Ijaar v8 no2-p64-74 | Impact of environmental conditions on the yield variability of durum wheat (Triticum durum. Desf) and its associated characters at Algerian semi-arid areas
Impact of environmental conditions on the yield variability of durum wheat (Triticum durum. Desf) and its associated characters at Algerian semi-arid areas
By: Megherbi-Benali A, Toumi-Benali F, Zouaoui S, Hamel L, Benyahia M.
Int. J. Agr. Agri. Res. 8(2), 64-74, February 2016.
Abstract
Environmental stresses are most common in Algeria. Drought, cold and hot weather are often present. These production constraints are abiotic, they are combined together more aggravating the loss in crop yields, especially durum. Indeed, a study was conducted under different agro-ecological conditions in the 2010/11 year. The approach adopted has been characterized by integration across experiment and pedoclimatic zoned. To do this, tests were conducted at the three zones and followed up from the installation of the plant to harvest. The observations concern the effects of environmental constraints on yield and traits associated; with measurements, it is focused on morpho-phenological characteristics of the vegetation, soil moisture, and physicochemical properties of the soil. A substantial variation in yield was observed between zones can be explained by the significance of soil tillage, crop rotation the characteristics of each zone. Results confirm particularly that correlations between yield and associated characters exist and that various genotypes respond differently with the environments. Improved genotypes and precocious ensure the best yield. The early stage of heading is a trait often sought in Mediterranean areas since it allows them to avoid the terminal water deficit or deficiency. The study confirmed the existence of significant correlations entered yield and it is components of and that genotypes responded differently depending on the environment to which they are subjected.
Evaluation and Breeding of Lowland Rice Varieties for their Yield and Toleran...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
Abstract
Background: The objective of this study is to evaluate and breed rice varieties for their yield ability and tolerance to biotic stresses, major abiotic of lowland ecologies in Benin and Togo.
Method: The plant material consisted of 1901 interspecific and intraspecific lines. The integration resistance test results (DITER) developed by NOTTEGHEM (1977) were used for this research. Individuals from different lineages were multiplied to form the seedling plots. The measured parameters focused on: Sowing cycle (SC), Height at maturity (Hm), Tillering (T30 and T60), drought, iron toxicity, dead hearts, and leaf blast. Data were taken on ten plants from each of the Disjunct Lines (DL) in Benin and Togo. The use of descriptive rating scales from the Standard Evaluation System for Rice (SES) developed by IRRI (2010) was used during this research.
Key Results: Families from crossings WAB 638-1 x TOG 5681, WAB 638-1 x NERICAL35 TOG 7442 x NERICA- L41, TOG 5681 x NERICA-L41, TOG 5681 x NERICA-L42 and belonging to O. glaberrima x O. sativa, O. sativa x interspecific, O. glaberrima x O. interspecific, interspecific x O. glaberrima showed good behavior with respect to biotic and abiotic stresses and have a good Sowing Cycle (<120jas) and a very good tillering (20-50Talles) in both Benin and Togo.
Conclusion: They therefore have a very good adaptability to the agro-ecological conditions of Benin (low slope) and Togo (minor bed).
https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/fulltext/MCDA.000592.php
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com
For more articles on International Journal of Agronomy please click on below link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/
Effect of sowing year and seedbed type on yield and yield component in bambar...Innspub Net
Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) is one of the most promising food legumes in Africa, due to its agronomic and nutritional potential. To take advantage of these attributes, several research programmes gathering agronomic and genetic data are being implemented throughout Africa. In this context, the responses of yield and yield components to year sowing and seedbed type were tested in a three densities (13 900 plants ha−1, 62500 plants ha−1 and 250000 plants ha−1) field experiment using a bambara groundnut landrace with a semi-bunch growth habit. Three years sowing: 2005, 2006 and 2007 were coupled with two seedbed types – raised and flat. A factorial trial using a split-plot design with three replicates was set up to analyse seed yield and plant biomass, as well as nine yield components (Plant spread, Plant height, Number of leaves per plant, Number of pods per plants, Number of seeds per plant, Pods weight per plant, Pod fill ration, Seed harvest index). The seedbed type and year of experiment did not influence significantly the marketable yield and plant biomass (p> 0.05). This result has been attributed to the suitability of the amount and distribution of rainfall and temperature for the production of bambara groundnut at the target site. Based on the trend of yield response, cultivation of landraces of bambara groundnut characterized by a semi-bunch growth habit on flat seedbeds was suggested in woodland savannas of Côte d’Ivoire to enhance seeds yield and reduce labour. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/ijaar/effect-of-sowing-year-and-seedbed-type-on-yield-and-yield-component-in-bambara-groundnut-vigna-subterranea-l-verdc-in-woodland-savannahs-of-cote-divoire/
Integrated Effect of Mulching Materials and Furrow Irrigation Methods on Yiel...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Werer, Middle Awash Valley during the dry season of the 2016-17, 2017-18 and 2018-19 to investigate the effects of mulching materials and furrow irrigation methods on onion yield and water productivity under semi-arid conditions. Split plot design with three replications, in which the irrigation methods (Conventional, Fixed and Alternate Furrow) were assigned to the main plot and the three mulching materials (no mulch, wheat straw and white plastic mulch), were to the sub-plot. Results indicate that marketable onion bulb yield and water use efficiency were affected by the main effect of furrow irrigation methods and mulching materials (p< 0.05). But the interaction of irrigation methods and mulch had no significant effect on marketable onion bulb yield and water use efficiency. The conventional furrow irrigation (10081.52kg ha-1) and wheat straw mulch (12121.63 kg ha-1) resulted in the maximum marketable bulb yield. The highest water use efficiency (3.27 kg/m3) was obtained from alternate furrow irrigation method with straw mulch. This suggests that under limited irrigation water, alternate furrow irrigation along with wheat straw mulch minimize evaporation loss; maximize water productivity and sustain onion production at Amibara and similar agro-ecology and soil type.
Evaluation and Breeding of Lowland Rice Varieties for their Yield and Toleran...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
Abstract
Background: The objective of this study is to evaluate and breed rice varieties for their yield ability and tolerance to biotic stresses, major abiotic of lowland ecologies in Benin and Togo.
Method: The plant material consisted of 1901 interspecific and intraspecific lines. The integration resistance test results (DITER) developed by NOTTEGHEM (1977) were used for this research. Individuals from different lineages were multiplied to form the seedling plots. The measured parameters focused on: Sowing cycle (SC), Height at maturity (Hm), Tillering (T30 and T60), drought, iron toxicity, dead hearts, and leaf blast. Data were taken on ten plants from each of the Disjunct Lines (DL) in Benin and Togo. The use of descriptive rating scales from the Standard Evaluation System for Rice (SES) developed by IRRI (2010) was used during this research.
Key Results: Families from crossings WAB 638-1 x TOG 5681, WAB 638-1 x NERICAL35 TOG 7442 x NERICA- L41, TOG 5681 x NERICA-L41, TOG 5681 x NERICA-L42 and belonging to O. glaberrima x O. sativa, O. sativa x interspecific, O. glaberrima x O. interspecific, interspecific x O. glaberrima showed good behavior with respect to biotic and abiotic stresses and have a good Sowing Cycle (<120jas) and a very good tillering (20-50Talles) in both Benin and Togo.
