This document provides an introduction to basic navigation concepts including:
1) Navigation enables locating one's position and traveling between places using tools like nautical charts, compasses, and coordinate systems of latitude and longitude.
2) Nautical charts depict water depths, hazards, and navigation aids to allow mariners to safely navigate coastal and ocean waters.
3) Key concepts in navigation include great circles, meridians, parallels, compass rose, cardinal and intercardinal directions, and units of measurement like nautical miles.
Presentation on maneuvering and collision avoidance with special focus on large tonnage vessels.
Maneuverability limits and last moment maneuver are thoroughly shown in this material.
Presentation on maneuvering and collision avoidance with special focus on large tonnage vessels.
Maneuverability limits and last moment maneuver are thoroughly shown in this material.
The Sky
Astronomy is about us. As we learn about astronomy, we learn about ourselves. We search for an answer to the question “What are we?” The quick answer is that we are thinking creatures living on a planet that circles a star we call the sun. In this chapter, we begin trying to understand that answer. What does it mean to live on a planet?
The preceding chapter gave us a quick overview of the universe, and chapters later in the book will discuss the details. This chapter and the next help us understand what the universe looks like seen from the surface of our spinning planet.
But appearances are deceiving. We will see in Chapter 4 how difficult it has been for humanity to understand what we see in the #sky every day. In fact, we will discover that modern science was born when people tried to understand the appearance of the sky.
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10. N pole Greenwich
England
W E
LONGITUDE
EQUATOR
S pole
Meridians and the equator are called
great circles because they divide the
globe into two halves.
11. Great Circle
Any circle formed by the intersection
of a plane passing through the Earth’s
center, with the Earth’s surface
12. Prime
Meridian
Parallels
Equator
The equator is the only great circle
going around the globe from east to
west. The other lines are called parallels,
since they go around the globe parallel
to, and north and south of the equator.
13. Greenwich meridian
(longitude 0°)
N
Equator
(latitude 0°)
One example
of a great circle S
A great circle is any circle whose
plane passes through the Earth’s
center, no matter what direction.
14. What is the significance of the
great circle in navigation?
15. What is the significance of the
great circle in navigation?
The shortest distance between
two points on the Earth lies along
the path of a great circle passing
through those two points.
19. 360° 360°
Greenwich meridian
N
Center of (longitude 0°)
The Earth Regardless of the
size of the circle,
the circumference
Equator
(latitude 0°) has 360°.
One example
of a great circle S
25. International
Date Line
New Date
Noon
Old Date
Old Day 0° Prime
Meridian
New Day
Midnight 180°
International
Date Line
International Date Line
26. Eastern
Hemisphere
International
Date Line
Equator
Pacific
Ocean
Western Hemisphere
27. Prime
Meridian
0° Longitude
Meridians
Meridians (longitude lines) between the
prime meridian and 180th meridian are
numbered 0° to 180° east (E) or west (W).
35. Remember!
North
Pole North
Latitude
South
Latitude
West East
Longitude South Longitude
Pole
• Longitude is always measured east
or west from 0° through 180°
• Latitude is always measured north
or south from 0° through 90°
53. On the compass rose above, only north
is filled in. Fill in the rest of the points
on the compass, going clockwise, using
the standard abbreviations.
54. On the compass rose above, only north
is filled in. Fill in the rest of the points
on the compass, going clockwise, using
the standard abbreviations.
56. Heading – Direction the ship is facing
Course – Direction the ship is steered
through the water
57. MAGNETIC COMPASS GYROCOMPASS
Magnetic compasses Gyrocompasses
give direction relative reference true
to magnetic north. north.
58. Gyrocompass
Navigational compass containing a
gyroscope, that, when adjusted for
latitude and speed, shows true north
or communicates this information
to one or more gyro repeaters.
63. How Variation Affects the Compass
Magnetic North North Pole
Variation
Remember, variation changes
depending on your position relative
to magnetic north.
64. Converting Direction
To convert from magnetic to true,
just add or subtract the variation
at your location to the magnetic
bearing.
Remember — Westerly variations
are subtracted, and easterly
variations are added.
65. Example of Converting Direction
If your ship was heading 080° magnetic
in a region where the variation was
10° East, what is the true heading?
66. Example of Converting Direction
If your ship was heading 080° magnetic
in a region where the variation was
10° East, the true heading would be
080° + 10°, or 090° true.
67. Example of Converting Direction
If your ship was heading 270° true in a
region where the variation was 10° East,
what is the magnetic heading?
68. Example of Converting Direction
If your ship was heading 270° true in a
region where the variation was 10° East,
the true heading would be 270° – 10°,
or 260° magnetic heading.
69. Bearing
The direction of an object from an
observer, measured clockwise in one
of three standard ways:
• True bearing
• Magnetic bearing
• Relative bearing
76. When recording a bearing, assume it to
be a true bearing unless followed by the
letters M or R.
