• As now a days railway accidents are occuring more and more, large amount of people lost their lives, and economical impact of it is also very high. This all happens due to improper management, and less control available!!
Due to this project lot of information gets gather about train, and so it will help for BETTER MANAGEMENT.
• Due to this, human labor can be minimized, so government can plant this labor at other work and it can improve other system also.
• By automatic signals, accidents of train on same track will get minimized so health of people traveling through train gets highly ensured.
A line follower robot, as the name suggests, is an automated guided vehicle, which follow a visual line embedded on the floor or ceiling.
Usually, the visual line is the path in which the line follower robot goes and it will be a black line on a white surface but the other way (white line on a black surface) is also possible.
Certain advanced line follower robots use the invisible magnetic fields as their paths.
A line follower robot, as the name suggests, is an automated guided vehicle, which follow a visual line embedded on the floor or ceiling.
Usually, the visual line is the path in which the line follower robot goes and it will be a black line on a white surface but the other way (white line on a black surface) is also possible.
Certain advanced line follower robots use the invisible magnetic fields as their paths.
These slides have been made by the members of roboVITics club - The Official Robotics Club of VIT. It deals with the basic concepts related to making a Line Follower Robot.
For details, visit http://maxEmbedded.com/
http://robovitics.in/
Edgefxkits.com has a wide range of electronic projects ideas that are primarily helpful for ECE, EEE and EIE students and the ideas can be applied for real life purposes as well.
http://www.edgefxkits.com/
Visit our page to get more ideas on popular electronic projects developed by professionals.
Edgefx provides free verified electronic projects kits around the world with abstracts, circuit diagrams, and free electronic software. We provide guidance manual for Do It Yourself Kits (DIY) with the modules at best price along with free shipping.
These slides have been made by the members of roboVITics club - The Official Robotics Club of VIT. It deals with the basic concepts related to making a Line Follower Robot.
For details, visit http://maxEmbedded.com/
http://robovitics.in/
Edgefxkits.com has a wide range of electronic projects ideas that are primarily helpful for ECE, EEE and EIE students and the ideas can be applied for real life purposes as well.
http://www.edgefxkits.com/
Visit our page to get more ideas on popular electronic projects developed by professionals.
Edgefx provides free verified electronic projects kits around the world with abstracts, circuit diagrams, and free electronic software. We provide guidance manual for Do It Yourself Kits (DIY) with the modules at best price along with free shipping.
How to Make Awesome SlideShares: Tips & TricksSlideShare
Turbocharge your online presence with SlideShare. We provide the best tips and tricks for succeeding on SlideShare. Get ideas for what to upload, tips for designing your deck and more.
Traffic density dependent taffic light controller pdf NAVODITA KUMARI
By using this system configuration we can reduce the possibilities of traffic jams caused by traffic lights to an extent. The number of passing vehicles on the road decides the density range of traffics and on the basis of vehicle count microcontroller decides the traffic light delays.
Micro controller based Traffic control systemRohit Kumar
This project deals with traffic system controlled by a microcontroller.
using IR controllers instead of using old timing circuits.
This system aims to provide much better and safer way of controlling Traffic signal system.
This system of controlling will help a lot in future.
This was my final year project based on embedded system
this is the code
http://downloads..com/download/24001476/code.rar.html
and the pcb are
http://downloads..com/download/24001498/pcb.rar.html
ADVANCED RAILWAY SECURITY SYSTEM (ARSS) BASED ON ZIGBEE COMMUNICATION FOR TRA...rashmimabattin28
The principle point of this paper is to build up an inserted framework to distinguishing rail track flaw sending message to close station utilizing ZIGBEE TECHNOLOGY.
The objective of this project is to make
a controller based model to count
number of persons visiting particular
room and accordingly light up the room.
Here we can use sensor and can know
the present number of persons.
One of the greatest challenges engineers face is the safe operation of the existing civil infrastructure. Tunnels progressively deteriorate due to ageing ,environmental factors ,increased loading ,damages caused by the human/natural factors ,inadequate poor maintenance
A collision prevention warning system is an automobile safety system which enables vehicles to identify the chances of collision and give visual and audio warning to the driver so that the driver can take necessary action to avoid `a collision.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
3. VisualizeGate Control andTrack Switching
3
INTRODUCTION
Indian railway has the 2nd largest railway network in the world. As the 21st century is
moving ahead, the Indian railway system is also moving ahead in terms of technology. But then
also, till today our system have not been developed to such a level that it can able to avoid the
train accidents in India. In the last 2 years, total 46 major accidents occurred in which more than
9000 Indians and over 859 foreigners lost their lives.
Most of the train accidents in India occurs due to the miscommunication, bad weather
conditions (fog), human errors, non-update information about the train. Due to these reasons
many Indian people lost their life’s and also the foreigners. Today railway is one of the main
source for the transportation of people as well as goods in India. In train accidents almost 19% of
the total goods get wasted, it may be coal, steel, iron, petroleum, oil etc.