Conclusion: They therefore have a very good adaptability to the agro-ecological conditions of Benin (low slope) and Togo (minor bed).
https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/fulltext/MCDA.000592.php
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com
For more articles on International Journal of Agronomy please click on below link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/
Effect of sowing year and seedbed type on yield and yield component in bambar...Innspub Net
Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) is one of the most promising food legumes in Africa, due to its agronomic and nutritional potential. To take advantage of these attributes, several research programmes gathering agronomic and genetic data are being implemented throughout Africa. In this context, the responses of yield and yield components to year sowing and seedbed type were tested in a three densities (13 900 plants ha−1, 62500 plants ha−1 and 250000 plants ha−1) field experiment using a bambara groundnut landrace with a semi-bunch growth habit. Three years sowing: 2005, 2006 and 2007 were coupled with two seedbed types – raised and flat. A factorial trial using a split-plot design with three replicates was set up to analyse seed yield and plant biomass, as well as nine yield components (Plant spread, Plant height, Number of leaves per plant, Number of pods per plants, Number of seeds per plant, Pods weight per plant, Pod fill ration, Seed harvest index). The seedbed type and year of experiment did not influence significantly the marketable yield and plant biomass (p> 0.05). This result has been attributed to the suitability of the amount and distribution of rainfall and temperature for the production of bambara groundnut at the target site. Based on the trend of yield response, cultivation of landraces of bambara groundnut characterized by a semi-bunch growth habit on flat seedbeds was suggested in woodland savannas of Côte d’Ivoire to enhance seeds yield and reduce labour. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/ijaar/effect-of-sowing-year-and-seedbed-type-on-yield-and-yield-component-in-bambara-groundnut-vigna-subterranea-l-verdc-in-woodland-savannahs-of-cote-divoire/
Integrated Effect of Mulching Materials and Furrow Irrigation Methods on Yiel...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Werer, Middle Awash Valley during the dry season of the 2016-17, 2017-18 and 2018-19 to investigate the effects of mulching materials and furrow irrigation methods on onion yield and water productivity under semi-arid conditions. Split plot design with three replications, in which the irrigation methods (Conventional, Fixed and Alternate Furrow) were assigned to the main plot and the three mulching materials (no mulch, wheat straw and white plastic mulch), were to the sub-plot. Results indicate that marketable onion bulb yield and water use efficiency were affected by the main effect of furrow irrigation methods and mulching materials (p< 0.05). But the interaction of irrigation methods and mulch had no significant effect on marketable onion bulb yield and water use efficiency. The conventional furrow irrigation (10081.52kg ha-1) and wheat straw mulch (12121.63 kg ha-1) resulted in the maximum marketable bulb yield. The highest water use efficiency (3.27 kg/m3) was obtained from alternate furrow irrigation method with straw mulch. This suggests that under limited irrigation water, alternate furrow irrigation along with wheat straw mulch minimize evaporation loss; maximize water productivity and sustain onion production at Amibara and similar agro-ecology and soil type.
2 ijhaf dec-2017-3-effect of biochar issued fromAI Publications
Cassava is an important food crop cultivated (75%) by smallholder farmers. However, yields are very low and rarely exceed 17tons/ha-1. A study was carried out at Nkolbisson in the humid forest zone (HFZ) of Cameroon to assess the effect of three types of biochar issued from Cassava (CSb), Ricehusk (RHb), and Corncob (CCb) on the root yield of variety 8034 cassava cultivated along a soil fertility gradient. The biochars were produced using an Elsa pyrolysis technology with carbonisation time of 50-58mins and temperature ranging from 400-6500C. Twelve 8m2 plots were constructed in three sites from the higher elevated, moderately elevated and flat fields.The biochars were applied at 20t.ha-1in three replicationsin a completely randomized design.Results showed that the biochars were high in nutrients containing 4.17-18.15g.kg-1 N, 22.26-42.51 mg.kg-1 P, 2.48-4.18 cmol.kg-1 K and pH (H2O: 7.78-10.81) and were significantly higher than the no-input soil containing 0.79g.kg-1 N, 7.41mg.kg-1 P, 1.42 cmol.kg-1 K and pH (5.68). Cassava root yield was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in RHb plots (23.22 t.ha-1) than CCb (20.53 t.ha-1), CSb (18.67 t.ha-1) and the no-input soil (16.13 t.ha-1). The addition of biochar particularly RHb, increasednutrient uptake in cassava leaves and roots compared with theno-input soil. The study concludes that biochars with higher N, Pand K content tend to increase cassava root yield and suggestsincreasing the quantity of biochar to 40t/ha-1or continuous application in combination with other farming options such as poultry manure, compost or mineral fertilizer tomaximize cassava productivity given the benefits of biochar.
Mulching and Tied Ridges as A Moisture Conservation Strategy to Improve the Y...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— An experiment was conducted to determine the effectiveness of soil moisture conservation techniques on improving sorghum yield in a semi-arid rural area of Swaziland. The four treatments were; planting sorghum on flat soil (F), planting on tied ridges (T), planting on mulched soil (M) and planting on a combination of tied ridges and mulch (TM). Sorghum planted on flat soil was used as control in the experiment. The sorghum variety 8625 was planted. The experiment was complete randomized design and each treatment was replicated three times. The parameters measured were; grain yield, total biomass yield, soil moisture suction and grain moisture content at harvest. The grain yields from all the other treatments (mulching, tied ridges, tied ridges with mulching) were higher than those of the control (flat planting). The grain yield from TM was the highest at an average of 10.002 tons/ha. It was significantly different from that of T and F (p<0.05).>0.05). The results showed that a combination of tied ridges and mulching provided superior results in terms of grain yield, dry matter yield and soil moisture suction. Mulching and tied ridges also yielded results that were better than the control (F).
Abstract— Agriculture (the agricultural exports flagship from southern Brazil) is highly dependent on temporal rainfall distribution. However, the technology used in the field has been altering this relationship. Such technology, in addition to minimizing the effects of climate variability, has increased the annual soybean yield observed in the trend analysis, which was positive in 17 of the municipalities studied. The aim of this study was to analyze the rainfall variability and soybean production in one of the areas of greatest soybean production in southern Brazil by applying the quartile, percentile, Pettitt (homogeneity - break results) and Mann-Kendall (trend) tests. The results indicate a significant relationship between annual rainfall variability (1999-2000; 2009-2010) and soybean yield (kg/ha), particularly during the growing season of 2009-2010 when the yield variation between municipalities was low. It was concluded that the statistically significant correlations indicate that the soy dependence ranges from 22% to 50% in certain municipalities.
Urea-supergranules and phosphorus application increases irrigated rice yields...INNS PUBNET
Nitrogen and phosphorus deficiencies are some of the main factors restricting irrigated rice (Oryza sativa L.) productivity in Burkina Faso. Urea supergranules (USG) have been proven to increase rice yield but this increased productivity is likely to be constrained because P is becoming limiting in irrigated rice systems. Field experiments were carried out with rice variety Nerica 62N in Sourou valley in the wet season of 2012 and in the dry season of 2013. The effect of two sizes (1.8 and 2.7 g) of USG and five levels of phosphorus (0, 20, 30, 40 and 50 kg P ha-1) were studied in a split plot design on rice yields. The use of USG 2.7 g did not significantly increase rice yields compare with USG 1.8 g in both seasons. P application significantly increased rice yields. The 1.8 g USG significantly increased the agronomic efficiency (AE) by 48.9% over the USG 2.7 g in the 2012 wet season while the increase in AE was 24.4% in the 2013 dry season. The best AE 42 kg kg-1 in 2012 and 25 kg kg-1 in 2013 were obtained with 50P and 30P. This study suggests that USG can be used by farmers in small rate (USG 1.8 g) to improve nitrogen use efficiency and the application of 30 kg P kg-1 seems to be adequate to increase yield in irrigated rice cropping system.
Limiting factors for pasture and cereal production in marginal soils of the s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Typical soils of Southwestern Buenos Aires Province were evaluated to determine quality and capability for cereal and forage production having in mind potential improvements due to amendment with organic residual from agroindustrial wastes process. Studied soils from Mollisol order were, Argiudoll and Argiustol suborder, of marginal area of Pampa Argentina. The organic matter content of those soils corresponded to weakly humic soils which shows the transition from the Pampas zone to the semi-arid zone and indicates a major limiting factor. Granulometric analyses were similar, with a sandy loam texture for the Tres Arroyos soil and a borderline sandy silt loam for the Cabildo soil. Anycase the results were below the limit that indicates salinity problems. Low availability of essential micronutrient like Copper and Molibdenum were another limiting factor of the Tres Arroyos soil, where the cultivation of winter grains, such as wheat and barley is very important for regional economy. The availability of the micronutrients Zn and Cu are strongly dependent on the soil pH; therefore, the more alkaline the conditions (such as for the Cabildo soil), as a limiting factor mainly for cereals sensitive to Cinc deficiencies like maize and sorghum. Soils from this marginal areas of the Pampas (Argentina), could be improved with respect to the factors that limit soil quality and productivity.
Presented by T. Erkossa, A. Haileslassie and C. MacAlister at the Nile Basin Development Challenge (NBDC) Science Workshop, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 9–10 July 2013
Conservation agriculture is based on maximizing yield and to achieve a balance of agricultural, economic and environmental benefits.
Conservation agriculture useful for meeting future food demands and also contributing to sustainable agriculture.
Conservation agriculture helps to minimizing the negative environmental effect and equally important to increased income to help the livelihood of those employed in agril. Production.
