GOOD

2. CHAPTER -14
The Globe- Latitudes and Longitudes
T
he axispasses through the top to the bottom of the Earth.

3. The Earth is spherical in shape, but flattened
at the polesand bulging at the equator.
Hence polar diameter (12,720 km) and polar
circumference (40,008 km) islesser than
equatorial diameter (12,760 km)and
circumference(40,075 km).
T
he bulge iscreated by the centrifugal force
of the Earth caused by Earth’s rotation.
T
hisshape of Earth istermed as Geoid.

4. Specific Learning Objectives:
Review what Latitudes and Longitudes are
Able to identify the Important Latitudes –Tropic of Cancer, Arctic
Circle, Tropic of Capricorn, Antarctic Circle and Longitudes -
Greenwich Meridian, International Data Line
Understand the term –“The Global Grid”
Understand the differences between latitudes and longitudes
Also, how to find places with the help of latitudes and longitudes

5. Introduction:
In this chapter we are going to learn:
1. The Globe
2. Latitudes and Longitudes
3. Heat Zones
4. Longitude and Time

6. An imaginary line drawn around
Earth’s middle isknown asthe
Equator.
I
t divides the Earth into two equal
halves/parts; the Northern
Hemisphere and the Southern
Hemisphere.

7. Globe & the Lines of Latitude and Longitude:
These imaginary lines on the earth are called as the lines of
latitude and longitude.
The lines of latitude and longitude help us to answer a key
geographical question:
“Where am I?”
The lines of latitude and longitude
together form the Earth grid

10. What are the lines of Latitude or Parallels of
Latitude?
 The lines of latitudes are the
horizontal lines drawn on the earth.
 The equator isdrawn on the globe and
it iscalled latitude. It divides the earth
into two halves –Northern and
Southern Hemispheres
 These lines tell us whether a place is
located in the Northern and Southern
hemisphere as well as how far North or
South from the Equator it is.
 These lines are drawn parallel from the
equator to the poles.

11. What are the lines of Latitude?
The Equator is the 0° latitude line
 North of the Equator isthe Northern
Hemisphere so parallels of North are
North Latitudes
 South of the Equator is the Southern
Hemisphere so parallels of south are
South Latitudes.
The lines of latitude are also known
as parallels.
As they are parallel to the equator
and apart always at the same
distance

12. What are the lines of Latitude?
The Northern Hemisphere has latitudes
between 0°(the equator) and 90°(The
North Pole)
The Southern Hemisphere has latitudes
between 0° (the equator) and 90° (The
South Pole)
These line get shorter towards the poles with only the equator; the
longest; a great circle

13. Important lines of Latitude
The Equator
The Tropic of Cancer
The Tropic of Capricorn
which isat 0˚(degrees)
which isat 23˚30’North
which isat 23˚30’South
The Arctic Circle
The Antarctic Circle
The North Pole
The South Pole
which isat 66˚30’North
which isat 66˚30’South
which isat 90˚North
which isat 90˚South

14. Heat Zones
All places of the Earth do not
receive the same amount of
heat from the Sun.
T
he Equator and the regions
near it receive direct rays of
the Sun.
Since the Earth’s shape is
spherical aswe go to the
Poles the rays of the sun
become slanting.

15. Heat Zones

16. T
orrid Zone
Area between
Tropic of Cancer
and Capricorn
Direct rays of the
Sun fall
throughout the
year
Hottest zone

17. T
emperate Zones
Areas bounded by the
T
ropic of Cancer and the
Arctic Circle in the North,
T
ropic of Capricorn and
Antarctic Circle in the
South.
T
hey receive slightly
slanting rays of the sun.
T
emperatures are
moderate.

18. Frigid Zones
Frigid means cold. T
hese
regions are extremely
cold.
Sun rays are always
slanting and provide
very less heat.
Areas lying between
Arctic Circle and North
Pole in the Northern
Hemisphere and the
South pole and
Antarctic Circle in the
Southern Hemisphere.