In today’s competitive world lot of things works on automation, this reduces use of
human resources to a great extent and because of this time and money are also saved. Which is
economically profitable in today’s life. In this system more work is done with less investment,
proper management and discipline is maintained.
As we want to solve the problems of accidental damage of railway system, to maximize
the people security, and to get the more information about railway position. We found the best
solution for that are “VISUALIZE GATE CONTROL AND TRACK SWITCHING” in
Railway system.
For this project we design a circuit which gives whole information about the Railway
system. In this project we use the IR sensors and it is placed before and after the Railway
Crossing so when any Train enters the area of Railway Crossing at that time gate is automatically
closed.
If two trains arrived on same track and cuts IR sensors in opposite directions the red
signals is given to both train to avoid the accident. If we want to switch the train on different
tracks then we can switch it using master control.
5. VisualizeGate Control andTrack Switching
5
Specification
IR Sensor
This is a simple yet effective IR proximity sensor built around the TSOP 1738 module.
The TSOP module is commonly found at the receiving end of an IR remote control system; e.g.,
in TVs, CD players etc. These modules require the incoming data to be modulated at a particular
frequency and would ignore any other IR signals. It is also immune to ambient IR light, so one
can easily use these sensors outdoors or under heavily lit conditions.
Such modules are available for different carrier frequencies from 32 kHz to 42 kHz. In
this particular proximity sensor, we will be generating a constant stream of square wave signal
using IC555 centered at 38 kHz and would use it to drive an IR led. So whenever this signal
bounces off the obstacles, the receiver would detect it and change its output. Since the TSOP
6. VisualizeGate Control andTrack Switching
6
1738 module works in the active-low configuration, its output would normally remain high and
would go low when it detects the signal (the obstacle).
Microcontroller 89S52
Compatible with MCS-51® Products
8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory
4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range
Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz
Three-level Program Memory Lock
256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
32 Programmable I/O Lines
Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
Eight Interrupt Sources
Full Duplex UART Serial Channel
Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes
Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode
Watchdog Timer
Dual Data Pointer
Power-off Flag
Push –Pull Four Channel Driver with Diodes (L293D)
600mA output current capability per channel
1.2A peak output current per channel (non repetitive)
Enable Facility
Over Temperature Protection
Logical ”0” input voltage up to 1.5 V to 5V
High Noise Immunity
Internal Clamp Diodes
7. VisualizeGate Control andTrack Switching
7
MAX232
Operate from Single +5V Power Supply
+5V and +12V (MAX231/MAX239)
Low-Power Receive Mode in Shutdown (MAX223/MAX242)
Meet All EIA/TIA-232E and V.28 Specifications
Multiple Drivers and Receivers
3-State Driver and Receiver Outputs
Open-Line Detection (MAX243)
Voltage Regulator IC 7805
Output current in excess of 1A
Internal thermal overload protection
No external components required
Output transistor safe area protection
Internal short circuit current limit
Available in the aluminum TO-3 package
9. VisualizeGate Control andTrack Switching
9
DESIGN PROCEDURE
a) HARDWARE:
• Principle of Operation:
1. We are using the Infrared sensor (IR) pairs for detecting the train. As the train
obstructs IR signals, IR will send the received signals to the controller indicating that
the train is arrived. When the train obstructs the 1st IR sensor, it will turn ON buzzer
for particular period of time and then the gate will automatically get closed.
2. The buzzer is basically used as a warning alert for people near the railway gate.
3. We can calculate the speed of train using distance between two IR sensors (fixed) and
the time difference required by train to obstruct the 2 IR sensors.
4. When the train is arriving from 1 side, the signal on the same track will indicate red
signal to opposite direction.
5. If we want to route the train on different tracks then we can switch the tracks using
master controller (PC).
6. These all are represented on computer (master controller) and provide master control
to operator. [I.e. gate status, signal status, tracks switching, speed measurement,
position of train.]
7. IR sensors are also used for the automatic railway gate control which is performed by
using the outputs of the IR sensors which are given to the DC motor used for the gate.
8. The status of the railway gate is represented on the PC and it is also controlled by the
master controller (PC).
10. VisualizeGate Control andTrack Switching
10
• HARDWARE DETAILS
1. MICROCONTROLLER 89S52
We are using ATMELS AT89c/s51 microcontroller. The controller executes instructions as
per the clock cycles; this clock is generated using a crystal which is connected to the XTAL1 &
XTAL2 pin of the microcontroller, the two capacitors C1 & C2 are connected between the two
XTAL pins & the ground. They are required for the crystal to oscillate.
A Power ON reset circuit is connected to the RESET pin of the microcontroller, the controller
must be reset properly whenever is power is turned on, which is done by applying a Vcc to the
reset pin & for normal operation of the controller the pin should be pulled low. So an RC (R1,
C3) circuit is connected to the RST (9) pin of the microcontroller. Whenever the power is turned
ON the Capacitor is fully charged & the RST pin gets 5 v. Then the capacitor slowly discharges
through the resistor & is then pulled to ground.
