Introduction evolutionary psychology

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This document provides an overview of key concepts in experimental research methods in psychology. It discusses how to construct a research hypothesis and identify independent and dependent variables. It also covers identifying extraneous and confounding variables, different experimental designs, sampling procedures, data collection techniques, statistical analysis including measures of central tendency and interpreting p-values. Finally, it discusses important ethical principles in conducting research such as protecting participant rights, informed consent, and the role of ethics committees in research oversight.

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The document provides an overview of psychological research methods. It defines research as systematic inquiry aimed at understanding human behavior and mental processes. Various research methods are described, including experimental, quasi-experimental, and non-experimental designs. Key aspects of the research process like developing hypotheses, collecting both qualitative and quantitative data, ensuring reliability and validity, and addressing ethical considerations are summarized.

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Prosocial behavior refers to voluntary actions that benefit others or society, such as helping, sharing, and cooperating. It is central to healthy social groups and is motivated by empathy. Research on prosocial behavior originated with studies on bystander effects during crimes and emergencies. Current research examines biological, motivational, cognitive, and social factors influencing prosocial acts through theories like empathy-altruism, negative state relief, kin selection, and reciprocal altruism. Volunteering has been associated with benefits to happiness and health.

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Carl Jung was a Swiss psychiatrist who founded analytical psychology. He proposed concepts like archetypes, the collective unconscious, and individuation. Jung believed that archetypes like the mother, shadow, and persona exist in the collective unconscious and can be experienced through symbols. He also developed ideas about personality types, the dynamics of opposites in the psyche, and the shift from acquiring identity in the first half of life to a focus on the soul in the second half. While influential, some of Jung's theories like the reality of the collective unconscious remain challenged.

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Cognitive psychology is a relatively young branch of psychology, yet it has quickly grown to become one of the most popular subfields. Few Practical Application of Cognitive Psychology(Science),Thinking, decision-making/increasing decision making accuracy, problem-solving, learning /structuring educational curricula to enhance learning , attention,Memory/Improving memory, forgetting, and language acquisition. But what exactly is cognitive psychology? What do cognitive psychologists do?

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This document provides an overview of the history and development of cognitive neuroscience. It discusses early theories and discoveries about the brain from ancient civilizations through the Renaissance. Key figures like Hippocrates, Galen, Descartes, and Ramon y Cajal contributed important ideas and findings about brain anatomy and function. The document also outlines major topics in cognitive neuroscience including neurons, neurotransmission, brain development, sensory and motor systems, and higher cognitive functions like memory, language, and intelligence.

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This document discusses interpersonal attraction and why people are drawn to others. There are two main reasons for affiliation - social comparison and social exchange. Social comparison involves evaluating ourselves by comparing to similar others, while social exchange means seeking relationships where rewards outweigh costs. Additionally, people are motivated by five core social motives - belongingness, understanding, controlling, self-enhancement, and trust. Factors like proximity, similarity, and physical attractiveness can influence attraction. People prefer others who are similar in attitudes and validate their self-views due to desires for social comparison, familiarity, and cognitive consistency.

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This document summarizes the evolution of psychology as a scientific field of study from its philosophical roots to modern perspectives. It describes early schools of thought including structuralism, functionalism, and psychoanalysis. It then discusses behaviorism and major theorists like Watson, Skinner, and Maslow. More recent developments discussed include the return of cognitive psychology, biological and evolutionary perspectives, positive psychology, and the growth of psychology into a thriving science and profession.

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Evolutionary psychology combines evolutionary biology and cognitive psychology to study the evolution of human psychology and behavior. The core tenets of evolutionary psychology are that 1) behavior is influenced by psychological mechanisms and their inputs, 2) these mechanisms evolved through natural and sexual selection, and 3) they function to solve adaptive problems faced by our ancestors. While genes influence traits, epigenetics shows that environmental factors can influence which genes are expressed.