030°M means 30° right of magnetic north
030°R means 30° off the starboard bow
77. Objects seen by lookouts are reported
in terms of relative bearing by degrees.
78. Relative Bearings
• Dead ahead, or bow – 000°R
• Starboard beam – 090°R
• Dead astern – 180°R
• Port beam – 270°R
79. To emphasize that it is a true bearing,
the letter T (for example 030°T) follows
the three-digit true bearing, spoken
―030 degrees true.‖
80. TN
RELATIVE
BEARING
030°
090°
TRUE Light
BEARING House
True Bearing = Relative Bearing + True Heading
(Subtract 360° if sum is greater than 360°)
83. Hydrography
Science of measurement, description,
and mapping of the Earth’s surface
waters, with special reference to their
use for navigation
84. Hydrographic information
given on a chart includes:
• Water depths
• Nature of bottom
• Overhead obstructions
• Navigation aids; buoys,
lights, and anchorages
85. Globe Chart
Impossible to Necessary to
work navigation work navigation
problems or problems
chart courses
87. It is necessary
to convert the
round surface of
the globe to one
that is flat and
two-dimensional
(having only
length and
width)—to
a flat piece of
paper on which a
chart is drawn.
91. Mercator Projection
Earth is projected onto a
cylinder-shaped piece of paper,
wrapped around the globe at the
equator
92. Geradus Mercator
Mercator Projection
• Commonly used for navigational charts
• Developed by a Dutch cartographer,
Geradus Mercator, in the 1500s
• Most useful projection for navigation
93. Great Circle
Track
Rhumb Line
Conformal Projection
A projection on which any rhumb line is shown
as a straight line, used chiefly in navigation,
though the scale varies with latitude and aerial
size and the shape of large areas are greatly
distorted
94. Rhumb Line
A curve on the surface of a sphere
that cuts all meridians at the same
angle; the path taken by a vessel or
aircraft that maintains a constant
compass direction
95. Scale of Charts
SCALE 1:7,500,000
• Used to measure distance
• Relationship between actual
and chart distance
• Printed near the legend as
a ratio, such as 1:7,500,000
96. Small scales
are used to
depict large
areas on a
chart, and
large scales
are used to
depict small
areas.
97. Measuring distance on a chart
If an inch on the chart represents 50 miles,
what would five inches represent?
98. Measuring distance on a chart
If an inch on the chart represents 50 miles,
what would five inches represent?
250 Miles
99. Remember
• The larger the scale, the smaller the
area shown on a given chart or map.
• The large-scale charts show areas
in great detail.
• Features appearing on a large-scale
chart may not show up at all on a
small-scale chart of the same area.
101. Nautical charts have information for
safe navigation, such as:
• Symbols, figures, and abbreviations
• Depth of water
• Type of bottom
• Navigational aids
102. Harbor charts are large-scale charts that
show harbors and their approaches in
detail.
111. Plotting
In order to use the nautical chart for
navigating, you must know something
about how courses, bearings, and
lines of position are plotted on it.
113. Parallel Rulers
A pair of straightedges connected by
two pivoted crosspieces of equal
length so as to be parallel at all times;
used for various navigational
purposes, especially for transferring
the bearing of a plotted course to a
compass rose
117. Fix (position)
Accurate position determined without
use of any previous position, using
visual, electronic, or celestial
observation
118. Line of Position
(LOP)
A line indicating
a series of possible
positions of a ship
as a result of
observation or
measurement
119. SPIRE
RANGE BEARING
Lines of Position
CAPE
DISTANCE ARC
TANGENT
120. Bearing Lines of Position
Lines corresponding to the bearings
are plotted on the chart. They are
labeled with the 4-digit time of
observation above the line.
124. Radar Stadimeter
Devices used to
measure distance
to a landmark
Sextant
125. Stadimeter
Optical distance-measuring device
that measures angles to determine
distance to an object using as a
reference the distance to an object of
known height
127. Sextant
An astronomical instrument used to
determine latitude and longitude at
sea by measuring angular distances,
especially the altitudes of Sun, Moon,
and stars
129. Obtain a fix with these combinations
of lines of position:
• Two or more lines of bearing
• A distance arc and a line of bearing
• Two or more distance arcs
• A visual range and a distance arc
• A visual range and a line of bearing
• Two simultaneous visual ranges
Most commonly used
142. Sound Ranging
A method for determining the distance
between a point and the position of a
sound source by measuring the time
lapse between the origin of the sound
and its arrival at the point
SONAR (S0und NAvigation
and Ranging)
143. In piloting, soundings are usually
taken every 5 minutes.
D=1/2 t x 4,800 feet per second
144. A fathometer may
establish a fix
when a navigator
has a chart
showing accurate
bottom contours,
but in practice it
usually serves as
a check.