Microcontrollers Port 0 does not have an Internal Pull Up resistor so we need external Pull Up
resistors on port 0. For which we use 9-Pin SIP resistor which are basically eight resistors with
one end common.
Components: XTAL=11.0592 MHz, C1=C2= 33pf, R1=10kΩ, C=10uf
2. TSOP 1738basedproximity sensor
This is a simple yet effective IR proximity sensor built around the TSOP 1738 module.
The TSOP module is commonly found at the receiving end of an IR remote control system;
e.g., in TVs, CD players etc. These modules require the incoming data to be modulated at a
particular frequency and would ignore any other IR signals. It is also immune to ambient IR
light, so one can easily use these sensors outdoors or under heavily lit conditions.
Such modules are available for different carrier frequencies from 32 kHz to 42 kHz. In
this particular proximity sensor, we will be generating a constant stream of square wave signal
11. VisualizeGate Control andTrack Switching
11
using IC555 centered at 38 kHz and would use it to drive an IR led. So whenever this signal
bounces off the obstacles, the receiver would detect it and change its output.
1. POWER SUPPLY SECTION
We require 5 volts for microcontroller, LCD, EEPROM & approximately 12 volts for the
Relay. These voltages are generated from 230v line voltage. Initially A step down Transformer is
used to step down 230volts to 9olts, so a 0-9; 500ma step down transformer is used. The output
of the step down transformer is also AC, we convert this AC voltage into DC by using a Full
wave bridge rectifier consisting of Diodes D1, D2, D3 & D4. During the positive half cycle
diodes D1 & D4 conduct whereas in the negative half cycle diodes D2 & D3 conduct thus the
diodes keep switching the transformer connections so we get positive half cycles in the output.
Even though half wave & full wave rectifier give DC output, none of them provides a constant
output voltage. For this we require to smoothen the waveform received from the rectifier. This
can be done by using a capacitor at the output of the rectifier this capacitor is also called as
“FILTER CAPACITOR “or “SMOOTHING CAPACITOR” or “RESERVOIR CAPACITOR”.
Even after using this capacitor a small amount of ripple will remain.
We place the capacitor at the output of the rectifier the capacitor will charge to the peak
voltage during each half cycle & then will discharge its stored
energy slowly through the load while the rectified voltage drops to
zero, thus trying to keep the voltage as constant as possible. If we
go on increasing the value of the filter capacitor then the Ripple
will decrease. But then the costing will increase. The value of the
12. VisualizeGate Control andTrack Switching
12
Filter capacitor depends on the current consumed by the circuit, the frequency of the waveform
& the accepted ripple.
C=VrF/I
Where,
Vr= accepted ripple voltage.( should not be more than 10% of the voltage)
I= current consumed by the circuit in Amperes.
F= frequency of the waveform.
After filtering the rectifier output the signal is given to a voltage regulator. The maximum input
voltage that can be applied at the input is 35V.Normally there is a 2-3 Volts drop across the
regulator so the input voltage should be at least 2-3 Volts higher than the output voltage. If the
input voltage gets below the Vmin of the regulator due to the ripple voltage or due to any other
reason the voltage regulator will not be able to produce the correct regulated voltage. We require
5v output so we use IC 7805 where 78 indicates that it’s a positive series & the 05 indicates the
output voltage.
Another capacitor C4 is used after the voltage regulator, this is used to remove any ripples or
noise generated in the Vcc. D7 is an LED used to indicate the Power Status
Components: Transformer: Step Down 0-9; 500ma, Diodes: 1n4007 (D1, D2, D3
and D4), Capacitor (c11) = 1000uf, Voltage Regulator= 7805, Capacitor C4 =
100uf, Resistor R10 =2.2KΩ. LED1 = 3mm Transparent white LED.
13. VisualizeGate Control andTrack Switching
13
BLOCK DIAGRAM:-
Micro
controller
8
9
S
5
2
MAX 232
DC MOTOR
DRIVER
(L293D)
PC
LED
DC motor
17. VisualizeGate Control andTrack Switching
17
b) SOFTWARE
ALGORITHM
Gate Controlling
1) start
2) initialize all i/o pins.
3) Open the gate
4) wait for sensor to be cut
5) send the sensor cut location to PC
5) Close the gate
6) wait for other sensor to be cut
7) send sensor cut location to PC
8) Open the gate
9) go to 4
10) Stop
Track Switching
1) Start
2) Initialize all I/O pins.
3) Wait for data from PC
4) If data received = cmd_track1_side1 then move track1 to side 1 and go to 3
5) If data received = cmd_track1_side2 then move track1 to side 2 and go to 3
6) If data received = cmd_track2_side1 then move track2 to side 1 and go to 3
7) If data received = cmd_track2_side2 then move track2 to side 2 and go to 3
18. VisualizeGate Control andTrack Switching
18
8) go to 3
9) stop
Anti-Collision System
1) Start
2) Initialize all i/o pins
3) show green led on both sides
4) wait for sensor to be cut
5) Show red led on other side
6) wait for second sensor to be cut
7) go to 3
8) stop
20. VisualizeGate Control andTrack Switching
20
Gate Controlling
START
Initialize all I/O pins.