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This document provides an overview of the key perspectives, fields, methods, and history of psychology. It discusses the biological, psychoanalytic, behavioral, humanistic, and cognitive perspectives. The major fields covered are experimental, biopsychology, developmental, social, industrial/organizational, educational, clinical, counseling, cross-cultural, forensic, and environmental psychology as well as psychiatry. Methods summarized include case studies, naturalistic observation, surveys, experiments, and correlation. The history outlines structuralism, functionalism, Gestalt psychology, psychodynamic, humanistic, behaviorist, and cognitive models.

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Charles Darwin, born in 1809, made significant contributions to scientific theory and management practices. Some of his influential ideas include that success goes not to the strongest or most intelligent, but to those who can best adapt to change. He also emphasized the importance of collaboration and teamwork for prevailing throughout history. Darwin's insights on time management, eliminating errors, and developing moral culture through controlling one's thoughts have made him an influential thinker in the field of management science.

Evolutionary psychology

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Evolutionary psychology is a subfield of psychology that studies psychological changes along the human lifetime from an evolutionary perspective. It examines physical, psychosocial, and cognitive development from childhood through adolescence, adulthood, and old age. The subfield aims to understand human behavior and mental processes by considering how evolutionary pressures may have shaped psychological adaptations over generations.

Evolutionary Psychology May Explain Sexual Selection

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Evolutionary psychology posits that traits like machismo in humans stem from sexual selection pressures over long periods of evolution. Studies of animals and comparisons across human cultures show that males and females develop different characteristics to influence mating success. These differences can shape societies, with some favoring monogamy while others promote polygamy where high status males mate with multiple females. However, as modern societies have changed with more emphasis on individuality and equality between the sexes, traditionally masculine traits like physical prowess may be less important as female choice and alternative views of gender roles have emerged.

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The evolutionary explanation of aggression suggests that aggression evolved to increase reproductive success and the passing on of genes to future generations. Specifically, it proposes that: - Male aggression is driven by sexual jealousy and the desire to prevent being "cuckolded" by investing resources in offspring that are not their own. - Male-male competition and aggression over access to females increased as males sought to gain status and reproductive opportunities. - Territorial aggression and xenophobia against outsiders also evolved to protect resources for one's own group. However, the explanation is reductionist and does not account for individual differences in aggression or cultural differences in behavior. It also raises ethical issues about free will versus determinism.

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Modern psychology is divided into several subdisciplines focused on different models of behavior. New fields have emerged like industrial/organizational psychology examining the workplace, and health psychology studying how psychology factors influence illnesses. Environmental psychology researches how people react to their environments. Other new areas include counseling, school, forensic, and community psychology.

psychology

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1. The document discusses various perspectives in psychology including biological, cognitive, behavioral, psychodynamic, humanistic, and sociocultural perspectives. 2. It provides details on each perspective's key theorists and their views on human behavior and mental processes. 3. The perspectives are compared and similarities noted such as all trying to explain psychology in an understandable way, though each has a unique focus like nature vs nurture.

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History of Psychology

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Psychology is the science of behavior and mental processes. Behavior can be overt and directly observed, or covert and not directly observed. Mental processes include internal experiences like sensations, thoughts, and feelings. Throughout history, various theories have emerged about the nature of the mind and how to study it. Early Greek philosophers proposed ideas about the seat of mental processes. Modern psychology aims to describe, explain, predict, and control behavior through scientific theories and methods. Major perspectives that developed include structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and humanistic psychology.

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The document provides a brief history of psychology, beginning with Aristotle who is considered the father of psychology and wrote one of the first books on the soul. It discusses key figures like Descartes who proposed mind-body dualism, Gall who developed phrenology, Locke's tabula rasa theory, Darwin applying psychology to animals, Wundt establishing introspection, William James changing views of emotion, Freud developing the id/ego/superego model of the psyche, Watson promoting behaviorism and his controversial Little Albert study.