Introduction of conservation technologies (CT) was an important break through for sustaining productivity
Abstract— This study was conducted in Gunugo watershed at Wolayitta zone to assess the amount of some soil chemical properties affected by traditional agroforestry practices and along different elevation gradients. The dominant agroforestry practices (homegarden, parkland and woodlot), and three elevation gradients (upper, middle and lower) were used to collect soil samples. One composite sample was taken from each sampling point from each soil depths, under three agroforestry practices and three elevation gradient with three replications to have a total of 54 soil samples at 20 x 20 m plot. Then the selected soil chemical properties among agroforestry practices and along elevation gradient was determined at p<0.05. The EC, pH and CEC of the top soil was significantly higher on homegarden than parkland and woodlot while EC, pH and total nitrogen of the sub soil were significantly higher on homegarden than parkland and woodlot. Further, only the top soil EC and CEC were significantly higher on lower elevation than upper and middle elevation and there was no significant difference in sub soil chemical parameters among elevation levels. In relation to this, most of the soil chemical properties show as the study area is being degraded. Therefore, are recommended for sustainable soil chemical property management. Hence, homegarden is suggested as a better agroforestry practice for rehabilitation of the area in a sustainable manner through enhanced accumulation of total nitrogen, good EC and CEC at all elevation gradients.
Effect of Farmyard Manure and Mineral NP Fertilizers on Yield Related Traits ...Premier Publishers
Declining soil fertility is one of the major problems causing yield reduction in Ethiopia. Farmers at Areka apply both organic and inorganic fertilizers to overcome the problem and increase yield of potato. However, information on the application of farmyard manure and chemical fertilizer is inadequate to the area to increase the yield of potato crop. Therefore, an experiment was conducted at Areka, Southern Ethiopia during the 2016 cropping season with the objective of assessing the effect of farmyard manure and mineral NP fertilizers on yield related traits and yield of potato. There were twenty treatments comprising of four levels of FYM (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 t ha-1) with five levels of combined mineral NP fertilizers [0, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% of blanket recommended rates of NP (110 kg N ha-1 and 90 kg P2O5 ha-1)] in randomized complete block design in factorial arrangement with three replications. The results showed that the main effect of FYM and mineral NP fertilizers were significant (P<0.01) on tuber number per hill, tuber size category and tuber yield in tha-1. There was significant interaction effect of FYM and mineral NP fertilizers on days to 50% flowering, days to maturity and plant height. The maximum total and marketable tuber yields of 35.11t ha-1, and 33.97 t ha-1recorded at the rate of 7.5 t ha-1 FYM respectively while the maximum total and marketable tuber yield of 37.97 t ha-1and 36.78 t ha-1respectively were obtained in response to the application of 100% blanket recommended mineral NP fertilizer rate.
2 ijhaf dec-2017-3-effect of biochar issued fromAI Publications
Cassava is an important food crop cultivated (75%) by smallholder farmers. However, yields are very low and rarely exceed 17tons/ha-1. A study was carried out at Nkolbisson in the humid forest zone (HFZ) of Cameroon to assess the effect of three types of biochar issued from Cassava (CSb), Ricehusk (RHb), and Corncob (CCb) on the root yield of variety 8034 cassava cultivated along a soil fertility gradient. The biochars were produced using an Elsa pyrolysis technology with carbonisation time of 50-58mins and temperature ranging from 400-6500C. Twelve 8m2 plots were constructed in three sites from the higher elevated, moderately elevated and flat fields.The biochars were applied at 20t.ha-1in three replicationsin a completely randomized design.Results showed that the biochars were high in nutrients containing 4.17-18.15g.kg-1 N, 22.26-42.51 mg.kg-1 P, 2.48-4.18 cmol.kg-1 K and pH (H2O: 7.78-10.81) and were significantly higher than the no-input soil containing 0.79g.kg-1 N, 7.41mg.kg-1 P, 1.42 cmol.kg-1 K and pH (5.68). Cassava root yield was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in RHb plots (23.22 t.ha-1) than CCb (20.53 t.ha-1), CSb (18.67 t.ha-1) and the no-input soil (16.13 t.ha-1). The addition of biochar particularly RHb, increasednutrient uptake in cassava leaves and roots compared with theno-input soil. The study concludes that biochars with higher N, Pand K content tend to increase cassava root yield and suggestsincreasing the quantity of biochar to 40t/ha-1or continuous application in combination with other farming options such as poultry manure, compost or mineral fertilizer tomaximize cassava productivity given the benefits of biochar.
Mulching and Tied Ridges as A Moisture Conservation Strategy to Improve the Y...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— An experiment was conducted to determine the effectiveness of soil moisture conservation techniques on improving sorghum yield in a semi-arid rural area of Swaziland. The four treatments were; planting sorghum on flat soil (F), planting on tied ridges (T), planting on mulched soil (M) and planting on a combination of tied ridges and mulch (TM). Sorghum planted on flat soil was used as control in the experiment. The sorghum variety 8625 was planted. The experiment was complete randomized design and each treatment was replicated three times. The parameters measured were; grain yield, total biomass yield, soil moisture suction and grain moisture content at harvest. The grain yields from all the other treatments (mulching, tied ridges, tied ridges with mulching) were higher than those of the control (flat planting). The grain yield from TM was the highest at an average of 10.002 tons/ha. It was significantly different from that of T and F (p<0.05).>0.05). The results showed that a combination of tied ridges and mulching provided superior results in terms of grain yield, dry matter yield and soil moisture suction. Mulching and tied ridges also yielded results that were better than the control (F).
Abstract— Agriculture (the agricultural exports flagship from southern Brazil) is highly dependent on temporal rainfall distribution. However, the technology used in the field has been altering this relationship. Such technology, in addition to minimizing the effects of climate variability, has increased the annual soybean yield observed in the trend analysis, which was positive in 17 of the municipalities studied. The aim of this study was to analyze the rainfall variability and soybean production in one of the areas of greatest soybean production in southern Brazil by applying the quartile, percentile, Pettitt (homogeneity - break results) and Mann-Kendall (trend) tests. The results indicate a significant relationship between annual rainfall variability (1999-2000; 2009-2010) and soybean yield (kg/ha), particularly during the growing season of 2009-2010 when the yield variation between municipalities was low. It was concluded that the statistically significant correlations indicate that the soy dependence ranges from 22% to 50% in certain municipalities.
Urea-supergranules and phosphorus application increases irrigated rice yields...INNS PUBNET
Nitrogen and phosphorus deficiencies are some of the main factors restricting irrigated rice (Oryza sativa L.) productivity in Burkina Faso. Urea supergranules (USG) have been proven to increase rice yield but this increased productivity is likely to be constrained because P is becoming limiting in irrigated rice systems. Field experiments were carried out with rice variety Nerica 62N in Sourou valley in the wet season of 2012 and in the dry season of 2013. The effect of two sizes (1.8 and 2.7 g) of USG and five levels of phosphorus (0, 20, 30, 40 and 50 kg P ha-1) were studied in a split plot design on rice yields. The use of USG 2.7 g did not significantly increase rice yields compare with USG 1.8 g in both seasons. P application significantly increased rice yields. The 1.8 g USG significantly increased the agronomic efficiency (AE) by 48.9% over the USG 2.7 g in the 2012 wet season while the increase in AE was 24.4% in the 2013 dry season. The best AE 42 kg kg-1 in 2012 and 25 kg kg-1 in 2013 were obtained with 50P and 30P. This study suggests that USG can be used by farmers in small rate (USG 1.8 g) to improve nitrogen use efficiency and the application of 30 kg P kg-1 seems to be adequate to increase yield in irrigated rice cropping system.
Limiting factors for pasture and cereal production in marginal soils of the s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Typical soils of Southwestern Buenos Aires Province were evaluated to determine quality and capability for cereal and forage production having in mind potential improvements due to amendment with organic residual from agroindustrial wastes process. Studied soils from Mollisol order were, Argiudoll and Argiustol suborder, of marginal area of Pampa Argentina. The organic matter content of those soils corresponded to weakly humic soils which shows the transition from the Pampas zone to the semi-arid zone and indicates a major limiting factor. Granulometric analyses were similar, with a sandy loam texture for the Tres Arroyos soil and a borderline sandy silt loam for the Cabildo soil. Anycase the results were below the limit that indicates salinity problems. Low availability of essential micronutrient like Copper and Molibdenum were another limiting factor of the Tres Arroyos soil, where the cultivation of winter grains, such as wheat and barley is very important for regional economy. The availability of the micronutrients Zn and Cu are strongly dependent on the soil pH; therefore, the more alkaline the conditions (such as for the Cabildo soil), as a limiting factor mainly for cereals sensitive to Cinc deficiencies like maize and sorghum. Soils from this marginal areas of the Pampas (Argentina), could be improved with respect to the factors that limit soil quality and productivity.
