessels.
16. AERATION PROCESS
• Aeration refers to the process of introducing air to increase oxygen concentration
into liquids.
• Aeration may performed by bubbling air through liquid , spraying the liquid or by
agitation of liquid.
• Sparger is a device which is installed into the vessel to introduce air into the the
fermentation mixture.
• The structural components of aeration are :the agitator and sparger .
• The majorities of fermentation processes are aerobic and, therefore, require the
provision of oxygen, Therefore, a microbial culture must be supplied with oxygen
during growth at a rate sufficient to satisfy the organism’s demand.
• The agitator (impeller)-The main aim of the agitator is to provide homogenous
environment all over the fermenter. It is also used for mixing of different phases,
oxygen and heat transport.
17. AERATION PROCESS
• The aeration system (sparger) -A sparger is a tool used for introducing air into the
fermentation medium.
• Three basic types of sparger
• 1. The porous sparger,
• 2. The orifice sparger (a perforated pipe) and
• 3. The nozzle sparger (an open or partially closed pipe).
• Porous Sparger :The porous sparger is mainly used for laboratory scale. It is made
up of sintered glass, ceramics or metal.
• Orifice Sparger :In small stirred fermenters the perforated pipes were arranged below
the impeller in the form of crosses or rings (ring sparger).
• Nozzle Sparger :Most modern mechanically stirred fermenter designs from
laboratory to industrial scale have a single open or partially closed pipe as a sparger
to provide the stream of air bubbles.
18. STIRRING PROCESS
• Mixing is an essential part of fermentation processes.
•
• There are two sources of fluid-mixing energy in a fermentation process; mixing
impellers provide circulation of fluids through the tank, and the expansion and
velocity of air passing through a fermentor imparts fluid motion.
• The major steps in fermentation ,includes the stirring or mixing as major process
like:
• —Gas-liquid steps- physical dispersion of air in tank or oxygen transfer from gas to
liquid
• —Liquid-Solid steps-oxygen transferred from liquid to solid which effects the growth
of organism.
• —Blending steps-Blending of solids and liquids throughout entire vessel. And
homogenous mixing of oxygen throughout vessel.
• —Heat transfer.
19. LARGE SCALE PRODUCTION FERMENTER DESIGN AND ITS VARIOUS CONTROLS
An Industrial Aerobic Fermenter
20. LARGE SCALE PRODUCTION FERMENTER DESIGN AND ITS VARIOUS CONTROLS
Controlling Devices for Environmental Factor:
• In any microbial fermentation, it is necessary not only to measure growth and
product formation but also to control the process by altering environmental
parameters as the process proceeds.
• For this purpose, various devices are used in a fermentor. Environmental factors that
are frequently controlled includes temperature, oxygen concentration, pH, cells
mass, levels of key nutrients, and product concentration.
Hazard assessment systems
• A hazard assessment is the process used to identify, assess, and control
workplace hazards and the risks to worker health and safety.
• As per the system the process organisms have been allocated to a specific hazard
group, so that specific steps can be taken to control the harmful effect to those
organisms.
• E.g- the hazard group organisms used on large scale , require to follow the
guidelines of GILSP(Good Industrial Large Scale Practice), so that the processes in
this category should be done aseptically to avoid any harm.
21. LARGE SCALE PRODUCTION FERMENTER DESIGN AND ITS VARIOUS CONTROLS
Use of Computer in the controlling process of fermentation:
• Computer technology has produced a remarkable impact in fermentation work in
recent years and the computers are used to model fermentation processes in
industrial fermentors.
• Integration of computers into fermentation systems is based on the computers
capacity for process monitoring, data acquisition, data storage, and error-detection.
22. THANK YOU
PRESENTED BY: SHYAM BASS
LOVELY SCHOOL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
B.SC BIOTECHNOLOGY (HONS) , B.PHARMA