The document provides a summary of a student project on a line follower robot. It includes:
1) An acknowledgement section thanking various professors and advisors for their support and guidance.
2) An index listing the sections of the project report, including the introduction, sensors, microcontroller, motor driver, source code, and conclusions.
3) A brief introduction explaining what a line follower robot is and the basic components used in the project, including infrared sensors, a microcontroller, and a motor driver.
This document discusses interfacing digital-to-analog converters (DACs) and sensors with PIC microcontrollers. It introduces DACs and common DAC types like R-2R ladder and weighted resistor DACs. It then discusses interfacing a DAC0808 converter to a PIC microcontroller and sensing light intensity with an LDR light sensor. Finally, it describes interfacing the LM75 temperature sensor to a PIC, including the sensor's register structure and digital output representation of temperature readings.
The document proposes a temperature monitoring system using an Arduino Uno, ESP8266 Wi-Fi module, DHT11 temperature and humidity sensor, and 9V battery. The DHT11 sensor measures temperature and sends the data to the Arduino MCU, which then uploads the values to the cloud through the ESP8266 module. Users can view the temperature graphically from anywhere in the world. The system has applications in industries like pharmacy, agriculture, food safety, and equipment monitoring by providing remote temperature monitoring and alerts.
This document provides an overview of a wireless floor cleaning robot project. It includes sections on the project outline, introduction, block diagram, working, hardware components, software used, advantages, disadvantages, applications, future scope, and conclusion. The main points are:
- The project involves designing a wireless floor cleaning robot controlled remotely using an RF transmitter and receiver with an 8051 microcontroller.
- The robot receives signals from a transmitter to control DC motors and vacuum cleaner for cleaning floors remotely without wires.
- Key hardware components include an AT89S52 microcontroller, motor driver, RF modules, DC motors, vacuum cleaner, and other electronic components.
- The robot is programmed using embedded C on an
Project report on the Digital clock using RTC and microcontroller 8051Maulik Sanchela
1. The document describes a project report for a digital clock circuit with time and alarm functions. The circuit uses an RTC chip to accurately display the time and date. It can set the time and alarm and displays it on an LCD.
2. The circuit diagram shows how the RTC connects to the microcontroller and how it continuously reads the RTC data and processes it to display the correct time on the LCD. It uses buttons to set the time and alarm.
3. The project aims to design an accurate digital clock with functions to set the time and alarm using common electronic components like a microcontroller, RTC, LCD, and buttons.
This document discusses initial and final conditions in electrical circuits. It provides examples of determining the initial conditions of voltages and currents in circuits containing resistors, capacitors, and inductors when switches are opened or closed. The key points are:
1) Initial conditions refer to the state of a circuit at time t=0+, just after a switch is operated, while final conditions refer to the steady state as t approaches infinity.
2) Equivalent circuits are derived for the initial and final conditions of each circuit element based on their I-V relationships.
3) A procedure is provided to solve for the initial voltages and currents in a circuit by replacing elements with their equivalent initial condition models and applying circuit analysis techniques.
The document describes Experiment 3 which aims to implement multiplexers and demultiplexers using Verilog code and gate-level modeling. It includes the theory of multiplexers and demultiplexers, truth tables for 4:1 and 2:1 multiplexers, and Verilog code examples to simulate a 4:1 multiplexer, 2:1 demultiplexer, and 4:1 decoder along with their corresponding RTL simulations and output waveforms.
The manual is very useful for UG EEE students for the subject Power Electronics
By
M.MURUGANANDAM. M.E.,(Ph.D).,MIEEE.,MISTE,
Assistant Professor & Head / EIE,
Muthayammal Engineering College,
Rasipuram,
Namakkal-637 408.
Cell No: 9965768327
This document discusses interfacing digital-to-analog converters (DACs) and sensors with PIC microcontrollers. It introduces DACs and common DAC types like R-2R ladder and weighted resistor DACs. It then discusses interfacing a DAC0808 converter to a PIC microcontroller and sensing light intensity with an LDR light sensor. Finally, it describes interfacing the LM75 temperature sensor to a PIC, including the sensor's register structure and digital output representation of temperature readings.
The document proposes a temperature monitoring system using an Arduino Uno, ESP8266 Wi-Fi module, DHT11 temperature and humidity sensor, and 9V battery. The DHT11 sensor measures temperature and sends the data to the Arduino MCU, which then uploads the values to the cloud through the ESP8266 module. Users can view the temperature graphically from anywhere in the world. The system has applications in industries like pharmacy, agriculture, food safety, and equipment monitoring by providing remote temperature monitoring and alerts.
This document provides an overview of a wireless floor cleaning robot project. It includes sections on the project outline, introduction, block diagram, working, hardware components, software used, advantages, disadvantages, applications, future scope, and conclusion. The main points are:
- The project involves designing a wireless floor cleaning robot controlled remotely using an RF transmitter and receiver with an 8051 microcontroller.
- The robot receives signals from a transmitter to control DC motors and vacuum cleaner for cleaning floors remotely without wires.
- Key hardware components include an AT89S52 microcontroller, motor driver, RF modules, DC motors, vacuum cleaner, and other electronic components.
- The robot is programmed using embedded C on an
Project report on the Digital clock using RTC and microcontroller 8051Maulik Sanchela
1. The document describes a project report for a digital clock circuit with time and alarm functions. The circuit uses an RTC chip to accurately display the time and date. It can set the time and alarm and displays it on an LCD.
2. The circuit diagram shows how the RTC connects to the microcontroller and how it continuously reads the RTC data and processes it to display the correct time on the LCD. It uses buttons to set the time and alarm.
3. The project aims to design an accurate digital clock with functions to set the time and alarm using common electronic components like a microcontroller, RTC, LCD, and buttons.