Presented by T. Erkossa, A. Haileslassie and C. MacAlister at the Nile Basin Development Challenge (NBDC) Science Workshop, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 9–10 July 2013
Conservation agriculture is based on maximizing yield and to achieve a balance of agricultural, economic and environmental benefits.
Conservation agriculture useful for meeting future food demands and also contributing to sustainable agriculture.
Conservation agriculture helps to minimizing the negative environmental effect and equally important to increased income to help the livelihood of those employed in agril. Production.
Introduction of conservation technologies (CT) was an important break through for sustaining productivity
Abstract— This study was conducted in Gunugo watershed at Wolayitta zone to assess the amount of some soil chemical properties affected by traditional agroforestry practices and along different elevation gradients. The dominant agroforestry practices (homegarden, parkland and woodlot), and three elevation gradients (upper, middle and lower) were used to collect soil samples. One composite sample was taken from each sampling point from each soil depths, under three agroforestry practices and three elevation gradient with three replications to have a total of 54 soil samples at 20 x 20 m plot. Then the selected soil chemical properties among agroforestry practices and along elevation gradient was determined at p<0.05. The EC, pH and CEC of the top soil was significantly higher on homegarden than parkland and woodlot while EC, pH and total nitrogen of the sub soil were significantly higher on homegarden than parkland and woodlot. Further, only the top soil EC and CEC were significantly higher on lower elevation than upper and middle elevation and there was no significant difference in sub soil chemical parameters among elevation levels. In relation to this, most of the soil chemical properties show as the study area is being degraded. Therefore, are recommended for sustainable soil chemical property management. Hence, homegarden is suggested as a better agroforestry practice for rehabilitation of the area in a sustainable manner through enhanced accumulation of total nitrogen, good EC and CEC at all elevation gradients.
Effect of Farmyard Manure and Mineral NP Fertilizers on Yield Related Traits ...Premier Publishers
Declining soil fertility is one of the major problems causing yield reduction in Ethiopia. Farmers at Areka apply both organic and inorganic fertilizers to overcome the problem and increase yield of potato. However, information on the application of farmyard manure and chemical fertilizer is inadequate to the area to increase the yield of potato crop. Therefore, an experiment was conducted at Areka, Southern Ethiopia during the 2016 cropping season with the objective of assessing the effect of farmyard manure and mineral NP fertilizers on yield related traits and yield of potato. There were twenty treatments comprising of four levels of FYM (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 t ha-1) with five levels of combined mineral NP fertilizers [0, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% of blanket recommended rates of NP (110 kg N ha-1 and 90 kg P2O5 ha-1)] in randomized complete block design in factorial arrangement with three replications. The results showed that the main effect of FYM and mineral NP fertilizers were significant (P<0.01) on tuber number per hill, tuber size category and tuber yield in tha-1. There was significant interaction effect of FYM and mineral NP fertilizers on days to 50% flowering, days to maturity and plant height. The maximum total and marketable tuber yields of 35.11t ha-1, and 33.97 t ha-1recorded at the rate of 7.5 t ha-1 FYM respectively while the maximum total and marketable tuber yield of 37.97 t ha-1and 36.78 t ha-1respectively were obtained in response to the application of 100% blanket recommended mineral NP fertilizer rate.
Similar to Ijaar v8 no2-p64-74 | Impact of environmental conditions on the yield variability of durum wheat (Triticum durum. Desf) and its associated characters at Algerian semi-arid areas
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The paper reports results of a study on investigating impacts of climate change on teff (Eragrostis tef) production in three agro-ecological zones (highlands, midlands and lowlands) of Endamehoni and Raya Azebo weredas of Tigray. The impact of climate change on teff farming was estimated taking into account farm households’ characteristics, socio-economic, climate, adaptations, production factors and agro-ecological settings in a low-income developing country. Ricardian model was used to analyze data obtained from teff farming households. From the fourteen predictor variables fitted in the model, six variables e.g. climate factors, adaptation strategies, production factors, weather and climate information, socio-economic factors and agro-ecology were found to have significance influence on net revenues with model coefficients at p=0.05 and less. Climate factors (temperature and rainfall) and adaptation to climate change were found to play key roles on net revenues. Increasing (decreasing) temperature reduces (increases) teff revenues. Therefore, policies of government on adaptation ought to be given enough attention to reduce vulnerability and improve food security among teff farming communities in rural areas.
Impact of crop rotation on mycorrhizal fungi in irrigated soils of the Doukka...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— This study has been conducted on the soils of irrigated perimeter of Doukkala. It is to assess the impact of the rotation of a species not mycotrophic (Beta vulgaris) with cereals on the natural resources of the mycorrhizal arbuscular fungi whose profits for the growth of plants are known. The results obtained show that this type of culture has a negative effect on the richness of the soil in spores and diversity of mycorrhizal fungi, and on the content of arbuscules which are the places of exchanges between the partners. The authors offer recommendations on cultivation practices which can be modulated in order to preserve this natural resource.
Review on the Cause and Effects of Recurrent Drought on Ethiopian Agriculture...AI Publications
Drought occurs in virtually all climatic zones, but its characteristics vary significantly from one region to another. Ethiopia characteristically sees three seasons of varying amounts of rainfall. The central western regions getting a sufficient amount of rain during the rainy season, but the rest of the country, especially towards the horn being very dry for most time of the year. This also leads that some parts of regions of Ethiopia severely affected by recurrent drought. Recurrent drought caused by deforestation, high population growth, land degradation and soil erosion which intern affect agriculture include crop losses, lower yields in both crop and livestock production, increased livestock deaths and generally it may bring economic, environmental, and social impacts. Different efforts are made by policy maker and government to reduce or mitigate the impact of drought but still the impact is there thus this review show the gap.
In the agroecological zone of the Biemso basin in the Ashanti Region of Ghana, soil erodibility
and rainfall erosivity patterns were estimated. The study aimed at investigating the temporal
variability of rainfall erosivity using the Fournier Index Method and assessing the soil
erodibility parameters of a Sawah site using the WEPP model. Four plots representing the
major land uses in the area for maize, oil palm, natural vegetation and plantain cultivation
were selected. Results showed that soil organic matter content ranged from 1.95 to 5.52%;
sand ranged from 14.34 to 31.86 %; silt ranged from 31.63 to 68.77%; clay ranged from 16.04
to 20.08% and very fine sand from 3.38 to 8.84%. The derived interrill erodibility (Ki) values
ranged from 44.26 to 51.70 kg s m-4 under all land uses considered at the study site and soils
in the study area were moderately resistant to erosion by raindrops. The derived rill erodibility
(Kr) values ranged from 0.005 to 0.012 s m-1 under all land uses considered at the study site.
Rill erodibility values were higher at the foot slopes under all land uses except under Oil Palm
land use. Rainfall values exceeded the 20-25 mm threshold value for erosive rains. Erosivity
values determined for the study site revealed a moderate erosion risk in the major rainy season
(April-July); low erosion risk in the minor rainy season (August-October ) and very low erosion
risk in the dry season (November-March). It is recommended that soil and land management
practices that would reduce water erosion during the major rainy season should be implemented
such as bunding, mulching and contour farming.
Response of Maize (Zea mays L.) for Moisture Stress Condition at Different Gr...paperpublications3
Abstract: A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive seasons (2011/12 and 2012/13) at Koka Research Station of Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia8°26’ N latitude, 39°2’ E longitude and 1602masl altitude with the objective to identify maize growth stages sensitive to soil moisture stress, determine critical time for irrigation application for limited water resources and productivity of water. Fifteen treatments was used depriving irrigation on combination of four growth stages of maize (Zea maize L.) Variety Melkass-II. Randomized completely block design (RCBD) with three replication was used. Results indicated that both years plant height, 1000 seed weight, above ground biomass, grain yield and water use efficiency (WUE) were significantly (p<0.001)><0.01)><0.05).><0.001)><0.05) affected. The study had shown that during both the first and second year maximum grain yield (9253kg/ha and 11748kg/ha) was obtained due to stressing maize only at initial stage enhance grain yield which indicated that stressing moisture only at initial stage enhance grain yield. Moisture stress at mid-season should be avoided especially when combined with moisture stress at development stage. Moreover, moisture stress at initial and late seasons enhance water use efficiency without significantly reducing the yield from the higher yielding treatments.
Keywords: Depriving irrigation, growth stages, maize, moisture stress.