GATE OPEN
Send the Signal to
the PC
GATE CLOSE
Check the First
IR Sensor Cut
or Not
Check the
Second IR Sensor
Cut or Not
21. VisualizeGate Control andTrack Switching
21
Track Switching
START
Initialize all I/O pins.
Wait For Data from
PC
If Data
Received
Cmd_track1_side1 move to track1 to side 1
Cmd_track1_side2 move to track1 to side 2
Cmd_track2_side1 move to track2 to side 1
Cmd_track2_side2 move to track2 to side 2
STOP
22. VisualizeGate Control andTrack Switching
22
Anti-Collision System
START
Initialize all I/O pins.
Turn ON Green LED
on both Sides
Check the First
IR Sensor Cut
or Not
Turn ON RED LED
Check the
Second IR Sensor
Cut or Not
Turn OFF RED LED
& Turn ON Green
LED
23. VisualizeGate Control andTrack Switching
23
Software Listing
A] Assembly language programming
A51 MACRO ASSEMBLER MAIN
MACRO ASSEMBLER A51 V8.01
OBJECT MODULE PLACED IN main.OBJ
ASSEMBLER INVOKEDBY: C:KeilC51BINA51.EXEmain.asmSET(SMALL) DEBUG EP
LOC OBJ LINE SOURCE
1 ;$include (ini.inc)
0093 +1 2 SENSOR1 BIT p1.3 ;for gate
0092 +1 3 SENSOR2 BIT p1.2 ;for gate
0091 +1 4 gate_close_sensor bit P1.1
0090 +1 5 tracksw_fb1 bit P1.0
0096 +1 6 tracksw_fb2 bit P1.6
0094 +1 7 SENSOR3 BIT p1.4 ;forspeedsame tra
ck
0095 +1 8 SENSOR4 BIT p1.5 ;forsame track
24. VisualizeGate Control andTrack Switching
24
+1 9
00B7 +1 10 led_red bit P3.7
00B6 +1 11 led_red1 bit P3.6
00B5 +1 12 led_green bit P3.5
00B4 +1 13 led_green1 bit P3.4
+1 14
+1 15
+1 16
+1 17
0083 +1 18 en1 bit P0.3 ;track swit
ch 2
0084 +1 19 in1a bit P0.4
0085 +1 20 in1b bit P0.5
+1 21
0080 +1 22 en2 bit P0.0 ;track swit
ch 1
0081 +1 23 in2a bit P0.1
0082 +1 24 in2b bit P0.2
+1 25
00A5 +1 26 en3 bit P2.5 ;gate contr
ol
00A3 +1 27 in3a bit P2.3
00A4 +1 28 in3b bit P2.4
+1 29
00A2 +1 30 en4 bit P2.2
53. VisualizeGate Control andTrack Switching
53
A51 MACRO ASSEMBLER MAIN
SYMBOL TABLE LISTING
------ ----- -------
N A ME T Y P E V A L U E ATTRIBUTES
BAUDRATE. . . . . . . . . C ADDR 00F9H A
BUZZER. . . . . . . . . . B ADDR 00A0H.6 A
C1_CHECK_SAMETRACKSENSOR1 C ADDR 0183H A
C1_CHECK_SAMETRACKSENSOR2 C ADDR 01B9H A
C1_CHECK_SENSOR1. . . . . C ADDR 007EH A
C1_CHECK_SENSOR2. . . . . C ADDR 00AAH A
C1_CHECK_SERIAL . . . . . C ADDR 013BH A
C1_SEND_DPTR_STRING . . . C ADDR 0125H A
C2_CHECK_SAMETRACKSENSOR1 C ADDR 0194H A
C2_CHECK_SAMETRACKSENSOR2 C ADDR 01C8H A
C2_CHECK_SENSOR1. . . . . C ADDR 0087H A
C2_CHECK_SENSOR2. . . . . C ADDR 00B3H A
C2_CHECK_SERIAL . . . . . C ADDR 0141H A
C3_CHECK_SERIAL . . . . . C ADDR 0147H A
C4_CHECK_SERIAL . . . . . C ADDR 014DH A
C5_CHECK_SERIAL . . . . . C ADDR 0153H A
C6_CHECK_SERIAL . . . . . C ADDR 0159H A
54. VisualizeGate Control andTrack Switching
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CHECK_GATE. . . . . . . . C ADDR 005AH A
CHECK_SAMETRACKSENSOR1.. C ADDR 0161H A
CHECK_SAMETRACKSENSOR2.. C ADDR 0197H A
CHECK_SAME_TRACK.. . . . C ADDR 015AH A
CHECK_SENSOR1. . . . . . C ADDR 0061H A
CHECK_SENSOR2. . . . . . C ADDR 008AH A
CHECK_SERIAL.. . . . . . C ADDR 012EH A
CMD_GATE_CLOSE. . . . . . D ADDR 0046H A
CMD_GATE_OPEN . . . . . . D ADDR 0045H A
CMD_TRACK1_SIDE1. . . . . D ADDR 0041H A
CMD_TRACK1_SIDE2. . . . . D ADDR 0042H A
CMD_TRACK2_SIDE1. . . . . D ADDR 0043H A
CMD_TRACK2_SIDE2. . . . . D ADDR 0044H A
DEB1_LOOP . . . . . . . . C ADDR 0066H A
DEB1_LOOPA. . . . . . . . C ADDR 0166H A
DEB1_LOOPB. . . . . . . . C ADDR 019CH A
DEB2_LOOP . . . . . . . . C ADDR 008FH A
DELAY . . . . . . . . . . C ADDR 0044H A
DELAY0. . . . . . . . . . N NUMB 0030H A
DELAY1. . . . . . . . . . N NUMB 0031H A
DELAY2. . . . . . . . . . N NUMB 0032H A
EN1 . . . . . . . . . . . B ADDR 0080H.3 A