This document discusses initial and final conditions in electrical circuits. It provides examples of determining the initial conditions of voltages and currents in circuits containing resistors, capacitors, and inductors when switches are opened or closed. The key points are:
1) Initial conditions refer to the state of a circuit at time t=0+, just after a switch is operated, while final conditions refer to the steady state as t approaches infinity.
2) Equivalent circuits are derived for the initial and final conditions of each circuit element based on their I-V relationships.
3) A procedure is provided to solve for the initial voltages and currents in a circuit by replacing elements with their equivalent initial condition models and applying circuit analysis techniques.
The document describes Experiment 3 which aims to implement multiplexers and demultiplexers using Verilog code and gate-level modeling. It includes the theory of multiplexers and demultiplexers, truth tables for 4:1 and 2:1 multiplexers, and Verilog code examples to simulate a 4:1 multiplexer, 2:1 demultiplexer, and 4:1 decoder along with their corresponding RTL simulations and output waveforms.
The manual is very useful for UG EEE students for the subject Power Electronics
By
M.MURUGANANDAM. M.E.,(Ph.D).,MIEEE.,MISTE,
Assistant Professor & Head / EIE,
Muthayammal Engineering College,
Rasipuram,
Namakkal-637 408.
Cell No: 9965768327
Detection of fault location in underground cable using arduinoChirag Lakhani
This document describes a project to detect the location of faults in underground cables using an Arduino board. It discusses underground cables versus overhead cables, common types of underground cable faults, and methods for detecting faults including offline and online methods. It then introduces the circuit used, which works by measuring resistance changes along cable phases to determine the distance to a fault. Key components are described including relays, a relay driver, and the Arduino code to control components and display results.
This document discusses DIACs and TRIACs. It provides details on their construction, operation, characteristics and applications. DIACs are two-terminal bidirectional thyristors that can be triggered in either polarity to allow for firing of TRIACs. TRIACs are three-terminal bidirectional thyristors composed of two SCRs connected in inverse parallel. They can conduct current in both directions when triggered by a gate pulse. Common applications of DIACs and TRIACs include light dimming, heating control, motor drives and solid state relays.
Latest Electrical Mini Projects For EEE Studentselprocus
Simple Mini Projects For EEE Can Be Implemented By Using Microcontroller And Different Technologies. We Hope That Our Innovative Projects For EEE Students Offer Immense Help And Make Them Select Suitable Projects For Their Project Work.
https://www.elprocus.com
Visit our page to get more ideas on Electrical Mini Projects developed by professionals.
Elprocus provides free verified electronic projects kits around the world with abstracts, circuit diagrams, and free electronic software. We provide guidance manual for Do It Yourself Kits (DIY) with the modules at best price along with free shipping.
My new upload !!! --> http://www.slideshare.net/choleraparth91/smart-vehicle-ensuring-safe-ride-using-accerolometer-laser-sensor-co-sensor-and-also-with-use-of-gsm-modem-and-solar-panel
Contact & follow me to get PDF & PPT file - https://www.linkedin.com/in/parthcholera/
Email me directly if you want these file !!
choleraparth91@yahoo.com
or
contact me on fb - https://www.facebook.com/choleraparth91
or
https://www.facebook.com/Textivity
or
message me on - 08097508067
I suggest to go for these project !!! :D :D
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
DOWNLOAD
The main objective of this project is to develop a device for wireless power transfer. The concept of wireless power transfer was realized by Nikolas tesla. Wireless power transfer can make a remarkable change in the field of the electrical engineering which eliminates the use conventional copper cables and current carrying wires.
Based on this concept, the project is developed to transfer power within a small range. This project can be used for charging batteries those are physically not possible to be connected electrically such as pace makers (An electronic device that works in place of a defective heart valve) implanted in the body that runs on a battery.
The patient is required to be operated every year to replace the battery. This project is designed to charge a rechargeable battery wirelessly for the purpose. Since charging of the battery is not possible to be demonstrated, we are providing a DC fan that runs through wireless power.
This project is built upon using an electronic circuit which converts AC 230V 50Hz to AC 12V, High frequency. The output is fed to a tuned coil forming as primary of an air core transformer. The secondary coil develops a voltage of HF 12volt.
Thus the transfer of power is done by the primary(transmitter) to the secondary that is separated with a considerable distance(say 3cm). Therefore the transfer could be seen as the primary transmits and the secondary receives the power to run load.
Moreover this technique can be used in number of applications, like to charge a mobile phone, iPod, laptop battery, propeller clock wirelessly. And also this kind of charging provides a far lower risk of electrical shock as it would be galvanically isolated.
This document describes a student project to design and implement an automatic street light controller. It aims to save electricity by detecting vehicles and only turning street lights on fully when a vehicle is present. The project uses light dependent resistors, a power supply, relays, timers, and infrared sensors. It discusses the circuit designs and components in detail across multiple chapters. The conclusion states that automatic street lighting can significantly reduce energy consumption compared to manual control.
Water Level Indicator Project PresentationAbdul Rehman
This document presents a water level indicator circuit project. The circuit uses electrodes placed at different levels in a water tank connected to an Arduino. As the water level rises and makes contact with the electrodes, LEDs will light up to indicate the water level. Additionally, a buzzer will sound when the tank becomes full to provide an alarm. The document discusses the components used including electrodes, LEDs, resistors, transistors, buzzers, and a printed circuit board. It provides diagrams of the circuit and explanations of how each component works and is connected to indicate the water level and provide an alarm function.
This document discusses the components and operation of a linear DC power supply. It begins by explaining the need for DC power in electronic circuits and how power supplies convert alternating current (AC) from the wall outlet to the direct current (DC) required. The main components of a power supply are then introduced as the transformer, rectifier, filter and regulator. The transformer steps down the high voltage AC, the rectifier converts it to pulsating DC, the filter smoothes the output, and the regulator maintains a constant voltage. Different types of rectifiers like half-wave, full-wave and bridge rectifiers are also defined. Finally, the document discusses filters which further smooth the DC output voltage.