The evolution of marketing

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This document discusses the evolution of marketing approaches, from production orientation to marketing orientation. It defines marketing according to several sources and outlines the key characteristics of production, product, sales, and marketing orientations. Production orientation focuses on low prices, product orientation emphasizes product features, and sales orientation uses pressure tactics. Marketing orientation places customers at the center and coordinates all company activities around customer needs and wants. The document advocates for marketing orientation as fundamental to organizational competitiveness.

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1) Early hominid fossils date back around 3.7 million years ago in Tanzania belonging to Australopithecus, a small-brained bipedal species that later diversified and may have given rise to the genus Homo. 2) According to Paul MacLean's triune brain theory, the human brain evolved in three stages - the reptilian brain, old limbic system, and newer neocortex - with each newer section building upon the previous ones. 3) Genetic evidence suggests that genes related to brain development evolved more rapidly in human lineages compared to other primates or mammals, indicating strong natural selection for increased brain size and complexity unique to humans.

Evolution or change over time occurs through the processes of natura.docx

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Evolution or change over time occurs through the processes of natural and sexual selection. In response to problems in our environment, we adapt both physically and psychologically to ensure our survival and reproduction. Sexual selection theory describes how evolution has shaped us to provide a mating advantage rather than just a survival advantage and occurs through two distinct pathways: intrasexual competition and intersexual selection. Gene selection theory, the modern explanation behind evolutionary biology, occurs through the desire for gene replication. Evolutionary psychology connects evolutionary principles with modern psychology and focuses primarily on psychological adaptations: changes in the way we think in order to improve our survival. Two major evolutionary psychological theories are described: Sexual strategies theory describes the psychology of human mating strategies and the ways in which women and men differ in those strategies. Error management theory describes the evolution of biases in the way we think about everything. Learning Objectives • Learn what “evolution” means. • Define the primary mechanisms by which evolution takes place. • Identify the two major classes of adaptations. • Define sexual selection and its two primary processes. • Define gene selection theory. • Understand psychological adaptations. • Identify the core premises of sexual strategies theory. • Identify the core premises of error management theory, and provide two empirical examples of adaptive cognitive biases. Introduction If you have ever been on a first date, you’re probably familiar with the anxiety of trying to figure out what clothes to wear or what perfume or cologne to put on. In fact, you may even consider flossing your teeth for the first time all year. When considering why you put in all this work, you probably recognize that you’re doing it to impress the other person. But how did you learn these particular behaviors? Where did you get the idea that a first date should be at a nice restaurant or someplace unique? It is possible that we have been taught these behaviors by observing others. It is also possible, however, that these behaviors— the fancy clothes, the expensive restaurant —are biologically programmed into us. That is, just as peacocks display their feathers to show how attractive they are, or some lizards do push-ups to show how strong they are, when we style our hair or bring a gift to a date, we’re trying to communicate to the other person: “Hey, I’m a good mate! Choose me! Choose me!" However, we all know that our ancestors hundreds of thousands of years ago weren’t driving sports cars or wearing designer clothes to attract mates. So how could someone ever say that such behaviors are “biologically programmed” into us? Well, even though our ancestors might not have been doing these specific actions, these behaviors are the result of the same driving force: the powerful influence of evolution. Yes, evolution—certain trait.

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Evolutionary psychology combines evolutionary biology and cognitive psychology to study the evolution of human mind and behavior. Key ideas include: 1. Natural and sexual selection shaped the development of psychological mechanisms over generations to solve adaptive problems faced by our ancestors. 2. These mechanisms can be described as information processing systems that take in inputs and produce outputs through decision rules. 3. They are instantiated in the brain and work largely unconsciously to influence our thoughts and behavior. Understanding them provides insight into human nature.