EN2 . . . . . . . . . . . B ADDR 0080H.0 A
EN3 . . . . . . . . . . . B ADDR 00A0H.5 A
EN4 . . . . . . . . . . . B ADDR 00A0H.2 A
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FORWARD. . . . . . . . . C ADDR 00EBH A
GATE_CLOSE. . . . . . . . C ADDR 00B4H A
GATE_CLOSE_F. . . . . . . B ADDR 0020H.0 A
GATE_CLOSE_SENSOR. . . . B ADDR 0090H.1 A
GATE_OPEN . . . . . . . . C ADDR 00CEH A
IN1A.. . . . . . . . . . B ADDR 0080H.4 A
IN1B. . . . . . . . . . . B ADDR 0080H.5 A
IN2A.. . . . . . . . . . B ADDR 0080H.1 A
IN2B. . . . . . . . . . . B ADDR 0080H.2 A
IN3A.. . . . . . . . . . B ADDR 00A0H.3 A
IN3B. . . . . . . . . . . B ADDR 00A0H.4 A
IN4A.. . . . . . . . . . B ADDR 00A0H.1 A
IN4B. . . . . . . . . . . B ADDR 00A0H.0 A
L1_DELAY. . . . . . . . . C ADDR 0047H A
L1_LDELAY . . . . . . . . C ADDR 003AH A
L1_TRACK_DELAY. . . . . . C ADDR 0212H A
L2_DELAY. . . . . . . . . C ADDR 004AH A
L2_LDELAY . . . . . . . . C ADDR 003DH A
56. VisualizeGate Control andTrack Switching
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A51 MACRO ASSEMBLER MAIN
L2_TRACK_DELAY. . . . . . C ADDR 0215H A
LDELAY. . . . . . . . . . C ADDR 0037H A
LED_GREEN . . . . . . . . B ADDR 00B0H.5 A
LED_GREEN1. . . . . . . . B ADDR 00B0H.4 A
LED_RED . . . . . . . . . B ADDR 00B0H.7 A
LED_RED1. . . . . . . . . B ADDR 00B0H.6 A
LOOP.. . . . . . . . . . C ADDR 002FH A
LSEND1. . . . . . . . . . C ADDR 0107H A
NEWLINE . . . . . . . . . C ADDR 0115H A
P0. . . . . . . . . . . . D ADDR 0080H A
P1. . . . . . . . . . . . D ADDR 0090H A
P2. . . . . . . . . . . . D ADDR 00A0H A
P3. . . . . . . . . . . . D ADDR 00B0H A
R1_CHECK_SAMETRACKSENSOR1 C ADDR 015FH A
R1_CHECK_SAMETRACKSENSOR2 C ADDR 0195H A
R1_CHECK_SENSOR1. . . . . C ADDR 005FH A
R1_CHECK_SENSOR2. . . . . C ADDR 0088H A
R1_CHECK_SERIAL . . . . . C ADDR 012CH A
R1_GATE_CLOSE . . . . . . C ADDR 00BDH A
R1_GATE_OPEN. . . . . . . C ADDR 00C8H A
R1_SEND_DPTR_STRING . . . C ADDR 012BH A
R1_TRACK1_SIDE1 . . . . . C ADDR 01D0H A
R1_TRACK1_SIDE2 . . . . . C ADDR 01E7H A
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R1_TRACK2_SIDE1 . . . . . C ADDR 01F3H A
R1_TRACK2_SIDE2 . . . . . C ADDR 020AH A
RECEIVE . . . . . . . . . C ADDR 010DH A
REVERSE . . . . . . . . . C ADDR 00F2H A
SAMETRACK_RAM. . . . . . N NUMB 0034H A
SBUF. . . . . . . . . . . D ADDR 0099H A
SCON.. . . . . . . . . . D ADDR 0098H A
SDELAY. . . . . . . . . . C ADDR 0051H A
SEND.. . . . . . . . . . C ADDR 0105H A
SEND_DPTR_STRING.. . . . C ADDR 011EH A
SENSOR1 . . . . . . . . . B ADDR 0090H.3 A
SENSOR2 . . . . . . . . . B ADDR 0090H.2 A
SENSOR3 . . . . . . . . . B ADDR 0090H.4 A
SENSOR4 . . . . . . . . . B ADDR 0090H.5 A
SENSOR_RAM.. . . . . . . N NUMB 0033H A
SL1_DELAY . . . . . . . . C ADDR 0053H A
SP.. . . . . . . . . . . D ADDR 0081H A
STOP.. . . . . . . . . . C ADDR 00E4H A
S_GATE_CLOSE. . . . . . . D ADDR 0036H A
S_GATE_OPEN . . . . . . . D ADDR 0035H A
S_LOCATION1. . . . . . . D ADDR 0031H A
S_LOCATION2. . . . . . . D ADDR 0032H A
S_LOCATION3. . . . . . . D ADDR 0033H A
S_LOCATION4. . . . . . . D ADDR 0034H A
S_TRACK1_SIDE1. . . . . . D ADDR 0037H A
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S_TRACK1_SIDE2. . . . . . D ADDR 0038H A
S_TRACK2_SIDE1. . . . . . D ADDR 0039H A
S_TRACK2_SIDE2. . . . . . D ADDR 0030H A
TCON.. . . . . . . . . . D ADDR 0088H A
TH1 . . . . . . . . . . . D ADDR 008DH A
TMOD. . . . . . . . . . . D ADDR 0089H A
TRACK1_CLOSE.. . . . . . C ADDR 0231H A
TRACK1_OPEN . . . . . . . C ADDR 022AH A
TRACK1_SIDE1. . . . . . . C ADDR 01C9H A
TRACK1_SIDE1_F. . . . . . B ADDR 0020H.1 A
TRACK1_SIDE2. . . . . . . C ADDR 01D9H A
TRACK1_STOP. . . . . . . C ADDR 0223H A