This project report describes a security alarm circuit that uses a light dependent resistor (LDR) to detect intruders. When light falling on the LDR is interrupted, a monostable multivibrator circuit uses an IC 555 timer chip to activate a relay switch for 5-55 seconds, triggering an alarm. The circuit aims to provide inexpensive home protection and could also be used for novel applications at festivals.
Here you will find details about how you can make a fire detection system by using arduino and flame sensor. We have also added the budget you need to make this project.
Relays are electrically operated switches that use a low-power signal to control a circuit with higher power. They have various operating principles and types. Relays allow for control of circuits with complete isolation and for one signal to control multiple circuits. Common types include latching, induction, reed, mercury-wetted, and solid-state relays. Relays are used where control of high power loads is needed, such as in protection devices, contactors, stabilizers, inverters, and welders. They provide advantages of fast operation, reliability, and allowing control of AC and DC circuits with one device.
Pir sensor based security alarm system using um 3561 (2)Ushaswini Chowdary
This document describes a PIR sensor-based security alarm system that uses a PIR sensor and UM3561 siren IC. The system detects infrared radiation emitted from humans using a PIR sensor and triggers the UM3561 IC to produce an alarm siren. It uses low-power, inexpensive components like a PIR sensor, UM3561 siren IC, transistors, resistors, speaker and battery. When the PIR sensor detects human infrared radiation within its 5m range, it sends a signal to the UM3561 IC to generate an alarm siren through the speaker. This provides a low-cost solution for security and other applications.
The document summarizes a technical seminar presentation on an ultrasonic radar system using a microcontroller. It describes the system architecture which includes a 8051 microcontroller, ultrasonic sensor, buzzer, and servo motor. It provides details on the implementation including interfacing these components and operating voltages. Advantages include ability to work in adverse conditions and high sensing distances. Applications discussed include target detection and traffic enforcement. The conclusion states the designed project can detect objects within 30cm and provide audio alerts.
This document describes an RF-based home automation system created by a team of students at Lingayas University. The system uses RF transmitter and receiver modules along with an encoder and decoder ICs to wirelessly control electrical appliances from a remote control. Pressing buttons on the remote control transmits RF signals that are received and used to operate relays and control devices like lights, volume levels, and movie playback. The system is designed for easy and low power operation from a distance of up to 25 meters.
This document is a practical training report submitted by Roshan Mani, a student of Electronics and Communication Engineering at GCET Bikaner, as part of an industrial training completed at CMC Academy in Jaipur. The report provides details about the training, including an overview of CMC Academy and the topics covered during the training such as microprocessors vs microcontrollers, embedded systems, memory addressing types, and the AT89C51 microcontroller. It also describes various electronic components and a bidirectional visitor counter home automation project developed during the training.
It is a battery level indicator program which tells the level of the battery how much it is charged. It includes the proteus pics of the program. I tells the working of the circuit.
Initial conditions provide the values of arbitrary constants that appear in differential equation solutions for circuits. They describe the circuit variables like current and voltage in inductors and capacitors immediately before and after a switch is opened or closed. Determining initial conditions involves finding the inductor current and capacitor voltage at times t=0- and t=0+ around the instant when the switch position changes. Examples show how to calculate inductor current, its derivatives, and capacitor voltage at t=0+ using KVL and component equations. Initial conditions capture the past history of energy storing elements in the circuit.
This document describes a line follower robot. A line follower robot is a machine that can follow a visible or invisible path. It uses sensors to detect the line and a microcontroller to determine movements to follow the line. Key components include a chassis, wheels, batteries, motors, and electronic circuitry. Line follower robots have applications in industrial automation and transportation. The robot must be able to navigate various environments and conditions while precisely tracking the line.
This document describes the design of a line following robot. It consists of 3 sentences:
The line follower uses infrared sensors to detect a black line on a white surface and follow the path by adjusting its movement left, right or forward based on the sensor readings. It is programmed with an AVR microcontroller and uses an L298 motor driver to control the DC motors. Potential applications include automated cars using embedded magnets for guidance and industrial robots navigating factory floors.
Detection of fault location in underground cable using arduinoChirag Lakhani
This document describes a project to detect the location of faults in underground cables using an Arduino board. It discusses underground cables versus overhead cables, common types of underground cable faults, and methods for detecting faults including offline and online methods. It then introduces the circuit used, which works by measuring resistance changes along cable phases to determine the distance to a fault. Key components are described including relays, a relay driver, and the Arduino code to control components and display results.
This document discusses DIACs and TRIACs. It provides details on their construction, operation, characteristics and applications. DIACs are two-terminal bidirectional thyristors that can be triggered in either polarity to allow for firing of TRIACs. TRIACs are three-terminal bidirectional thyristors composed of two SCRs connected in inverse parallel. They can conduct current in both directions when triggered by a gate pulse. Common applications of DIACs and TRIACs include light dimming, heating control, motor drives and solid state relays.
Latest Electrical Mini Projects For EEE Studentselprocus
Simple Mini Projects For EEE Can Be Implemented By Using Microcontroller And Different Technologies. We Hope That Our Innovative Projects For EEE Students Offer Immense Help And Make Them Select Suitable Projects For Their Project Work.
https://www.elprocus.com
Visit our page to get more ideas on Electrical Mini Projects developed by professionals.
Elprocus provides free verified electronic projects kits around the world with abstracts, circuit diagrams, and free electronic software. We provide guidance manual for Do It Yourself Kits (DIY) with the modules at best price along with free shipping.
