The haloalkanes are a group of chemical compounds derived from alkanes containing one or more halogens. They are a subset of the general class of halocarbons, although the distinction is not often made. Haloalkanes are widely used commercially and, consequently, are known under many chemical and commercial names.
B.Pharm I Year II Sem. SN1 and SN2 reactions, kinetics, order of reactivity of alkyl halides, stereochemistry and rearrangement of carbocations.
SN1 versus SN2 reactions, Factors affecting SN1 and SN2 reactions.
Structure and uses of ethylchloride, Chloroform, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene,
dichloromethane, tetrachloromethane and iodoform.
Alcohols, Qualitative tests for Alcohol, Structure and uses of Ethyl alcohol, chlorobutanol, Cetosterylalcohol, Benzyl alcohol, Glycerol, Propylene glycol
The haloalkanes are a group of chemical compounds derived from alkanes containing one or more halogens. They are a subset of the general class of halocarbons, although the distinction is not often made. Haloalkanes are widely used commercially and, consequently, are known under many chemical and commercial names.
B.Pharm I Year II Sem. SN1 and SN2 reactions, kinetics, order of reactivity of alkyl halides, stereochemistry and rearrangement of carbocations.
SN1 versus SN2 reactions, Factors affecting SN1 and SN2 reactions.
Structure and uses of ethylchloride, Chloroform, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene,
dichloromethane, tetrachloromethane and iodoform.
Alcohols, Qualitative tests for Alcohol, Structure and uses of Ethyl alcohol, chlorobutanol, Cetosterylalcohol, Benzyl alcohol, Glycerol, Propylene glycol
Full study material of Alkyl and aryl halides, preparation, properties, polyhalo compounds, their uses with complete explanation with the relevant examples.
Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, Alkyl Halides, Alicyclic Hydrocarbons, Alcohols,
Ethers and Epoxides, Aldehydes and Ketones, Carboxylic Acids and their
Functional Derivatives
Full study material of Alkyl and aryl halides, preparation, properties, polyhalo compounds, their uses with complete explanation with the relevant examples.
Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, Alkyl Halides, Alicyclic Hydrocarbons, Alcohols,
Ethers and Epoxides, Aldehydes and Ketones, Carboxylic Acids and their
Functional Derivatives
HSSC Second year Chemistry course slides for Federal Board Pakistan, lectures by Dr. Raja Hashim Ali (also available on Youtube as a series of video lectures).
Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, Alkyl Halides, Alicyclic Hydrocarbons, Alcohols,
Ethers and Epoxides, Aldehydes and Ketones, Carboxylic Acids and their
Functional Derivatives
Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, Alkyl Halides, Alicyclic Hydrocarbons, Alcohols,
Ethers and Epoxides, Aldehydes and Ketones, Carboxylic Acids and their
Functional Derivatives
➣ Electron Drift Velocity
➣➣➣ Charge Velocity and
Velocity of Field Propagation
➣➣➣ The Idea of Electric Potential
Resistance
➣➣➣ Unit of Resistance
➣➣➣ Law of Resistance
➣➣➣ Units of Resistivity
Conductance and
Conductivity
➣➣➣ Temperature Coefficient of
Resistance
➣➣➣ Value of α at Different
Temperatures
➣➣➣ Variation of Resistivity with
Temperature
➣➣➣ Ohm’s Law
➣➣➣ Resistance in Series
➣➣➣ Voltage Divider Rule
➣➣➣ Resistance in Parallel
➣➣➣ Types of Resistors
➣➣➣ Nonlinear Resistors
➣➣➣ Varistor
➣➣➣ Short and Open Circuits
➣➣➣ ‘Shorts’ in a Series Circuit
➣➣➣ ‘Opens’ in Series Circuit
➣➣➣ ‘Open’s in a Parallel Circuit
➣➣➣ ‘Shorts’ in Parallel Circuits
➣➣➣ Division of Current in Parallel
Circuits
➣➣➣ Equivalent Resistance
➣➣➣ Duality Between Series and
Parallel Circuits
➣➣➣ Relative Potential
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2. General Introduction
• Alkyl halides are the compounds derived
from the saturated hydrocarbons by
replacement of one of the hydrogen atom
by halogen atom.
• Thus they can be represented by general
formula R-X where R= alkyl group; X= Cl,
Br, I or F.Halogen atom may be attached
to 1o, 2o or 3o Carbon atom of alkyl
group. Thus alkyl halide can be classified
as primary (1o), secondary(2o) or tertiary
(3o) depending upon whether the
halogen is attached to primary, secondary
of tertiary carbon atom.