TRACK2_CLOSE.. . . . . . C ADDR 0246H A
TRACK2_OPEN . . . . . . . C ADDR 023FH A
TRACK2_SIDE1. . . . . . . C ADDR 01ECH A
TRACK2_SIDE1_F. . . . . . B ADDR 0020H.2 A
TRACK2_SIDE2. . . . . . . C ADDR 01FCH A
TRACK2_STOP. . . . . . . C ADDR 0238H A
59. VisualizeGate Control andTrack Switching
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A51 MACRO ASSEMBLER MAIN
TRACKSW_FB1 . . . . . . . B ADDR 0090H.0 A
TRACKSW_FB2 . . . . . . . B ADDR 0090H.6 A
TRACK_DELAY . . . . . . . C ADDR 020FH A
REGISTER BANK(S) USED: 0
ASSEMBLY COMPLETE. 0 WARNING(S),0ERROR(S)
60. VisualizeGate Control andTrack Switching
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B] Visual Basic programming
OptionExplicit
DimInputStringBufferAsString
DimWriteStringBufferAsString
DimTagno As String
'Dim countAs Integer
Private Subcmdconnect_Click()
If cmdconnect.Caption="CONNECT"Then
MSComm1.CommPort= txtcommport.Text
MSComm1.PortOpen=True
cmdconnect.Caption="DISCONNECT"
MSComm1.RThreshold=1
ElseIf cmdconnect.Caption="DISCONNECT"Then
MSComm1.PortOpen=False
cmdconnect.Caption="CONNECT"
End If
End Sub
Private SubCommand1_Click()
MSComm1.Output= "E"
End Sub
Private SubCommand2_Click()
MSComm1.Output= "A"
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End Sub
Private SubCommand3_Click()
MSComm1.Output= "F"
End Sub
Private SubCommand4_Click()
MSComm1.Output= "B"
End Sub
Private Sub Command5_Click()
MSComm1.Output= "C"
End Sub
Private SubCommand6_Click()
MSComm1.Output= "D"
End Sub
Private SubForm_Load()
Open"d:attendance_logs.txt"ForAppendAs#1
Close #1
End Sub
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Private SubMSComm1_OnComm()
'Dim countAs Integer
If MSComm1.CommEvent= comEvReceiveThen
Text1.Text= ""
Text1.Text=MSComm1.Input
If Text1.Text=1 ThenLabel3.Caption=" C.S.T.Crossing"
If Text1.Text=2 ThenLabel3.Caption=" C.S.T.Crossing"
If Text1.Text=3 ThenLabel3.Caption=" KALYAN JUNCTION"
If Text1.Text=4 ThenLabel3.Caption=" KALYAN JUNCTION"
If Text1.Text=5 ThenLabel5.Caption=" OPEN "
If Text1.Text=6 ThenLabel5.Caption=" CLOSE "
If Text1.Text=7 ThenLabel1.Caption=" SIDE 1 "
If Text1.Text=8 ThenLabel1.Caption=" SIDE 2 "
If Text1.Text=9 ThenLabel2.Caption=" SIDE 1 "
If Text1.Text=0 ThenLabel2.Caption=" SIDE 2 "
If Text1.Text=1 Then
If Timer2.Enabled=True Then
Timer2.Enabled=False
Text2.Text=(100000 / Val(Text4.Text)) /20
Label7.Caption=Mid((100000 / Val(Text4.Text)) /20, 1, 4)
Timer2.Enabled=False
Else
Text4.Text=1
Timer2.Enabled=True
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End If
End If
If Text1.Text= 2 Then
If Timer2.Enabled=True Then
Timer2.Enabled=False
Text2.Text=(100000 / Val(Text4.Text)) /20
Label7.Caption=Mid((100000 / Val(Text4.Text)) /20, 1, 4)
Timer2.Enabled=False
Else
Text4.Text=1
Timer2.Enabled=True
End If
End If
If Text1.Text=3 Then
If Timer1.Enabled=True Then
Timer1.Enabled=False
Text2.Text=(100000 / Val(Text3.Text)) /20
Label6.Caption=Mid((100000 / Val(Text3.Text)) /20, 1, 4)
Timer1.Enabled=False
Else
Text3.Text=1
Timer1.Enabled=True
End If
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End If
If Text1.Text= 4 Then
If Timer1.Enabled=True Then
Timer1.Enabled=False
Text2.Text=(100000 / Val(Text3.Text)) /20
Label6.Caption=Mid((100000 / Val(Text3.Text)) /20, 1, 4)
Timer1.Enabled=False
Else
Text3.Text=1
Timer1.Enabled=True
EndIf
End If
End If
End Sub
Private SubTimer1_Timer()
'Dim countAs Integer
Timer1.Enabled=True
'count = count + 1
Text3.Text= Text3.Text+1
End Sub
Private SubTimer2_Timer()
Timer2.Enabled=True
Text4.Text= Text4.Text+1
End Sub
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CIRCUIT PREPARATION
PCB Designing and manufacturing