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sandibabcock

1. Discussion. What is the purpose of consciousness? That is, why did consciousness evolve (or why was it created)? (complete after reading 2.5) 1A. Discussion Reply. (Needs to reply this guy - Femi Shah ) Consciousness is the idea that helps people to express their opinion felling share thoughts etc. Its deals with the activity of brain and creates object for the material world. Consciousness makes people alert and deal with the situation. People have emerge mentally, physically and psychologically. Consciuosness develops over generation to adapt interchanging environments. People can adapt in different environment due to consiciousness scientifically it is proved that the theory of consciousness comes from philosophy and religion. All the living creatures have a sense of consciousness. The main purpose is to make people aware of their surrounding. consciousness is also a solution for different problems. Consciousness also changes behaviour of people in a good manner. Consciousness boosts the confidence of people and they often come to overcome different situations. Consciousness helps maintain balance within ourselves and pass it on generations. Everything that has energy consists of consciousness. Not only humans but birds, flowers, and micro organisms have consciousness and have proven that consciousness is needed to adapt and exist. Animals indeed have a sense of consciousness not as human beings but in a different and unique manner. For example: when a mosquito sucks blood from a person , it is only trying to feed itself but when humans and even animals feel the sensation of bite we try to go after it and kill it. As a result, the fly flies away due to consciousness. There is no exact definition of consciousness but people are aware of it. It has been carried out from generations to generations through religion, music, and practices. The universe exists through consciousness and the people living in it. Consciousness is mostly about being aware of ourselves and our surrounding. 2. Discussion. Let's say that someone who knows you well believes he can predict everything you do and say within a 24 hour period. Without telling you what he's up to, he writes down his prediction in great detail. As it turns out, his predictions are correct. Does the fact that someone can accurately predict the behavior of another show that the behavior was determined? Explain. (complete after reading 3.1) 2A. Discussion Reply. If someone can accurately predict someone's behavior, then one can say that his behavior was determined. The reason why I feel this way is because thei situation reminds me of casual determinism. Casual determinism is the idea that every event was caused by past events and by the laws of nature. Casual determinism is a very reliable theory to believe in. The reason why is because it can be supported by every branch of science, including psychology. Speaking of science, predicting human behavior led to the nature ...

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luearsome

Assignment Details Open Date Apr 2, 2018 12:05 AM Graded? Yes Points Possible 100.0 Resubmissions Allowed? No Attachments checked for originality? Yes Top of Form Assignment Instructions In a five paragraph essay (600 minimum words) using your favorite theorist, apply that theory to brain development as it was discussed in our readings. You may also include the impact of culture, early physical growth, and similar factors that impact the overall development of the child. See attached rubric for grading details. Supporting Materials · 308 Assignment 3. Rubric.doc (50 KB) Bottom of Form The Physical Development of the Young Child Take a moment and think about a newborn infant--at birth, human infants are, essentially, completely vulnerable and helpless. Unlike many animals, they cannot walk, consume solid food, or manage even the most basic tasks for their own survival. This is the price we pay for our brains--we are born far less developed than many creatures. Over the course of a very short time, around two years, that helpless newborn learns to walk and talk, to manipulate objects, to engage and participate in the world around her. This transition from a helpless newborn to a toddler or preschooler requires massive amounts of learning , fueled by rapid brain growth, sensorimotor development, and physical growth. The infant, from birth, uses his ability to perceive to learn and develop an understanding of the world around him. TOPICS COVERED WILL INCLUDE: Brain development during infancy and toddlerhood at the larger level of the cerebral cortex. Learning through classical conditioning, operant conditioning, habituation and recovery, and imitation. Dynamic Systems theory of motor development, highlighting cultural variations in motor development. Gibsons’ Differentiation Theory of perceptual development. The Development of the Brain Brain development in the first two years of life is fascinating and awe-inspiring. Most of the physical growth of the brain occurs during the first two years of life. Neuroscience has shed light on the development of neurons and the cerebral cortex in particular. At birth, infants have approximately one hundred billion neurons. Relatively few neurons will be produced after birth. The newborn’s neurons are connected only tentatively. In the first years, essential connections between neurons form. Combined with understanding sensitive periods and the role of the environment, we have a much clearer picture of what is happening in the infant and toddler brain today than ever before. Note the lobes of the brain Development of Neurons Neurons firing in the brain Neurons are nerve cells in the brain that store and transmit information. In total, the human brain has between 100 to 200 billion of these neurons. ‹ 1/4 › · Neurons send messages from one to another through tiny gaps, called synapses . These messages travel on chemicals called neur ...