3. Methods of preparation of Alkyl Halides
• By direct Halogenation of Alkanes
• Alkanes when treated with chlorine or
bromine in the presence of U.V light or at high
temperature (400oC) gives alkyl chloride or
alkyl bromide along with poly halogen
derivatives. For example,
• But iodoalkanes can be prepared only in the
presence of oxidizing agents like HIO3, HIO4.
Or Conc. HNO3 etc. because HI formed during
the reaction reduces back alkyl iodide to
alkane. But the products are difficult to
separate.
4. Methods of preparation of Alkyl Halides by
treating Alkenes with hydrogen halides
• When alkenes are treated with hydrogen
halides, addition of hydrogen halide takes
place in accordance with Markonikov’s rule
except the addition of HBr in presence of
organic peroxide [R-O-O-R].
5. Methods of preparation of Alkyl Halides by By
treatment of Alcohol with Halogen Acid
• Alcohols react with HBr or HI to give alkyl bromide or alkyl iodide.
They react with HCl in presence of zinc chloride catalyst.
6. Methods of preparation of Alkyl Halides by
treatment of Alcohol with Phosphorous Halides
• Alcohols react with phosphorous halides (PX5 or PX3) to give alkyl
halides.
7. Methods of preparation of Alkyl Halides by
treatment of Alcohol with Thionyl Chloride
• Alcohols when treated with thionyl chloride in the presence of
pyridine give alkyl chloride. Pyridine acts as scavenger for HCl
formed.
8. Methods of preparation of Alkyl Halides by By
Halogen Exchange Reaction [Finkelstein reaction]
• This method is suitable for the
preparation of alkyl iodides and
fluorides. This involves the
treatment of alkyl bromide or
chloride with concentrated
solution of sodium iodide in
acetone.For the preparation of
alkyl fluoride alkyl bromides or
chlorides are heated with
inorganic fluorides.
9. Physical Properties of Alkyl Halides
• Methyl chloride, Methyl bromide, Methyl fluoride and Ethyl chloride are gases at room
temperature. Other alkyl halides up to C18 are colourless liquids and beyond C18 are
colorless gases.
• Although alkyl halides are polar in nature but they are insoluble in water but soluble in
organic solvents. Insolubility in water is due to the inability to form hydrogen bonding
with water and to break already existing hydrogen bonding in water molecule.
• Their densities decrease in the following order; Iodide> bromide>Chloride > fluoride.
Alkyl bromides and iodides are denser than water while alkyl chlorides and fluorides are
lighter than water.
• For a given alkyl group boiling points of alkyl halides follow the following order. Alkyl
iodide> Alkyl bromide> Alkyl Chloride> Alkyl fluoride.
• For a given halogen atom, the boiling points of alkyl halides increase with the increase in
the size of the alkyl group.
10. Chemical Properties of Alkyl Halides
In alkyl halides (C-X) bond is highly polar because of the high
electronegativity of the halogen atom. Thus alkyl halides are very
reactive compounds alkyl halides can be nearly all types of organic
compounds and thus synthetically they are very important. They
undergo substitution, elimination, and reduction reactions.
12. Saytzeff’s Rule
• Hydrogen is eliminated from the Carbon atom of alkyl halide
which bears the least number of hydrogen atoms.
• For example, when 2-bromobutane undergo elimination with alc.
KOH, two alkenes are possible and major one is more substituted
alkene. (In accordance with Saytzeff’s rule)
13. Reduction reaction of Alkyl Halides
• Reduction: Alkyl halides are reduced to alkanes by different reducing
agents like LiAlH4, Zn/HCl and H2/Ni or Pd etc.
14. Wurtz Reaction
• When alkyl halides react with metallic sodium in dry ether two
molecules join together to give alkane with double number of carbon
atoms.
15. Raction with Mg and Li
• Alkyl halides react with Magnesium in dry ether to give alkyl
magnesium halide, the Grignard reagent.Grignard reagent is an
important group of organometallic complex which has the great
synthetic utility in organic chemistry.
• With Lithium in dry ether alkyl halides give alkyl Lithium.Alkyl
Lithium behaves in the same way as Grignard reagent but with
increase reactivity.
16. Friedel Crafts Reaction
• Alkyl halides react with Arenes in the presence of anhydrous AlCl3 to
form alkyl benzene.