Wheat crop responds to climate change in rainfed areas of District Mansehra, ...Innspub Net
Agriculture in many ways is affected by climate change and has impact for productivity of crops particularly in rainfed areas. Climate change related research remained a poorly investigated area in KP and instant study filled that gap by investigating impacts of change in climate on farm productivity. The secondary data, spread over 30 years from 1984 to 2013 pertaining to temperature, precipitation, area under cultivation and yield of crops was collected. Analytical models used are ARDL Model. The results pertaining to impact of temperature and precipitation on wheat yield suggest long run relationship among the variables. Temperature is positively and significantly related in Mansehra. The precipitation is positively and significantly related. Short run relationship implies that around 100% deviations from long-term equilibrium are adjusted every year in case of Mansehra. The results wheat areas suggest long run relationship among the variables based on F Statistics value. Both temperature and precipitation are positively and significantly related to the area under wheat in the long run in case of Mansehra. Based on objectives of the research study and field findings recommendations offered include; farmers awareness drive, policies to promote adaptation measures, enhancing farmers’ adaptive capacity to strengthen local resilience, participation of farming community in formulation of policies, making meteorological information available to farmers, Design research plans to evolve crops varieties addressing changing climatic challenges, construct water harvesting structures for high efficiency irrigation and further research to estimate range of temperature and precipitation within which crops under study perform better.
Response of Maize (Zea mays L.) for Moisture Stress Condition at Different Gr...paperpublications3
Abstract: A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive seasons (2011/12 and 2012/13) at Koka Research Station of Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia8°26’ N latitude, 39°2’ E longitude and 1602masl altitude with the objective to identify maize growth stages sensitive to soil moisture stress, determine critical time for irrigation application for limited water resources and productivity of water. Fifteen treatments was used depriving irrigation on combination of four growth stages of maize (Zea maize L.) Variety Melkass-II. Randomized completely block design (RCBD) with three replication was used. Results indicated that both years plant height, 1000 seed weight, above ground biomass, grain yield and water use efficiency (WUE) were significantly (p<0.001)><0.01)><0.05).><0.001)><0.05) affected. The study had shown that during both the first and second year maximum grain yield (9253kg/ha and 11748kg/ha) was obtained due to stressing maize only at initial stage enhance grain yield which indicated that stressing moisture only at initial stage enhance grain yield. Moisture stress at mid-season should be avoided especially when combined with moisture stress at development stage. Moreover, moisture stress at initial and late seasons enhance water use efficiency without significantly reducing the yield from the higher yielding treatments.
Similar to Ijaar v8 no2-p64-74 | Impact of environmental conditions on the yield variability of durum wheat (Triticum durum. Desf) and its associated characters at Algerian semi-arid areas (20)
Bioaccumulation of Lead (Pb) content in three species bivalves in Jakarta Ba...Innspub Net
Environmental pollution by heavy metals has become a serious problem in Jakarta Bay. Mobilization of heavy metals as a result of anthropogenic activities has caused the release of heavy metals into the environment, one of which is Pb. Several methods already used to clean up the environment from these kinds of contaminants, but most of them are costly and difficult to get optimum results. In addition heavy metal pollutans in the waters are very stable and tend to be persistent. Recently, bioaccumators is an effective and affordable technological solution used to extract or remove inactive metals and metal pollutants from contaminated soil and water. This technology is environmental friendly and potentially cost effective using bivalves. These study objectives to analyzed the Pb content of three species of Jakarta Bay bivalves. The results showed that Pb content in the Eastern and Western Season bivalve tissue was significantly lowest in P. viridis (0,166 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,161 ± 0,155μg/g) compared the Pb concentration in A. antiquata (0,264 ± 0,015μg/g dan 0,247±0,044μg/g), and M. meretrix (0,270 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,240 ± 0,053μg/g). In this study also showed that the concentration of heavy metal Pb in the bivalve shell of P. viridis was significantly lower than that of two species (A. antiquata and M. meretrix). Pb content in the Eastern Season bivalves did not significantly different from that in the Westerrn Season. This is caused by a weather anomaly where the rainy season occurs almos throughout year of 2020. The Pb content in the bivalves shell was significantly higher than in the body tissues. It is because Pb can replace calcium ions in the formation of animal bones or bivalve shells.
Interaction on the diet and substrate on the growth of Archachatina marginata...Innspub Net
Nine hundred juveniles of Archachatina marginata aged about two weeks, with an average live weight of 2.25 g with an average shell length of 20.12mm were monitored in culture for six (6) months on five types of substrates [S1 (soil collected in a cassava plantation: Manihot sp.), S2 (S1 with 10% oyster shell meal), S3 (S1 with 10% sawdust), S4 (S1 with 5% oyster shell meal and 5% sawdust) and S5 (uncultivated forest soil). Four diets including two industrial (D1 and D 2 of 12% and 16% calcium respectively) and two based on fodder (D3 and D4 based on leaves and fruit of the papaya (Carica papaya) on the one hand and a mixture of papaya leaves and taro (Xanthosoma maffafa) on the other hand, were used. In order to determine the best combinations inducing the best growth performance, 20 combinations were formed at the rate of 45 spat for each combination; three replicas of 15 spat each. This study showed that the combination of diet and livestock substrate influences the growth of Archachatina marginata. Although the best feed is D1 (74.68 g and 7.94cm) and the best substrate is S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm), the best combinations are D2S3 (69.37 g and 7.47cm), D1S4 (74.68 g and 7.94cm and D4S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm). The combined effect of the high level of dietary calcium and that of the culture substrate does not promote good growth of snails. This work will help improve the production of African giant snails and provide important data for anyone wishing to engage in the breeding of these animals.
Nutritional assessment status of adult patients with multiple sclerosis: A na...Innspub Net
No previous research has assessed the nongenetic factors, especially the nutrition status of MS patients in Arab countries. Hence, this study aims to assess the nutritional status of MS patients among Arab adults. This study is a nationally representative cross-sectional study using a structured, online self-administered, validated quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) from 13 Arab countries. All data analyses were performed using STATA 16.0 and R for statistical computing version 4.0.4. A total of 813 participants were surveyed, most of the MS participants were female (68.4%), married (58.5%), non-smoker (72.6%) and 53.3% were diagnosed with MS for up to five years. MS participants did not consume the DRI of both the macro and the micronutrients including the energy requirements, except the dietary intake of the sodium which was insignificantly different from the DRI. Results also showed that most participants rarely consumed the main food items including bread, cereals, and most types of meat. While, more than 50% of the participants consumed fruit, vegetables, all types of chicken, fish, fresh soup, rice, and egg up to 3 times per month. On the other hand, milk and milkshake were consumed rarely; while, tea and herbal teas were the most common beverages. Nutrient deficiencies are very common among MS Arab patients. The finding of this study can establish a base for the development of a nutritional program for MS patients in accordance with the recommended DRI.
Evaluation of Talisay (Terminalia catappa) nuts by-productsInnspub Net
Sensory evaluation or analysis is an invaluable tool in determining the consumers’ acceptability of a product developed and eventually its market success. This is a sequel test after the chemical analysis and microbiological procedures have been conducted. The study determined the level of acceptability of the by-product of Talisay (Terminalia catappa) nuts specifically; Talisay Nuts Polvoron, Glazed Talisay Nuts, and Sugar-coated Talisay Nuts using sensory evaluation as to appearance, taste, aroma, sweetness, and texture. The responses of the food inclined participants are described yielding from the Hedonic Tests conducted and statistically treated. Results concluded that the developed products are remarkably acceptable and marketable.
Germination and seedling growth of Moringa oleifera, Moringa stenopetala and ...Innspub Net
A germination test was carried out to identify plants that can germinate and survive in polluted soil (with and without ash) collected 2.5km east and 2.5km west, 20km west and 55km west (control) of the BCL Cu/Ni mine smelter in Selebi-Phikwe, Botswana. The experiment was carried out using Phaseolus vulgaris, Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala. Soil acidity and heavy metal stress reduced germination percentage, coefficient rate of germination, root and shoot growth and dry weight, root: shoot, vigour index and tolerance index of all species. Percentage reduction followed the order 2.5km west < 20km west < 2.5km east < 55km west. Phaseolus vulgaris, Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala germinated in all soils. Their ability to germinate in polluted soil indicates tolerance to heavy metal and soil acidity stress and so they have potential for use in phytoremediation of polluted soils around the mine. Phaseolus vulgaris had the highest overall germination performance but there was no significant difference between the Moringas. Application of coal fly ash increased all the germination parameters and so coal fly ash has potential for use in amending polluted soil around the mine for phytoremediation purposes.