My new upload !!! --> http://www.slideshare.net/choleraparth91/smart-vehicle-ensuring-safe-ride-using-accerolometer-laser-sensor-co-sensor-and-also-with-use-of-gsm-modem-and-solar-panel
Contact & follow me to get PDF & PPT file - https://www.linkedin.com/in/parthcholera/
Email me directly if you want these file !!
choleraparth91@yahoo.com
or
contact me on fb - https://www.facebook.com/choleraparth91
or
https://www.facebook.com/Textivity
or
message me on - 08097508067
I suggest to go for these project !!! :D :D
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
DOWNLOAD
The main objective of this project is to develop a device for wireless power transfer. The concept of wireless power transfer was realized by Nikolas tesla. Wireless power transfer can make a remarkable change in the field of the electrical engineering which eliminates the use conventional copper cables and current carrying wires.
Based on this concept, the project is developed to transfer power within a small range. This project can be used for charging batteries those are physically not possible to be connected electrically such as pace makers (An electronic device that works in place of a defective heart valve) implanted in the body that runs on a battery.
The patient is required to be operated every year to replace the battery. This project is designed to charge a rechargeable battery wirelessly for the purpose. Since charging of the battery is not possible to be demonstrated, we are providing a DC fan that runs through wireless power.
This project is built upon using an electronic circuit which converts AC 230V 50Hz to AC 12V, High frequency. The output is fed to a tuned coil forming as primary of an air core transformer. The secondary coil develops a voltage of HF 12volt.
Thus the transfer of power is done by the primary(transmitter) to the secondary that is separated with a considerable distance(say 3cm). Therefore the transfer could be seen as the primary transmits and the secondary receives the power to run load.
Moreover this technique can be used in number of applications, like to charge a mobile phone, iPod, laptop battery, propeller clock wirelessly. And also this kind of charging provides a far lower risk of electrical shock as it would be galvanically isolated.
This document describes a student project to design and implement an automatic street light controller. It aims to save electricity by detecting vehicles and only turning street lights on fully when a vehicle is present. The project uses light dependent resistors, a power supply, relays, timers, and infrared sensors. It discusses the circuit designs and components in detail across multiple chapters. The conclusion states that automatic street lighting can significantly reduce energy consumption compared to manual control.
Water Level Indicator Project PresentationAbdul Rehman
This document presents a water level indicator circuit project. The circuit uses electrodes placed at different levels in a water tank connected to an Arduino. As the water level rises and makes contact with the electrodes, LEDs will light up to indicate the water level. Additionally, a buzzer will sound when the tank becomes full to provide an alarm. The document discusses the components used including electrodes, LEDs, resistors, transistors, buzzers, and a printed circuit board. It provides diagrams of the circuit and explanations of how each component works and is connected to indicate the water level and provide an alarm function.
This document discusses the components and operation of a linear DC power supply. It begins by explaining the need for DC power in electronic circuits and how power supplies convert alternating current (AC) from the wall outlet to the direct current (DC) required. The main components of a power supply are then introduced as the transformer, rectifier, filter and regulator. The transformer steps down the high voltage AC, the rectifier converts it to pulsating DC, the filter smoothes the output, and the regulator maintains a constant voltage. Different types of rectifiers like half-wave, full-wave and bridge rectifiers are also defined. Finally, the document discusses filters which further smooth the DC output voltage.
This project report describes a security alarm circuit that uses a light dependent resistor (LDR) to detect intruders. When light falling on the LDR is interrupted, a monostable multivibrator circuit uses an IC 555 timer chip to activate a relay switch for 5-55 seconds, triggering an alarm. The circuit aims to provide inexpensive home protection and could also be used for novel applications at festivals.
Here you will find details about how you can make a fire detection system by using arduino and flame sensor. We have also added the budget you need to make this project.
Relays are electrically operated switches that use a low-power signal to control a circuit with higher power. They have various operating principles and types. Relays allow for control of circuits with complete isolation and for one signal to control multiple circuits. Common types include latching, induction, reed, mercury-wetted, and solid-state relays. Relays are used where control of high power loads is needed, such as in protection devices, contactors, stabilizers, inverters, and welders. They provide advantages of fast operation, reliability, and allowing control of AC and DC circuits with one device.
Pir sensor based security alarm system using um 3561 (2)Ushaswini Chowdary
This document describes a PIR sensor-based security alarm system that uses a PIR sensor and UM3561 siren IC. The system detects infrared radiation emitted from humans using a PIR sensor and triggers the UM3561 IC to produce an alarm siren. It uses low-power, inexpensive components like a PIR sensor, UM3561 siren IC, transistors, resistors, speaker and battery. When the PIR sensor detects human infrared radiation within its 5m range, it sends a signal to the UM3561 IC to generate an alarm siren through the speaker. This provides a low-cost solution for security and other applications.
The document summarizes a technical seminar presentation on an ultrasonic radar system using a microcontroller. It describes the system architecture which includes a 8051 microcontroller, ultrasonic sensor, buzzer, and servo motor. It provides details on the implementation including interfacing these components and operating voltages. Advantages include ability to work in adverse conditions and high sensing distances. Applications discussed include target detection and traffic enforcement. The conclusion states the designed project can detect objects within 30cm and provide audio alerts.
This document describes an RF-based home automation system created by a team of students at Lingayas University. The system uses RF transmitter and receiver modules along with an encoder and decoder ICs to wirelessly control electrical appliances from a remote control. Pressing buttons on the remote control transmits RF signals that are received and used to operate relays and control devices like lights, volume levels, and movie playback. The system is designed for easy and low power operation from a distance of up to 25 meters.
This document is a practical training report submitted by Roshan Mani, a student of Electronics and Communication Engineering at GCET Bikaner, as part of an industrial training completed at CMC Academy in Jaipur. The report provides details about the training, including an overview of CMC Academy and the topics covered during the training such as microprocessors vs microcontrollers, embedded systems, memory addressing types, and the AT89C51 microcontroller. It also describes various electronic components and a bidirectional visitor counter home automation project developed during the training.