Printed Circuit Board Layout:
The PCB layout for circuit is an attach in annexure D.Board consist of insulating material
mostly copper-clad boards are used instead of copper, silver and gold can also be used but, as
copper is chipper mostly it is preferable. The material conducting pattern serves as conducting
medium for electronic component that are assembled on board components are mounted by lead
passing through holes that are drilled or punched on the based material and foil. These leads are
solder to the conducting pattern to form complete PCB in glass, glass epoxy, and epoxy paper
phenolic etc.The copper foil on the base material is developed by the process of electrode
position ion etching process.
Some of the elements are used are as follows:
Fecl3
Chromic acid, etc.
But fecl3 is most commonly used in etching process .PCB acts as a heat sink.
ARTWORK OF PCB:
Perfect artwork is mostly important process in production of PCB.The circuit is initially
tested and location of components is fixed. Artwork is the drawing showing conduction pattern
on PC.After testing the circuit rough layout is prepared on paper then that layout is transferred on
PCB by using PCB side. The artwork can also be prepared on transparent paper with sticking
tapes and self adhesive in various ranges.
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FILMING OF PCB:
To prepare a PCB at home following procedure is adopted
Measure the dimensions of all components e.g.resister, capacitor, inductor; etc. are prepared a
layout using component mounting rules:
Using the trace paper or carbon paper draw the mirror image of the figure.
Draw this image on cu cladding of PCB by using PCB pen, pencil, tapes and pads then
drill the holes by using drilling machine.
After drilling points the conductor tracks by using oil paints of good quality and live it
for drying.
After drying the points put the PCB in fecl3 solution for etching. If you want fast etching
add some drop of HCL during etching unwanted cu dissolved in fecl3.
After etching washes it with water and if you remove the point then used acetone.
Then mount the component opposite side of tracks.
Cut the leads of proper length and solder all the terminal of the components.
In this PCB is fabricated manually.
For PCB designing you should have following things:
Detail circuit diagram.
Physically each component with you.
To determine the size of PCB.
Layout and filming.
PCB manufacturing
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Tracing of the layout from paper to copper clad:
First of all circuit layout is taken on tracing paper with exact dimension of all component.
Now placing this paper on copper clad under carbon paper, trace the layout the copper clad. It
should be notice that the tracing on the clad should be accurate.
Applying non etching material on the layout:
Applying non etching material on layout is done manually.The non etching material are
drafting aids, oil paints, etc.on the PCB drafting aids are used, because more linearity conducting
are obtained .the drafting’s aids are different shapes and z-size for every component are should
be no crack on the drafting aids, because due to at this after etching their will be no conduction
between two lines.
Etching procedure:
After applying the non etching on the copper clad then this copper clad is kept in fecl3
solution for etching procedure. The etching procedure longs for the about 5 or 6 hours. During
the etching procedure the copper under the drafting aids does not get etches while all other
copper on the clad get etched and only the layout remains.
