Organic compounds are chemical compounds containing carbon covalently bonded to other elements like hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, or halogens. Organic compounds are found widely in nature and living organisms. They have properties like low boiling points, low solubility in water, and high flammability. Organic compounds can be classified based on their source or presence of heteroatoms and include carbohydrates, proteins, alkaloids, fats, oils, hormones, vitamins, and compounds found in natural gas, petroleum, coal, and those synthesized in industries or biotechnology. The structure of organic compounds is based on carbon's ability to form sp, sp2, and sp3 hybrid orbitals and double or triple bonds,

1. Organic Compounds

2. Organic Compounds Definition
• Organic compounds are a type chemical compounds where one or
more than one carbon covalently bonded with each other and with
other atom like nitrogen, oxygen, halogen etc. Such as, methane
(CH4), ethane (C2H6), benzene (C6H6) etc.
•

3. • Exceptions
• Few carbon containing chemical compounds like metal cyanides (CN),
oxides of carbon (CO2, CO), metal carbonates (CO3) and metal
carbides are inorganic compounds. Such as, sodium cyanide (NaCN),
sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), calcium carbide (CaC2) etc.

4. Properties
Organic compounds have unique chemical and physical
properties what can differ them from inorganic compounds.
Such as,
• Low boiling point
• Low melting point
• Low solubility in water
• High solubility in organic solvent
• Non conductor of electricity
• Isomerism possible
• Mostly covalent bonding
• Flammable

5. • Classification
• Organic compounds can be classified in various ways. Such as,
depending on sources, sizes and presence of heteroatom in organic
compounds.

6. ,
•Carbohydrates- cellulose, sugar, starches etc.
•Proteins- silk, wool, casein, in different food etc.
•Alkaloid- quinine, morphine etc.
•Fats and oils- cottonseed, soyabean oil, butter etc.
•Hormones, vitamins etc.
•Natural gas,
•Petroleum- solvent, rubber, explosives etc.
•Coal- drug, dyes etc.
Natural compounds
Organic compounds are found in large number in nature and
they are well known for their uses. Such as,

7. Synthetic compounds
Organic compounds can also be made synthetically in
different industries. These compounds some time exist
naturally and some time they can only make synthetically.
These molecules can be small or large polymer like
plastics, rubber etc.
Biotechnology
Recently biotechnology engineered molecule are
synthesized in lab. Such as, insulin. These compounds
are manufactured using organisms like yeast and
bacteria.

8. Organometallic compounds
Organic compounds containing a metal atom is known as
organometallic compounds.

9. Structure of organic compounds
The most abundant element in organic compounds are
carbon covalently bonded with each other or with other
elements. Carbon has four valence electrons and the
electron configuration of carbon in group state is
1s2 2s2 2px
1 2py
1 2pz
0. That means it has only two
unpaired electrons.

10. And the electron configuration of carbon in excited state is
1s2 2s1 2px
1 2py
1 2pz
1. That means it has now four
unpaired electrons. Thus carbon undergoes
sp3 hybridization to attach convalently with four other
elements. Carbon usually attached with another carbon or
hydrogen atoms, like:

11. Carbon can share more than one electrons with same
element to form double or triple bond. Such as:
Carbon undergoes sp2 or sp hybridization to form double
or triple bond leaving one or two p-orbitals to participate in
double or triple bonding.

12. Thus the rotation around the C=C is restricted and
isomerism is possible.