It is a battery level indicator program which tells the level of the battery how much it is charged. It includes the proteus pics of the program. I tells the working of the circuit.
Initial conditions provide the values of arbitrary constants that appear in differential equation solutions for circuits. They describe the circuit variables like current and voltage in inductors and capacitors immediately before and after a switch is opened or closed. Determining initial conditions involves finding the inductor current and capacitor voltage at times t=0- and t=0+ around the instant when the switch position changes. Examples show how to calculate inductor current, its derivatives, and capacitor voltage at t=0+ using KVL and component equations. Initial conditions capture the past history of energy storing elements in the circuit.
This document describes a line follower robot. A line follower robot is a machine that can follow a visible or invisible path. It uses sensors to detect the line and a microcontroller to determine movements to follow the line. Key components include a chassis, wheels, batteries, motors, and electronic circuitry. Line follower robots have applications in industrial automation and transportation. The robot must be able to navigate various environments and conditions while precisely tracking the line.
This document describes the design of a line following robot. It consists of 3 sentences:
The line follower uses infrared sensors to detect a black line on a white surface and follow the path by adjusting its movement left, right or forward based on the sensor readings. It is programmed with an AVR microcontroller and uses an L298 motor driver to control the DC motors. Potential applications include automated cars using embedded magnets for guidance and industrial robots navigating factory floors.
This project report summarizes the design and working of a line follower robot. It discusses the components used including an LM324 comparator IC, AT89C51 microprocessor, L293D H-bridge motor driver, and IR transmitter and receiver. It explains how the IR sensors detect the line and the microprocessor controls the motors to follow the line by turning when sensors detect line edges. The working principle section describes the robot's line detection and movement logic in detail. Applications mentioned include industrial transport, automated vehicles, and museum tour guides.
The document outlines requirements for a line following robot and discusses methods for line detection. It lists key requirements as being able to follow and take turns along a line, while being insensitive to lighting and noise. It also notes the line color does not matter as long as it is darker or lighter than the surroundings. The document further explains that infrared sensors produce analog outputs that need to be converted to digital signals, which can be done using analog to digital converters or comparators. It also provides an overview of features of the 8051 microcontroller, including memory, serial communication ports, timers, I/O pins, interrupts and clock speed.
The document provides an overview of the key components and working principle of a line-following robot, including:
1) Sensory systems that collect information about the outside world using sensors like photoresistors. 2) A data processing and motor control system that interprets sensor input signals and decides how to drive the motors. 3) Drive systems like DC motors that implement the motor control signals.
The line-following algorithm determines the robot's direction based on where the line is detected by the sensors - forward if centered, left if left of center, and right if right of center. If no line is detected, the robot circles until it finds the line again.
This document provides instructions for building a simple and inexpensive line following robot (LFR) using only 555 timer circuits instead of a microcontroller. The LFR uses two light dependent resistors (LDRs) and LEDs as sensors to follow a black line on a white surface. When the LEDs are over the black line, the LDRs are in darkness and the motors run. Over the white line, the LDRs detect light from the LEDs and trigger the motors to turn off. The total cost of parts for this basic LFR is under 1000 Pakistani rupees.
Visiable Light is a robot that can sense and follow light. A user can shine a flashlight at its front and Light Rover will respond by following the light source. Light Rover uses a microcontroller for processing the sensor readings and responds by controlling the motors. The robot is designed with two sensors in mind, a left and a right. So when more light is detected on the left side, the robot will move towards it by rotating the right motor forward and the left motor backwards. The robot will know to move forward when both sensors receive about the same (by a margin we specify) amount of light.
The robot has two bipolar motors attached to front wheels of the robot. While rear wheels do not have any motor attached to them. The robot has two sensors fixed at its front panel separated by sufficient distance. It has a power supply & microcontroller circuitry placed inside the Light Rover.
We wanted to build a sensing light robot because microcontrollers are natural devices for sensing and responding to events.
The document describes a line following robot project submitted by four students to the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Jagannath University, Jaipur. It includes an acknowledgment, index, and sections on the circuit diagram, sensors, microcontroller, motor driver, source code, problems encountered, and applications of line following robots. The overall goal of the project is to build a robot that can sense a line and maneuver to stay on course using feedback from infrared sensors and a microcontroller to control motors via a motor driver.
The document describes the design of a line-following robot. It discusses the key components needed which include sensors to detect the line, a microcontroller to process sensor input and control motors, and DC motors powered by an H-bridge circuit to drive the wheels. It also outlines an algorithm for the robot to follow the line and make turns depending on which sensor detects the line. Potential applications are mentioned as well as some limitations of the current design.
The line follower robot detects and follows a black line on a white surface using infrared sensors. It continuously corrects itself to stay on the track without human help. The sensors detect light reflected from the surface to determine if the line is centered, left, or right of the robot and signal the motors to move forward or turn accordingly. Potential applications include transport in factories, hospitals, museums, and more.
This document outlines a semester project to build a line-following robot. It will use discrete electronic components like light dependent resistors and transistors to sense a white line on a black surface and motors to maneuver along the line. The project will have modules for mechanical design, motor control, and light sensing. It provides details on the components, circuit design, team responsibilities, timeline and potential risks.
This document describes the design and functioning of a light following robot. The robot uses light dependent resistors (LDRs) to sense light and an op-amp circuit to compare the light readings from the LDRs. When more light falls on one LDR, the op-amp output activates the corresponding transistor which drives the motor on that side, causing the robot to turn towards the light source. The robot aims to follow a light source such as a flashlight by moving its motors based on the LDR sensor readings processed by the op-amp circuitry. Applications include uses in street lights, alarms, and devices that adjust screen brightness based on ambient lighting.
A line follower robot detects and follows a line on the floor using sensors. It uses a microcontroller like the AT89S52 to process sensor input and control motors to stay on the line. The hardware includes a power supply, sensors, motors, and other components. An embedded system combines both hardware and software to perform tasks. Line follower robots are used in manufacturing for transporting items between processes.