Zielinski fetal pain summary

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The document discusses evidence for fetal pain from an evolutionary perspective. It argues that since fish feel pain, and early fetal development resembles the fish stage, fetuses may experience pain from an early stage. Studies showing that fish exhibit wariness after painful stimuli and can remember pain provide support. Further evidence discussed includes fetal learning abilities before birth, functional brain and sensory development by 20 weeks, and lack of self-harm suggesting sensation and memory. While some research has questioned fetal pain capabilities, the overall document makes a case that fetuses may experience some levels of consciousness, sensation and pain beginning fairly early in development.

Zielinski fetal pain summary

South Dakota Right to Life

The document discusses the evolution of pain perception and evidence that fetal pain perception may develop earlier than previously thought. It notes that by the third month of development, the fetal nervous system is developed enough to experience pain, as evidenced by studies showing fish and other early evolutionary stages can feel pain. Additional studies on fetal learning and responses to stimuli in the womb provide evidence for a level of consciousness and pain perception before the third trimester. While some research disputes these findings, the document argues that the ability to perceive and avoid harm is necessary for survival and is thus an evolved trait present early in development.

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ConceptualRevolutions.com is a place to geek out on progressive scientific findings, that will soon change society and enhance our mission in this Universe. It is for all readers and can be understood by the entire family! It is a website based on a simple philosophy; that while past imaginative geniuses made great accounts of their philosophies, it is clear that they embraced both the nature of things and how to observe the world broadly. In recent centuries, however, we have subjected nature to specialization. While there is something gained from a narrow focus, in the development of exquisite technologies, the connections between all things is often forgotten. The website embraces expansive knowledge in unique fields of study, as past imaginative geniuses have done, to establish meaningful connections and enable powerful conceptual revolutions to take hold. This presentation was used to review a book published by the editors called, Conceptual Revolutions in Science. During the presentation we challenged the audience to explore the content in the book and follow in the footsteps of past imaginative geniuses; to exponentially amplify their worldview along the way and enhance their mission in the Universe. The website provides content in 6 categories - Epigenetics - Sound Energy - Light - Meditation - Water - Philosophy/Geometry

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This document provides an overview of descriptive statistics and data representation techniques. It discusses measures of central tendency including the mean, median, and mode. It also covers different ways to present quantitative data visually, including graphs, tables, scatterplots, bar charts, histograms, and frequency polygons. The key purposes of descriptive statistics and data representation are to summarize patterns in data sets and communicate information effectively.

Mod 3 retrieval failure2

This document discusses explanations for forgetting, specifically retrieval failure due to the absence of cues. It explains that while information is stored in long-term memory, we can forget due to an inability to retrieve it without cues. Cues can be external contextual details or internal state-dependent details associated with the initial learning that help with recall. The encoding specificity principle holds that cues present during learning must also be present during retrieval attempts. A lack of cues results in cue-dependent forgetting.

Mod 3 retrieval failur

Mod 3 forgetting interference theory

This document discusses interference theory as an explanation for forgetting. It describes two types of interference - proactive interference, which occurs when old memories interfere with recall of new memories, and retroactive interference, which occurs when new memories interfere with recall of old memories. It provides examples of how both types of interference can cause forgetting and discusses experimental evidence that supports interference theory, including studies that test recall of word lists and the effect of similar versus different word meanings on interference.

Mod 6 harlow

Harry Harlow conducted experiments with baby monkeys to test the hypothesis that animals learn to attach to the animal that feeds them. He found that baby monkeys kept in a bare cage with just food and water often died, while monkeys in cages with a bare wire or cloth-covered wire "mother" spent more time clinging to and seeking comfort from the cloth mother, even when the wire mother dispensed milk. His research demonstrated the important role of contact comfort, rather than just food, in the formation of attachment and healthy social-emotional development in young primates.