155. The most common scope used is a plan
position indicator (PPI), which gives a
bird’s eye view of the radar coverage
area, the transmitting ship in the center.
156. Advantages of radar as a navigational
aid include:
• It can be used at night and during
periods of low visibility.
• A fix can be obtained from a
single object.
157. • Very accurate and rapid
• Used to locate and track storms
• Very important for ship safety
160. Loran is a system
of radio signals
broadcast by
stations of known
position.
161. Loran Receiver
A loran fix is determined by a loran
receiver from the intersection of lines
of position obtained from those shore
stations.
162. GPS Satellites
Satellite Navigation
The newest electronic navigation system
is the Global Positioning System (GPS).
163. Global Positioning
System (GPS) • Six 10,900-
mile-high
orbits
• 24 satellites
• Continuous
three-
dimensional
fix capability
• Fix accurate
to within
±10 meters
165. GPS is used for a wide variety of land
navigation purposes, including position
and direction-finding in many new cars
and golf carts.
166. Military applications of GPS navigation
systems include guidance for:
• Smart bombs
• Cruise missiles
167. Differential GPS
Enhancement by to basic GPS: corrections to
positioning information is determined by land-
based receivers and transmitted to users.
Capable of accuracy to within + 1 meter.
168. Ship’s Inertial Navigation
System (SINS)
Provides accurate and continuous
dead reckoning (DR) positions
169. SINS gives ships an accurate and
continuous dead reckoning position
using three gyroscopes to determine
latitude, vertical, and longitude with
great accuracy.
170. Submarines use SINS to navigate when
submerged for months even when
traveling under the Arctic ice cap.
171. Celestial
Sphere
Celestial Navigation
Branch of navigation in which position is
determined by the aid of heavenly bodies
such as the Sun, Moon, and selected stars
and planets
175. INDEX MIRROR
LENS
HORIZON
INDEX ARM HOOD
MIRROR
TELESCOPE
VERNIER
ARC SCALE
SCALE
MICROMETER
DRUM SCALE SCREW
Sextant — Nomenclature
Reading the Vernier Scale
176. Dead Reckoning
Calculation of one's position on the
basis of distance run on various
headings since the last precisely
observed position, with as accurate
allowance as possible being made for
wind, currents, compass errors
194. At sea, the navigator will use celestial or
electronic means to get positive fixes at
least every morning, noon, and evening.
195. In piloting waters, the navigator will
normally be on the bridge getting exact
fixes whenever usable navigation aids
come into sight.
196. Currently, electronic plotters incorporate
continuous fix updates received from
GPS, then project current ship’s position
and the DR track onto an electronic chart
projection on a computer screen.
242. Q.23. What is a fix?
A.23. An accurate position
determined without reference
to any previous position. The
intersection of 2 or more lines
of position.
243. Q.24. What is the difference between
directions measured on a
gyrocompass and those
measured on a magnetic
compass?
244. Q.24. What is the difference between
directions measured on a
gyrocompass and those
measured on a magnetic
compass?
A.24. Directions measured on a
gyrocompass are relative to
true north, whereas directions
measured on a magnetic
compass are relative to
magnetic north.
245. Q.25. How is distance on a Mercator
chart measured?
246. Q.25. How is distance on a Mercator
chart measured?
A.25. On a flat surface along any
meridian where one minute of
latitude equals one nautical
mile
247. Q.26. If a half-inch on a chart
represents 10 miles, how many
inches would represent 100
miles?
248. Q.26. If a half-inch on a chart
represents 10 miles, how many
inches would represent 100
miles?
A.26. Five inches
249. Q.27. What is the shortest distance
between two points on a
globe?
250. Q.27. What is the shortest distance
between two points on a
globe?
A.27. An arc of a great circle
254. Q.29. What is a line of position
(LOP)?
A.29. A line drawn on a chart along
which a ship must be located,
based on a bearing or distance
from an object or landmark
255. Q.30. A ship that is traveling south
observes another ship on a
relative bearing of 041 degrees.
What is the true bearing to that
ship?
256. Q.30. A ship that is traveling south
observes another ship on a
relative bearing of 041 degrees.
What is the true bearing to that
ship?
A.30. 221 degrees true
(180 degrees + 041 degrees)
257. Q.31. A ship that is traveling north
observes another ship on a
relative bearing of 041 degrees.
Where would you see that ship
in relation to your ship?
258. Q.31. A ship that is traveling north
observes another ship on a
relative bearing of 041 degrees.
Where would you see that ship
in relation to your ship?
A.31. Off the starboard bow
259. Sphere
A round body whose surface is at all
points equidistant from the center
260. Meridian
A great circle of the Earth passing
through the poles and any given
point on the Earth's surface
263. Compass Card
A circular card with magnets attached
to its underside, the face divided on its
rim into points of the compass, degrees
clockwise from north, or both, and
floating or suspended from a pivot so
as to rotate freely