Fertile Ground has set up a resource center and classroom in Assam, India to teach organic farming techniques as an alternative to pesticide use. They are working with local Rotary clubs and schools to establish community gardens and improve food security. A new project this year involves creating gardens at five village schools to teach children and families how to improve soil quality and grow healthy food organically. Volunteers will help build the gardens and provide training, with goals of improving nutrition, incomes, and environmental sustainability.
Elucidating the Nitrogen fixing Ability for an Isolate Segregated from Tea Rh...IOSR Journals
As previously work has been done on the isolation of free living nitrogen fixers from tea rhizosphere of South Assam, this edition was an additional work for verifying the nitrogen fixing ability of an isolate was an attempt to understand the nitrogenase activity of the isolate. In this paper an isolate has been isolated in a nitrogen free medium, it’s morphological and biochemical assessments have been made earlier. And here its nitrogen fixation ability was depicted after doing Acetylene reduction Assay. From that a clear idea of its nitrogen fixing ability has been drawn, even if the capacity is low.
The document discusses a community gardens project in the Sadiya area of Assam, India. The project aims to teach villagers organic farming and nutrition to improve food security, health, and potential income. It will include a school lunch program using vegetables grown in the gardens to feed children from poor families. Volunteers from Canada and the local village will work together on creating gardens, a playground, and supplying schools.
The use of bamboo as a strategic resource in eco-tourism. Presentation delivered at the International Training Workshop on Sustainable Industrialization and Commercialization of NTFPs.
Revealing Biocontrol prospective of a few Bacterial Isolates segregated from ...IOSR Journals
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• As now a days railway accidents are occuring more and more, large amount of people lost their lives, and economical impact of it is also very high. This all happens due to improper management, and less control available!!
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Similar to 7380969 Line Follower Using At89c51 (20)
1. 88 ThTh
SemesterSemester
Electronics & Telecommunication EngineerinElectronics & Telecommunication Engineeringg
Acknowledgement
It is our privilege to express our sincerest regards to our project coordinator, Ms.
Madhusmita Nahak & Ms Geetanjali Jena, for their valuable inputs, able guidance,
2. encouragement, whole-hearted cooperation and constructive criticism throughout the
duration of our project.
We deeply express our sincere thanks to our Head of Department Dr Prof.
K.C.Mohapatra for encouraging and allowing us to present the project on the topic
“Line Follower Robot “at our department premises for the partial fulfillment of
the requirements leading to the award of B-Tech degree.
We take this opportunity to thank all our lecturers who have directly or indirectly
helped our project. We pay our respects and love to our parents and all other family
members and friends for their love and encouragement through out our career. Last but
not the least we express our thanks to our friends for their cooperation and support.
3. ESTD - 1999 - ISO 9001:2000
SECTOR – 4, ROURKELA – 769002
( AFFILIATED TO BPUT , ROURKELA )
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Sonali Mishra, Balaram Panda, Sanyasi Barad,
Pulkeshu Dash and Gaurav Singhdeo students of Padmanava College of
Engineering, Sector-4, Rourkela-002, have successfully completed a project on
“Line Follower Robot” in 8th
semester at Department of Electronics &
Telecommunication Engineering.
This report has not been submitted to any other Organization & does not
form part of any Course undergone by then, for the award of B-Tech Degree.
Head of Dept (ETE) Project Guide
Prof (Dr).K.C.Mohapatra Ms Madhusmita
Nahak
INDEX
4. 1. INTRODUCTION
2. OVERVIEW
3. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF LINE FOLLOWER ROBOT
4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM Of LINE FOLLOWER ROBOT
5. IMPLEMENTATION
a)Design of Microcontroller Programmer
b)What is ISP?
6. SENSORS
a) Design Of Infrared Sensor Circuit
b) Principle of operation of the I.R. L.E.D. and
Phototransistor
c) Positioning of sensors
d) Infra-Red Sensor Array
e) Analog to digital converter
f) LM339 Comparator
g) Pin Diagram Of LM339
h) Function Of the comparator
7. MICROCONTROLLER
a)Pin Diagram of AT89C51
b) Onboard Pin Connections
8. BIPOLAR MOTOR DRIVER
a)Pin Diagram of L293D
b) Pin Connections
c) Motor Driving
5. d)DC Motors
9. SOURCE CODE
10. HEX CODE GENERATED FOR THE CODE
11.PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED
12. REFERENCES AND RESOURCES
INTRODUCTION
What is a line follower?
6. Line follower is a machine that can follow a path. The path can be
visible like a black line on a white surface (or vice-versa) or it can be
invisible like a magnetic field.
Why build a line follower?
Sensing a line and maneuvering the robot to stay on course, while
constantly correcting wrong moves using feedback mechanism forms a
simple yet effective closed loop system. As a programmer you get an
opportunity to ‘teach’ the robot how to follow the line thus giving it a
human-like property of responding to stimuli.
Practical applications of a line follower: Automated cars running on
roads with embedded magnets; guidance system for industrial robots
moving on shop floor etc.
Prerequisites:
Knowledge of basic digital and analog electronics.
C Programming Sheer interest, an innovative brain and perseverance!
7. OVERVIEW
In the line follower robot project we have used 3 pairs of IR (infra-red)
emitter/sensor. The sensor on getting blocked or unblocked sends combination of
high/low signals to AT89C51 microcontroller which are processed and
appropriate signals are sent to L293D (motor driver chip) which switches on/off
the motors so as to keep the robot moving in one direction.
Circuit model of Line Follower Robot
10. The microcontroller receives signals from the Infrared Sensor circuit. The code burnt
inside the EEPROM processes the signal and send appropriate signals to the L293D
11. and turns on/off the motors shown in the figure above. The program that processes the
signals received from the LM339 is given on the page later of this project report and
the code has been implemented using microcontroller programming in assembly.