Identification and marketing of Marantaceae in the Ndjolé area, in central Ga...Innspub Net
The forests of the Congo Basin cover an area of 200 million hectares, of which just over 10% is in Gabon. In this country, crop products and non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are abundant because of its favourable climate. There is significant biodiversity and great potential for non-timber forest products. This study is interested in the identification and the supply chain of the Marantaceae, one of these NTFPs of plant origin in central Gabon, whose exploitation is national. Through a survey of the main actors in the sector and field visits in the locality of Bifoun, it emerges the existence of three large groups of exploited marantaceae, whose harvest and transport are mainly done by women, in various containers. The storage of this NTFPs does not exceed four days, with the risk of losing its commercial value due to drying out. The uses of this resource are multiple: processing cassava, cooking food, making handicrafts, etc. The income it provides to producers is mainly use towards small family expenses but helps to monetize the rural world. The difficulties inherent in the distance from harvesting points, the low price of the product and the impossibility of long-term storage of the marantaceae leaves constitute a brake on the development of this activity. It would therefore be wise to envisage the domestication of the species listed for a sustainable use of this plant genetic resource.
Ethnobotany of Oyster nut (Telfairia pedata) in Northern Tanzania | JBES 2022Innspub Net
Telfairia pedata (Sims) Hook is an important native climber plant commonly grown in East Africa. It bears nuts which are eaten either raw or cooked and is consumed mostly by expectant mothers, and as cooking oil. The survey was conducted between September 2019 to February 2020 in Sambaa, Meru, and Pare communities of Lushoto, Bumbuli, Arumeru and Same Districts, Northern Tanzania to assess the ethnobotany of T. pedata from a sample of 346 respondents using semi-structured questionnaires. Results indicate that, 21% of respondents used T. pedata for cooking with other staple foods while 18% claimed that the nuts are used by pregnant and lactating mothers for medicinal and breast milk stimulation and nine (9) percent indicated that the nuts are used for cultural and ritual purposes. Despite its importance, the cultivation of T. pedata in the study area is declining and the gap why such decline is experienced needs to be answered in further studies. Secondly, respondents within the 36-50 age groups reported the greatest diversity of uses of T. pedata 51% compared with those aged below 36 years old 21% signifying that the traditional knowledge known by younger aged groups may be declining. Thus, this gap of traditional knowledge between the groups should be addressed in order to improve utilization and conservation of this seriously declining yet important nut in the study area and other places of Tanzania.
The amphibian’s fauna of a West African forest relict near a hydroelectric Da...Innspub Net
This study reports the amphibian’s fauna sampled from the Biodiversity Conservation Area of the hydroelectric dam of Soubré city (southwestern Côte d’Ivoire). This study aims to provide a better understanding of the diversity of amphibians in this relict forest of 200 ha, in order to assess the ecological health of this ecosystem for conservation and sustainable management perspectives. During dry season (from 26 February to 4 March 2018) and rainy season (from 17 to 23 June 2018), we recorded 14 species of anurans grouped into eight genera and six families. The study sites comprise an amphibian fauna consisting mainly of savannah specialists and degraded forest (64.28% of total species richness). Based on the IUCN Red List, all species recorded are of least concern. Also, these species are well distributed in the different regions of Côte d’Ivoire and Africa. Thus, it is necessary to monitor the ecology of the species and to protect subsequently the different habitats of this area.
Genetic parameter estimates and diversity studies of upland rice (Oryza sativ...Innspub Net
Dearth of well-articulated information on genetic parameter estimates and diversity of upland rice limits the genetic improvement of rice. This study assessed the genetic parameter estimates and genetic diversity among 40 rice accessions using 26 agro-morphological traits. The trial was conducted in 2020 at the Njala University experimental site using 5 × 8 triple lattice design. The agro-morphological traits were analyzed using various multivariate and genetic parameter estimate techniques. Classification based on qualitative and quantitative traits grouped the germplasm into ten and five distinct clusters, respectively. Genotypes Buttercup-ABC, Buttercup-RARC, Jewulay, NERICA L4, Ndomawai, Sewulie and Painipainie produced earliest days to heading (81.8–97.2 days) and maturity (111.2 – 120.7 days). Genotypes Jasmine (3.036 t.ha-1), Rok 34 (3.238 t.ha-1) and Parmoi (2.663 t.ha-1) exhibited the highest grain yields. Principal component analysis (PCA) of qualitative traits exhibited four principal components (PCs) with eigenvalues > 1.0 and cumulative variation of 68.04%, whilst the PCA of quantitative traits had five PCs accounting for 81.73% of the total genetic variation. The findings indicate the presence of enough variability that could be exploited for the genetic improvement of rice varieties and the studied traits can be used for selection. Leaf blade length and width, culm diameter at basal internode, culm length, days to 50% heading, flag leaf girth, panicle number per plant, grain yield, and 100 grain weight had high heritability and genetic advance indicating the presence of additive gene action. Findings are relevant for conservation, management, short term recommendation for release and genetic improvement of rice.
Valorization of the duckweed (Spirodela polyrhyza) in the feeding of mono sex...Innspub Net
In order to evaluate the effect of Spirodela polyrhiza using in diets of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings, an experiment was conducted on the farm “Awara” in the village of Agongo in Sèmè – Kpodji during 70 days. The initial average weight of fry is about 1g. The stocking density was 13 fry / m². Three experimental diets made with local by-products were tested: T0 (0% S. polyrhiza Meal), T1 (5% S. polyrhiza Meal) and T2 (mixed feed composed of 70% T0 and 30% fresh S. polyrhiza). At the end of the experiment, the survival rate was 100% for all treatments. The best zootechnical parameters were obtained with T1 with a final average weight of 11.67 ± 2.52 g and a consumption index of 1.17 ± 0.30. The highest gross profit margin was also obtained with T1. The lowest economic profitability was obtained.
Anthropogenic noise reduces bird species richness and diversity along a Rur-u...Innspub Net
Urbanization is increasing rapidly in all parts of the world to accommodate the increasing human population but it is having a drastic effect on native flora and fauna. The present study was carried out across a three stage urbanization gradient in and around the city of Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh. Observations were made from September 2019 to February 2021 at the selected three sites during COVID 19 pandemic. Point count method was used for bird surveys and Sound pressure (Noise) measurements were made across the three selected sites. The Avian diversity was measured by total species richness, Fisher’s alpha diversity index and Shannon-Wiener diversity index. The Urban centre recorded the highest sound pressure and lowest Avian species richness but as we moved away from the urban centre the noise levels reduced and the avain species richness increased towards the rural areas. This is mainly due to many avian species avoiding urban areas because of increasing noise levels. We also found that the urban bird community is dominated by a few species whereas the rural bird community was much more diverse.
Construction health and safety model towards adoption | IJB 2022Innspub Net
This study aimed to assess the safety and health of contractors in Zamboanga Del Norte, Philip-pines, in terms of workforce, workplace, and work implements. It also aimed to evaluate compliance with occupational health and safety standards regarding occupational safety and health training, a health and safety plan, civil works activities, and heavy equipment operations. It combined quantitative research with a self-created questionnaire that explains and forecasts concepts that can be applied to other people and locations and objectively measures the variable(s) of interest, selected, constructed, and standardized with validity and reliability in mind. The findings revealed that respondents only partially adhered to construction safety and health in personnel, workplace, and work equipment. Occupational health and safety criteria were partially met in occupational safety and health training, health and safety plans, civil works activities, and heavy equipment operations. The Level of Compliance for construction safety and health was also partially met. As a result, it is advised that construction companies will adopt the revised construction safety model.
Chemical composition of essential oil compounds from the callus of fennel (Fo...Innspub Net
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller.), a herbaceous, perennial and aromatic from Apiaceae family, which is used for pharmaceutical, food, health and cosmatic are cultivated in different parts of Iran and much of the world. In this study, the amount of trans-anethole in callus gained from tissue culture of fennel six belonging to different regions of Iran and Turkey have been compared. Tissue culture is a randomized trial. Factor of evaluating in the first node (hypocotyl) has been as explants and hormonal composition of 2,4-D+Kinetin and NAA+BAP was used for callus induction. Callus extracts were extracted by using organic solvent and finally the effective compound was determined, using GC/MS. The results show that the highest percentage of essential oil compounds in callus of E,E 2,4-Decadienal of 46.22% and cineole were 1,8 of the 35.17 percent, respectively. Our results indicate that the derived callus from fennel plants in the MS environment and with herbal hormone has been able to produce volatile compounds.