Cleaning the PCB and remaining non etch materials:
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After the etching and cleaning of PCB is done. It is done with the help of soap solution
and brush. To remove the transfer pattern with the cotton swab-dipped in the pattern remover
solution. Again wash with the soap and water then dry it.
• Drilling:-
After the PCB is ready, drilling is necessary. Drilling is done with the help of hand drill
or machine. For mounting of component proper drilling (holes) are necessary. The holes are of
dimension so that the terminals of each component and pin of the IC can easily pass through it to
make contact with conducting line on the PCB.
Small drills for PCB use usually come with either a set of collets of various sizes or a 3-jaw
chuck. For accuracy, however, 3-jaw chucks aren't brilliant, and small drill sizes below 1mm
quickly form grooves in the jaws, preventing good grip. Need of good strong light on the board
when drilling to ensure accuracy. Typical hole sizes is 0.8mm.
Component Placement & Design:-
The basic steps required for Component Placement & Design.
Set snap grid, visible grid, and default track/pad sizes.
Throw down all the components onto the board.
Divide and place components into functional “building blocks” where possible.
Identify layout critical tracks on circuit and route them first.
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Place and route each building block separately, off the board.
Move completed building blocks into position on main board.
Route the remaining signal and power connections between blocks.
This is by no means a be-all and end-all check list; it’s highly variable depending on many
factors. The best way to start layout is to get all components onto the screen first and place them
down manually.
• Soldering:-
It is process of joining two metals together by the use of solder alloy to form a reliable
electrical path.
Soldering considerations need to taken into account when laying out board. There are
three basic soldering techniques - hand, wave, and reflow. Hand soldering is the traditional
method typically used for prototypes and small production runs. Major impacts when laying out
board include suitable access for the iron, and thermal relief for pads.
Procedure of soldering:
1) clean all components, terminals and substrates
2) Apply flux
3) Place the soldering iron with right tip size, touching both the lid and pad.
4) From initially a heat bridge between the soldering iron and the lead pad junction with a
little solder to increase the thermal linkage area.
5) Feed the solder wire starting from the heat bridge all around the lead.
6) Remove the solder and soldering iron simultaneously.
7) There should not be any relative movement between the components under solidification
and the working table.
8) Check the joint
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Solder Mask:-
A solder mask is a thin polymer coating on your board which surrounds pads to help
prevent solder from bridging between pins. This is essential for surface mount and fine pitch
devices. The solder mask typically covers everything except pads and vias.
• Electrical Testing:-
We have finished PCB checked for electrical continuity and shorts at the time of
manufacture. This is done with an automated “flying probe” or “DMM”. It checks that the
continuity of the tracks matches your PCB file.
Trouble Shooting:
The different protocols that we tested were Sony, Fujitsu, NEC, Fairchild etc. But this
was unable to detect IR sensor, so we had used RC5 by Phillips.
The intensity of RC5 protocol was very high. Hence it was try to reduce by using an
insulation tape.
The only problem was with the line of sight .the solution to this is that the transmitter and
receiver should match with line of sight to detect.
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APPLICATIONS
ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES,
FUTURE SCOPE
ADVANTAGES:-
1. Large amount of accidents can be avoided.
2. Continuous updates of train position at master control.
3. Large amount of man power is saved and thereby reduction in the cost of wages for
railway is possible.
4. Controlling of various features by the master controller.
5. Well management can be possible due to sufficient data.
6. Possibility of human error is avoided.
7. Flawless track switching is possible due to the master controller.
DISADVANTAGES:-
1. Due to use of IR sensors, the major drawback is the line of sight and cause fake
detection.
2. Accidents due to absence of track cannot be overcome.
3. Implementation cost is high.
4. We cannot identify the name of train running on the track.
FUTURE SCOPE:-
1. “SHIELD” technology or the anti collision devices can be used to avoid train collision.
2. GPS system can be used to get the updated information about the train.
3. Weight sensors can be used for the automatic railway control.
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4. Track vacancy detection can be possible due to ATP code transmission.
COSTSHEET
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CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION:
In today’s industrial scenario, to survive in the global competition, every Agro-
based industry is forced to use automated process. Today’s industrial scenario demands use of
automated process because of global competition.
Automation system is more advantageous than manual system related parameters
are speed, time saving, accuracy, man power etc Knowing working principle, configuration
procedure & trouble shooting techniques along with designing of logic is a key factor in
industrial automation. It can be considered as the first serious attempt to fulfill the requirements
for a universal industry system. The automation standard provides a common set of compatible
services and capabilities to all industrial users.
Hence it is suggested that we put in more resources to research on new horizons
as early as possible for a better life for us!!
97. VisualizeGate Control andTrack Switching
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RS232
Pin Signal Pin Signal
1 Data carrier detect 6 Data set ready
2 Receiveddata 7 Requesttosend
3 Transmitteddata 8 Clearto send
4 Data terminal ready 9 Ringindicator
5 Signal ground