IMPLEMENTATION
PICTURE OF THE DEVELOPMENT BOARD
12. Design of Microcontroller Programmer
The circuit shown above is microcontroller programmer (AT89CXXseries). It
burns the HEX code of the microcontroller program in the EEPROM of the
microcontroller using the parallel port of the computer.
The ISP programmer shown below sends the HEX code to the programmer
(hardware).
Design of microcontroller programmer
15. WHAT IS ISP?
In-System Programming (abbreviated ISP) is the ability of some
programmable logic devices, microcontrollers, and other programmable
electronic chips to be programmed while installed in a complete system, rather
than requiring the chip to be programmed prior to installing it into the system.
The primary advantage of this feature is that it allows manufacturers of electronic
devices to integrate programming and testing into a single production phase,
rather than requiring a separate programming stage prior to assembling the
system. This may allow manufacturers to program the chips in their own system's
production line instead of buying preprogrammed chips from a manufacturer or
distributor, making it feasible to apply code or design changes in the middle of a
production run. Typically, chips supporting ISP have internal circuitry to
generate any necessary programming voltage from the system's normal supply
voltage, and communicate with the programmer via a serial protocol. Most
programmable logic devices use proprietary protocols or protocols defined by
older standards. In systems complex enough to require moderately large glue
logic.
16. DESIGN OF INFRARED SENSOR CIRCUIT:
Principle of operation of the I.R. L.E.D. and
Phototransistor:-
A Photodiode is a p-n junction or p-i-n structure. When an infrared photon of
sufficient energy strikes the diode, it excites an electron thereby creating a mobile
electron and a positively charged electron hole. If the absorption occurs in the
junction's depletion region, or one diffusion length away from it, these carriers
are swept from the junction by the built-in field of the depletion region,
producing a photocurrent. Photodiodes can be used under either zero bias
(photovoltaic mode) or reverse bias (photoconductive mode). Reverse bias
induces only little current (known as saturation or back current) along its
direction. But a more important effect of reverse bias is widening of the depletion
layer (therefore expanding the reaction volume) and strengthening the
photocurrent when infrared falls on it. There is a limit on the distance between
I.R. L.E.D. and infrared sensor for the pair to operate in the desired manner. In
our case distance is about 5mm.
Infra-Red emitter sends out IR pulses.
Position calculation is done through
intensity of reflected light received by
the detector.
Ambient interference is negligible.
17. POSITIONING OF SENSORS:-
The resistance of the sensor decreases when IR (infrared) light falls on it. A good
sensor will have near zero resistance in presence of light and a very large
resistance in absence of light. Whether the sensors are Light Dependent Resistors,
laser diode, Infrared Sensors, Ultrasonic Sensors or anything else,the outputs of
the sensor modules are fed to the Non-inverting input of a comparator . The
reference voltage of the comparator is fed to the inverting input of the
comparator by a trim pot or a tuning device connected between the supply lines.
LM339 is a comparator IC that digitizes the analog signal from the sensor array.
Since the output of LM339 is TTL compatible it can be directly fed to the master
microcontroller.
0.5cm
EMITTER DETECTOR
18. The generalized connection diagram of Sensor Interfacing with microcontroller is
shown below:-
CONNECTING INFRARED MODULE WITH MICROCONTROLLER MCS-51
When the sensor/emitter pair is on shining surface sensor is on i.e. in
low impedance mode which one can easily view as L.E.D. corresponding
to that sensor doesn’t glow. The output of the opamp is HIGH
SIGNAL and this HIGH SIGNAL is given to the microcontroller and
19. when the sensor is on normal non-reflecting surface it’s off i.e. in
HIGH IMPEDANCE state which one can easily view as L.E.D.
corresponding to that sensor glows up and LOW SIGNAL is given to
the microcontroller.
Infra-Red Sensor Array
Black Wire – Output Voltage
Red Wire - +5V
Brown Wire - Gnd
20. ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER:-
It is clear that the output of the potential divider is an analog voltage. But
Microcontroller does not accept the analog voltage. So we need to convert the
analog voltage to digital before we feed it to the microcontroller.
For this conversion we can use
1. Comparators
2. ADCs
-
COMPARATOR LM339
+
V+
V-
V0
V0 = High when V+ > V-
V0 = Low when V+ < V-
V0 = High when V+ > V-
V0 = Low when V+ < V-
21. LM339 COMPARATOR:-
PIN DIAGRAM OF LM339:-
This device consists of four independent precision voltage comparators with an
offset voltage specifications as low as 2mV. This comparator is designed to
specifically operate from a single power supply over a wide range of voltages.
Operation from split power supplies is also possible. This comparator also has a
PIN DIAGRAM OF LM339
22. unique characteristic which is that the input common-mode voltage range
includes ground even though operated from a single power supply voltage.
FUNCTION OF THE COMPARATOR:-
V+
V-
V+ > V-
0 V
HIGH
-
+
23. V+
V-
V+ < V-
0 V
LOW
-
+
MICROCONTROLLER:-
PIN DIAGRAM OF AT89C51:-
24. PIN DIAGRAM OF AT89C51
The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer
with 4Kbytes of Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory (PEROM).
The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high density nonvolatile memory
technology and is compatible with the industry standard MCS-51Ô instruction set
and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed
in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a
versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a
powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost effective
25. solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89C51 provides the
following standard features: 4Kbytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two
16-bit timer/counters, five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex
serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C51 is
designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two
software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while
allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue
functioning. The Power down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the
oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.
PICTURE OF THE MICROCONTROLLER
28. BIPOLAR MOTOR DRIVER:-
L293D is a bipolar motor driver IC. This is a high voltage, high current pushpull
four channel driver compatible to TTL logic levels and drive inductive loads. It
has 600 mA output current capability per channel and internal clamp diodes.