19. North Frigid
Zone
North
T
emperate
Zone
T
orrid
Zone
South
T
emperate
Zone
South Frigid Zone
T
orrid Zone:Central America,Central Africa, Southern India ,Indonesia
Temperate Zone: U.S., most of Canada and Europe, Central Asia, southern South America and
southern Australia.
Frigid Zone: Greenland, parts of Russia, Parts of Canada and Alaska, Antarctica
Heat Zones

20. The midnight sun occurs because
the earth's axistilts toward the sun
in summer and away from the sun
in winter. Thus the poles are
exposed to the sun's rays for six
months each. Thistilting of the
earth's axis, together with the
revolution of the earth about the
sun, also causes the seasons.
Norway- The Land of the Midnight Sun
Srimonti.cs@gmail.com

22. What are the lines of Longitude?
 The lines of longitude are the vertical lines
drawn on the earth. Longitude isangular
distance of a point on the surface of the
Earth measured in degrees east or west
from the Prime Meridian.
 The longitudes starts at the North Pole and
ends at the South Pole, so they are
semicircles.
 Line of longitude follow a north-south
direction
 The meridiansdivides the earth into two
halves –Eastern Hemisphere and Western
Hemisphere

23. What are the lines of Longitude?
The 0°longitude isthe Prime Meridian and
also known as the Greenwich Meridian
passes through the British Royal
Observatory at Greenwich near London
and opposite of this meridian isthe
meridian of 180 degree.
Together they divide the Earth into two
parts- the Eastern and Western
Hemisphere.
The lines of longitude do not have the same distance
from each other.

24. What are the lines of Longitude?
Longitudes are measured in degrees,
minutes and seconds.
The Eastern Hemisphere has longitudes
between 0°to180°.
The Western Hemisphere has longitudes
between 0° to 180°. Since 180° E or 180°
W is the same line we don’t write E or W
for this longitude.
So, the Earth is divided totals to 360 ˚.
Hence there are 360 lines of longitude.

25. What are the lines of Longitude?

26. Now, 24 hours/ 1 day to complete one rotation that is
360 ˚on its axis.
So, the earth spins 15 ˚every one hour( 360/24) or 1
˚every 4 minutes (1440 mins/360).
Thus, International Date Line (IDL) is the line of longitude located at
about 180˚East or West of the Prime Meridian; it demarcates
(separates) one calendar day from the next.
What are the lines of Longitude?
Earth rotates from West to East or simply put in anti-
clockwise direction. Therefore, places East of a particular
meridian will have sunrise prior to that of places in the
West. So from East to West a gains a day and from West
to East loses a day.

27. The International Date Line
The International Date Line
A The International Date Line
•A traveler going eastwards gains time from Greenwich until he reaches the
meridian 180°E, when he will be 12 hours ahead of G.M.T.
•Similarly in going westwards, he loses 12 hours when he reaches 180°W. ...
•This is the International Date Line where the date changes by exactly one .
traveler going eastwards gains time from Greenwich until he reaches the
meridian 180°E, when he will be 12 hours ahead of G.M.T. The International
Date Line (IDL) is an internationally accepted demarcation on the surface of
Earth, running between the North Pole and South Pole and serving as the
boundary between one calendar day and the next. It passes through the
Pacific Ocean, The International Date Line (IDL) is an internationally
accepted demarcation on the surface of Earth, running between the North

28. The International Date Line (IDL)
The International Date Line (IDL) is an internationally accepted demarcation on the surface of Earth, running between
the North Pole and South Pole and serving as the boundary between one calendar day and the next. It passes through
the Pacific Ocean, The International Date Line (IDL) is an internationally
accepted demarcation on the surface of Earth, running between the
North Pole and South Pole and serving as the boundary between one
calendar day and the next. It passes through the Pacific Ocean,

30. Differences between Latitudes and Longitudes

31. Differences between Latitudes and Longitudes

32. HW:
1. With the help of your Atlas find out
the names of all the countries
through which the Prime Meridian
(0 ˚longitude) passes.
2. Find out the latitude and
longitudes of the following cities:
Mumbai, Colombo, Karachi,
Dhaka and London.

33. Meridians (mid-day) & Time

34. Meridians (mid-day) & Time

35. Meridians (mid-day) & Time

36. Meridians (mid-day) & Time

38. 1. What will be the local time of a place situated 60 ˚
W of
London if it isnoon in London?
2. What will be the local time of a place situated 90 ˚
E of
London if it is9 am in London?