Evaluation of some maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes for resistance to stem borer...Innspub Net
The field experiments were conducted at Agricultural Research Corporation (ARC) , Kassala and Gash Research Station Farm, Takro of, Sudan. During the two winter seasons (2016/017 and 2017/018) respectively to evaluate some grain maize genotypes for resistance to stem borer and identify the most tolerance of these genotypes to Stem Borer infestation. Thirteen (STB.G1, STB.G2, STB.G3, STB.G4, STB.G5, STB.G6, STB.G7, STB.G8, STB.G9, STB.G10, STB.G11) maize genotypes were used in this study: with two check of maize variety (check. 1(Mugtama45) and ckeck. 2 (Var.113),). The experiments were arranged in Randomized Complete Block design (RCBD) with three replications. The data collected were used in this study were : Germination percentages, plant population, plant height, ear height, ear length, days to 50% Tasselling, days to 50% silking, ear length, ear diameter, cob diameter, number of rows/ear, number of kernels/row, 100 Kernel weight and Yieldkg/ha. Results showed that the most encouraging genotypes (STB.G 11, STB.G10, STB.G 4, STB.G 6 and STB.G8) of maize production at Kassala state were obtained a high value for potential of grain yield (4132, 3723, 3611, 3302 and 3264kg/ha) respectively, and for the most important of yield components. Among the traits considered, the yield (kg/ha) was the most promising as an indicator of tolerance to stem borer infestation.
Impact of climate change on wheat yield using remote sensing technique | JBES...Innspub Net
The present study demonstrates the ability of GIS and RS in capturing the spatial temporal data. The changing climatic conditions in the country effects the agriculture. The impacts of climate change are not only restricted to the agricultural productivity of the Pakistan but changing climate also impose destructive impacts on the Land use change practices. Three districts of Punjab i.e. Attock, Multan and Gujrat were selected for analysis of climatic effect on wheat production. The time span that is used for analyzing the change in these areas was from 1999-2014. Climatic changes are not always negative ones but sometimes climatic changes are favoring the increased agricultural production. As the change in temperature and rainfall pattern affects the crop conditions, which changes the net production. It is concluded that for real time prediction of crop yield satellite remote sensing could be used for timely management of food crisis in Pakistan as well as in the world.
Extreme weather events and their impact on urban crop production: A case of K...Innspub Net
Extreme weather events are anticipated to increase the existing challenges and generate new combination of vulnerabilities, especially in developing countries. The agricultural sector is the most vulnerable due to overreliance on unpredictable rainfall. This study examined the impact of extreme weather events on urban crop production and the adaptation strategies applied by the farmers. Secondary data were collected through a literature survey and primary data were collected using structured interviews, observations and focus group discussions. A total of 108 crop farmers were interviewed in two wards of Kinondoni District. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 was used to analyze the data and Pearson Chi-square was used to test the statistical significance between variables. The study observed that, farmers perceived extreme weather events including floods (39%), extreme temperatures (36%), and drought (25%). These extreme weather events affected negatively crop production leading damaging of crops and low yields (38%), outbreak of crop pests and disease (38%), drying of water sources (20%), and loss of soil fertility (4%). Crop farmers used various adaptation strategies such as crop diversification (28%), the use of pesticides (23%), changing of cropping patterns and planting calendar (16%), irrigation practices (18%) and replanting (10%). The study recommends for adoption of new farming systems such as vertical farming systems for better output with the use of limited water and land resources.
Effectiveness of community forest association and water resource users’ assoc...Innspub Net
Catchment degradation has continued to occur globally albeit the presence of Community Forest Associations (CFA) and Water Resource Users Associations (WRUA). Similarly, Kilungu catchment area in Kenya is under the management of the Kenze (CFA) and upper Kaiti (WRUA). This paper examined Kenze CFA and Upper Kaiti WRUA activities by exploring their effectiveness in discharging their statutory functions. This was achieved by carrying out, an exploratory descriptive survey. Data was collected through questionnaires, focus group discussions, 10 key informants’ interviews and direct observations. Descriptive analysis was used. Information was presented in fig.s, tables and percentages. Results showed that upper Kaiti WRUA as more effective in catchment management at moderately (31%) and highly at (37%) as compared to CFA moderately (29%) and highly (5%). In terms of discharging of their statutory functions, Upper Kaiti WRUA was better at a rating of 27% (good) and 23% (very good) as compared to Kenze CFA which was rated at 3% (good) and 6% (very good). This study results implied that Upper Kaiti WRUA was more effective in all aspects of ensuring catchment management as opposed to CFA. In conclusion, a strategy of seizing the opportunities presented by the CFA of being empowered to perform all its activities as required by law with emphasis on the timely preparation and implementation of management plans and WRUA’s continuous improvement should be prioritized. The study recommends new initiatives that improve on the CFA and WRUA activities in order to effectively discharge on their statutory functions.
Smallholders socio-economic characteristics of oil palm value chain: Constrai...Innspub Net
The study on the Smallholders Socio-Economic Characteristics Oil Palm Value Chain: Constraints and Prospects was conducted in the Littoral region of Cameroon with the used of multi-sampling technique. The study made used of secondary and primary data sources. Data that were collected through survey involved the distribution of structured questionnaires to a sample of 400 smallholders who were purposively selected from two sub-divisions. The data collected through these questionnaires were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science and Micro Soft Excel, and the interpreted resulted were presented using descriptive method, pie charts and in tables. Results indicated actors in the value chain were faced the constraints of inadequate capital, inadequate storage facilities, and fluctuation in market prices, inadequate roads, among others. Results further indicated that the activity was important as it provided opportunities such as job creation, health enhancement, education enhancement, income amelioration among others to the actors in the value chain.
Liming leads to high bean and maize yield on a strongly acid tea soil | IJAAR...Innspub Net
Acid soils are very common in tea zones. These soils have a pH below 5.0. Below this pH, not only do the soils exhibit toxicity of aluminum and manganese but are deficient of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and molybdenum, hence becoming chemically infertile. Liming is one cheap way of reclaiming these soils. The staple food crops in these tea soils are maize and beans. However the effect of different liming levels on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and maize (Zea maiys, L.) yield on acid tea-growing ando-humic Nitisol had not before been investigated. A study was therefore conducted to determine the crop response to liming and the appropriate liming level for maize and bean crops in a tea zone soils. The experiment was carried out in Embu County, Kavutiri and Kianjokoma areas, Agro-Ecological Zone (AEZ) UM1. A randomized complete block design with four replications of each lime treatment was used at each site. Lime at rates of 0 (L0), 2.4 (L1), 6 (L2), 8 (L3) t/ha was broadcasted on to 4m x 4m plots and mixed into 0-15cm of soil. There was a significant response to liming for both maize and beans. The maximum maize and beans yield was attained at around liming level L2 (pH 5.5). Above this pH, yields started to decline. The study clearly shows the benefits of soil liming on strongly acid tea soils and also the importance of accurate lime applications.
Total phenolics and total flavonoids of extracts from freshwater Clam (Corbic...Innspub Net
The ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane extracts of the freshwater clam (Corbicula fluminea) were studied for the total phenolics and total flavonoids. Total phenolics and total flavonoids of the extracts were evaluated using Folin-Ciocalteau and Aluminum chloride colorimetric methods respectively. The findings showed that the total phenolics of the ethanol extract (1.67±0.28mg GAE/g of dried sample) were substantially higher than the total phenolics obtained from the ethyl acetate (0.70±0.00mg GAE/g) and hexane extracts (0.56±0.23mg GAE/g). While the total flavonoids in the ethyl acetate extract displayed a slightly higher total flavonoid (43.84±0.92mg QE/g of dried sample) relative to ethanol (30.41±1.34mg QE/g of dried sample) and hexane extracts (20.28±0.00mg QE/g of dried sample). Using ethanol, the highest yield for extraction was obtained. Ethanol is the best solvent among the three – ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane in terms of extraction yield and total phenolics. In addition, it can be inferred that the presence of significant amounts of phenolics and flavonoids suggests that freshwater clam is a promising source of antioxidants that provides nourishing proteins and oxidative stress remedies
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
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Ijaar v8 no2-p64-74 | Impact of environmental conditions on the yield variability of durum wheat (Triticum durum. Desf) and its associated characters at Algerian semi-arid areas
1. Int. J. Agri. Agri. R.
Megherbi-Benali et al.