The L293 is designed to provide bidirectional drive currents of upto 1 A at
voltages from 4.5 V to 36 V. The L293D is designed to provide bidirectional drive
currents of up to 600-mA at voltages from 4.5 V to 36 V. Both devices are
designed to drive inductive loads such as relays, solenoids, dc and bipolar stepping
motors, as well as other high-current/high-voltage loads in positive supply
applications. All inputs are TTL compatible. Each output is a complete totem-pole
drive circuit, with a Darlington transistor sink and a pseudo-Darlington source.
Drivers are enabled in pairs, with drivers 1 and 2 enabled by 1,2EN and drivers 3
and 4 enabled by 3,4EN. When an enable input is high, the associated drivers are
enabled, and their outputs are active and in phase with their inputs. When the
enable input is low, those drivers are disabled, and their outputs are off and in the
high-impedance state. With the proper data inputs, each pair of drivers forms a
full-H (or bridge) reversible drive suitable for solenoid or motor applications.
29. PIN DIAGRAM OF L293D:-
4 5 12 13
16 8
1
2
15
9
7
10
3
14
6
11
VCC1- LOGIC
SUPPLY= 5V
LM+ OUTPUT FOR
MOTOR1
OUTPUT FOR
MOTOR2
L_IN1
L_EN
GND
L293D
INPUT
LINES
R_EN
L_IN2
R_IN2
R_IN1
LM-
RM+
RM-
PIN DIAGRAM OF L293D
The Device is a monolithic integrated high voltage, high current four channel
driver designed to accept standard DTL or TTL logic levels and drive inductive
loads (such as relays solenoides, DC and stepping motors) and switching power
transistors. To simplify use as two bridges each pair of channels is equipped with
an enable input. A separate supply input is provided for the logic, allowing
operation at a lower voltage and internal clamp diodes are included. This device is
suitable for use in switching applications at frequencies up to 5 kHz.
The L293D is assembled in a 16 lead plastic packaage which has 4 center pins
connected together and used for heatsinking The L293DD is assembled in a 20
30. lead surface mount which has 8 center pins connected together and used for
heatsinking.
PIN CONNECTIONS:-
CONNECTION DIAGRAM FOR DRIVING BIPOLAR DC MOTOR
31. MOTOR DRIVING:-
EN IN 1 IN 2 Motor
Status
0 X X Stopped
1 0 0 Stopped
1 1 1 Stopped
1 1 0 CW
1 0 1 CCW
33. DC MOTORS:-
These are very commonly used in robotics. DC motors can rotate in both
directions depending upon the polarity of current through the motor. These
motors have free running torque and current ideally zero. These motors have
high speed which can be reduced with the help of gears and traded off for torque.
Speed Control of DC motors is done through Pulse Width Modulation techniques,
i.e. sending the current in intermittent bursts. PWM can be generated by 555
timer IC with adjusted duty cycle. Varying current through the motor varies the
torque.
PICTURE OF DC MOTOR USED
34. SOURCE CODE:-
PROGRAM FOR LINE FOLLOWER
=======SYSTEM REGISTERS==============
P0 EQU 080H
P1 EQU 090H
P2 EQU 0A0H
P3 EQU 0B0H
TH1 EQU 08DH
TL1 EQU 08BH
TCON EQU 088H
TMOD EQU 089H
IE EQU 0A8H
SP EQU 081H
FLAG1 EQU 0D0H
;======= PORT PIN DEFINITIONS ========
SENSOR1 EQU P1.0
SENSOR2 EQU P1.1
LED_RED EQU P0.6
LED_GREEN EQU P0.7
L_EN EQU P0.2
R_EN EQU P0.4
L_MO1 EQU P0.1
L_MO2 EQU P0.0
R_MO1 EQU P0.3
R_MO2 EQU P0.5
; X X X X M X L R
35. ; X X X X 1 X 0 0 - FWD -- 03
; 0 1 - TR 01
; 1 0 - TL 02
; 00 - STOP 00
;========== HERE THE MAIN PROGRAM STARTS ==========
ORG 0000H
AJMP START
ORG 0050H
START: MOV R1,#0FFH
MOV R2,#004H
MOV P2,#000H
LOOP: MOV C,SENSOR1
MOV LED_RED,C
MOV C,SENSOR2
MOV LED_GREEN,C
MOV A,P1
ANL A,#003H
CJNE A,#000H,CHECK_LEFT ;////// GO FORWARD /////////
SETB R_MO1
CLR R_MO2
SETB L_MO1
CLR L_MO2
MOV R1,#0FFH
MOV R2,#004H
39. PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED:-
• The ISP programmer requires dedicated supply of 9V from the USB of your P.C.
Extern supply of other than 9V generates error while writing the HEX code to the
Microcontroller. The programmer was soldered 3 times before it could
successfully program the chip.
• The program was difficult to implement as it was our first encounter with
microcontroller programming in assembly.
• The large number of interconnections in the circuit made it too difficult to
solder.
• The IR sensors burnt up on soldering so we have to use temperature controlled
soldering iron.
• In the model designed to show line follower robot, electric motors ought to be
bidirectional and of low wattage i.e. should draw lesser current otherwise the
motor can draw current to such a level to burn up the entire circuit.
40. REFERENCES AND RESOURCES:-
Books:
1) The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems Using
Assembly and C By Muhammad Ali Mazidi, Janice Gillispie
Mazidi & Rolin D. McKinlay
Websites referred:
1) Atmel Corp. Makers of the AVR microcontroller
www.atmel.com
2) One of the best sites AVR site www.avrfreaks.net
3) One of the best site for Microcontroller projects
www.kmitl.ac.th
4) Keil™, the developer of Keilμvision www.keil.com
5) Information from www.wikipedia.com