Mod 6 harlow

Harry Harlow conducted experiments with baby monkeys to test the hypothesis that animals learn to attach to the animal that feeds them. He found that baby monkeys kept in bare cages often died, while monkeys placed in cages with either a wire or cloth-covered "mother" spent more time clinging to and seeking comfort from the cloth mother, even when the wire mother dispensed milk. His research demonstrated that contact comfort is important for attachment formation and social/emotional development in young primates.

Mod 6 lorenz

Lorenz conducted a study on goslings to test the hypothesis that they will imprint on and follow the first moving object they see. He found that goslings followed either him or their mother, depending on who they saw first, providing early evidence that animals form attachments to caregivers during a critical period. This research influenced later theories of attachment in humans but had limitations as it only studied one species and conclusions about permanence of imprinting were later disproven.

Mod 6 fathers

The document summarizes research on caregiver-infant attachment. It describes Schaffer and Emerson's 1964 study which identified 4 stages of attachment development. They found that most infants form their first attachment to their biological mother by 7 months. Additional research has explored attachments to secondary caregivers, particularly fathers. While some research suggests fathers play a distinct role through play and stimulation, other studies have been unable to clearly define the father's role in attachment. The role of fathers in infant development remains an area of ongoing research and debate.

Mod 6 attachment1

This document discusses attachment theory in developmental psychology. It defines attachment as the strong emotional bond between a child and caregiver that develops over time through interactions. Psychologists have studied how responsive caregiving promotes secure attachment through reciprocity and interactional synchrony between caregiver and infant. A key longitudinal study by Schaffer and Emerson found that infants first form specific attachments to their mothers between 7-12 months of age, displaying behaviors like separation protest and proximity seeking.

Cognitive interview1

The cognitive interview is a technique developed by Fisher and Gieselman in 1992 to improve the accuracy and detail of eyewitness testimony. It involves having the witness reconstruct the original context of the crime, report every detail in any order, and recall the event from different perspectives. Research has found the cognitive interview results in a 34% increase in correct recall compared to standard police interviews, but it may be difficult to apply in real-life criminal investigations due to time and cost constraints.

Cognitive interview

The cognitive interview is a technique for interviewing eyewitnesses that is intended to improve the accuracy and detail of their memories. It involves having witnesses report everything they remember, mentally reinstate the context of the event, change the order of details reported, and change perspectives. Research has found that the cognitive interview produces a 34% increase in correct recall compared to standard interviews and improves recall of details when multiple components are used. However, many real-world studies of the technique's effectiveness are difficult due to variations in police implementation of the full cognitive interview method.

Mod 6 anxiety1

This document discusses how anxiety can affect eyewitness memory and testimony in criminal cases. It notes that: - Anxiety experienced during an event can negatively impact how well and accurately details are encoded and stored in memory. Important details like a person's appearance may not be remembered. - When recalling memories, gaps and inconsistencies can arise. Memory retrieval involves reconstructing memories based on prior knowledge, which can introduce inaccuracies. - While some research has found anxiety harms recall accuracy, other studies have found it can improve memory of important details. The level of anxiety likely influences its effects, as the Yerkes-Dodson law proposes an optimal level for performance. - Field research on eyewitness

Mod 3 working memory model slides

The document summarizes Baddeley and Hitch's working memory model (WMM), which proposes that short-term memory consists of multiple active storage components. The model includes a central executive that oversees the phonological loop for auditory information, visuospatial sketchpad for visual and spatial information, and an episodic buffer that integrates information. Each component has limited capacity to store different types of coded information simultaneously. The WMM was an improvement over the multi-store model and helped explain findings from dual task experiments and case studies of brain-damaged patients. However, the central executive remains not fully understood.

Mod 3 types of ltm slides