Page 64
RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS
Impact of environmental conditions on the yield variability of
durum wheat (Triticum durum. Desf) and its associated
characters at Algerian semi-arid areas
A. Megherbi-Benali, F. Toumi-Benali, S. Zouaoui, L. Hamel, M. Benyahia
Department of Environmental Sciences t Djilali Liabes University, Sidi Bel-Abbes, Algeria
Article published on February 18, 2016
Key words: Variability, Environmental stresses, Area, Yield and yield component, Durum wheat.
Abstract
The environmental stresses are most common in Algeria. Drought, cold and hot weather are often present. These
production constraints are abiotic, they are combined together more aggravating the loss in crop yields, especially
durum. Indeed, a study was conducted under different agro-ecological conditions in the 2010/11 year. The
approach adopted has been characterized by integration across experiment and pedoclimatic zoned. To do this,
tests were conducted at the three zones and followed up from the installation the plant to harvest. The
observations concern the effects of environmental constraints on yield and traits associated; with measurements,
it is focused on morpho-phenological characteristics of the vegetation, soil moisture and physicochemical
properties of the soil. A substantial variation in yield were observed between zones can be explained by the
significance soil tillage, crop rotation the characteristics of each zone. Results confirm particularly that
correlations between yield and associated characters exist and that various genotypes respond differently with the
environments. Improved genotypes and precocious ensure the best yield. The early stage of heading is a trait
often sought in Mediterranean areas, since it allows them to avoid the terminal water deficit or deficiency. The
study confirmed the existence of significant correlations entered yield and it is components of and that genotypes
responded differently depending on the environment to which they are subjected.
* Corresponding Author: A. Megherbi-Benali megaicha@yahoo.fr
International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research (IJAAR)
ISSN: 2223-7054 (Print) 2225-3610 (Online)
http://www.innspub.net
Vol. 8, No. 2, p. 64-74, 2016
2. Int. J. Agri. Agri. R.
Megherbi-Benali et al.
Page 65
Introduction
The climatic changes recorded these last years have
sustained changes to the composition and geographic
distribution of ecosystems. This situation is due to the
northward movement of arid zones all the way to the
confines between the Sahara and the high cereal
plains.
Due to its rainy nature, so highly dependent of the
climatic conditions, the cereal culture is characterized
by an extensive behavior aggravated by the use of
inappropriate cultural techniques. Hence, the
management of climatic risks, which are the reason
for the weakness of the agricultural products, proves
to be now more necessary than ever. The ability of a
cultivar to be reasonably efficient in an environment
with a variable recorded rainfall or semi-arid climate
is an important character for the stability of
production, since the frequency of drought stress,
cold or heat is very important.
The practice of rainfed culture even if it corresponds
to recorded rainfall higher than 400 mm/year, it still
represents only 4.8 millions of hectares of which the
half part, or in other words 2 millions of hectares are
not worked on because of lack of rain and especially
due to the latter’s poor distribution in space and time.
(Hammiche, 1993, Smadhi et al., 2002). Hence,
despite the importance of wheat in the food diet, and
although the production of cereals (all kinds
included) only covers on average 30% of the country's
needs (Mouhouche et Khiati, 1999) cereal farming
(cultivation) has experienced very little improvement,
amounting to 6.21% (ITGC, 1997). The productions
undergo major fluctuations, partly due to low
recorded rainfall, 70% of cereal farming areas are
located in areas where the accumulation is less than
400 mm (Jouve et al., 2000).
Among cereals, durum wheat occupies a prominent
place in the diet of Algerian populations. Cultivation
has always been the object of research of adapted
genotypes able to withstand the conditions of the
semi-arid environment. The success of this cultivation
is linked to the influence of climatic risks such as
drought, cold and high temperature at the end of the
cycle. In fact, interannual and seasonal variability of
rainfall is considered the major cause of fluctuating
yields which remain very weak and highly variable (3
to13 cwt / ha). This low level of production is not due
to only climatic conditions, but also to effects of the
soil (nature of soil) and to the kind of hardware
used. The objective is to quantify the effect of these
limitations that are due to various environmental
factors on the performance of durum wheat (Triticum
durum. Desf). This is to propose alternative solutions
to allow the increase of yields through the use of well-
adapted genotypes.
Material and methods
Vegetal materials
To conduct this study, we examined the behavior, in
different environments, of six varieties of durum
wheat, namely: Oued Zenati BD 1/94 (local varieties),
and Vitron, Oum Rabie 9, Chen's' and Waha
(improved varieties). On each environment, data is
collected from the soil characteristics of the chosen
sites obtained through the monitoring of the soil
moisture, phenological characteristics and the
components of yields.
Experimental sites
The region of Sidi Bel-Abbes extends over an area of
9150 km² and occupies a privileged position in the
Oran tell. Due to its strategic location, it is a hub for
West of the country.
The experiment was conducted in three different
zones, namely zone 1, zone 2 and the zone 3. These
zones are supposed to be favorable for cereal
cultivation, particularly durum wheat (Benabdelli,
1993), in which the conditions print their natural
vocation to spaces; thus, each space is characterized
by a type of land occupation and terrain acting on
water that makes it a determining factor in crop
production.
Experimental plan
The experimental plan consists of complete random
blocks with three replicates. The elementary area is
3. Int. J. Agri. Agri. R.
Megherbi-Benali et al.
Page 66
6m². Observations are made within each parcel, set to
be the observation unit, where all measures are
performed.
Data Analysis
The analysis of data related to the monitoring of
parcels was performed on the basis of the STAT-FITC
software.
Results and discussion
Results
Analysis of the performance variability can be carried
by following up the behavior in a variety of different
situations (climate, soil, technical itineraries), in the
same group of genotypes and examining the
relationship between yield and the genotypic
component.
The climate
The climate of the Sidi bel abbes region is qualified
from semi-arid with hot dry season and another fresh,
climate has undergone (as all of northern Algerian)
significant changes: reduced rainfall, environmental
degradation and deterioration of soil fertility.
precipitation that determine the mobilization of
surface water used for agricultural production
oscillate between 200 and 400mm / year, according
to the oro-geographical conditions of spaces of the
region. the average volume of annual precipitation is
the order of 1.6 billion cubic meter, often poorly
distributed in space and time, often translating in
water deficit important coinciding with the critical
development phases of winter cereals to origin of
obtaining low levels of performance.
The very erratic rains generally occur in the cold
season with a maximum of 70% of the annual total
brought over the fall and winter seasons. the dry
period, long enough, lasts an average of five and a half
months, it starts from the end of April and continue
until the middle of October. this situation of water in
sufficiency in the region is aggravated by a quite high
insulation to which is added an intense evaporation
severely disrupting the normal development of crops
carried out in sec.
The combined effect of temperature and rainfall
affects the environment and determines the type of
climate in the region. The use of the rainfall quotient
of EMBERGER whose application is specific to
Mediterranean regions allows classifies the region in
the floor of the semi-arid bioclimatic lower at cool
winter.
The precipitations
We reported on Table 1, the average rainfall recorded
in the region. There is a global deficit compared to the
average of seltzer -120.4mm. This deficit is even more
marked if we consider the installation period for the
settlement and tillering which corespond to
December (-25.9 mm) and January (-43.8 mm) and
the dry matter maximum elaboration period
corresponding to the months of February (-46.0 mm)
and March (-15.8 mm).
Table 1. Precipitation average recorded at Sidi Bel-Abbès during the growing season of durum wheat.
Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Total
Precipitation recorded (mm) 30.9 116.2 34.1 4.2 6.0 23.2 55.4 22.5 204.6
Average (Seltzer) (mm) 27.0 62.0 60.0 48.0 51.0 39.0 39.0 38.0 325.0
Difference (mm) +3.9 +54.2 -25.9 -43.8 -46.0 -15.8 +17.4 -15.5 -120.4
The temperatures
On temperature readings (Table 2.), we find that the
maximum and minimum average temperatures are
close to average temperatures recorded during the
same period seltzer. However, we note that the
number of days of frostis important in the months of
January and February (average of 15 days for January
and 18 days for February). these periods offrost is
coincided with the phases of the settlement system
and tillering.
4. Int. J. Agri. Agri. R.
Megherbi-Benali et al.
Page 67
Table 2. Temperature average recorded at Sidi Bel-Abbès during the growing season of durum wheat.
Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Total
Average Max. recorded 28.6 17.2 15.3 16.5 18.7 19.6 21.1 25.3
Average (Seltzer) (°C) 25.0 19.0 15.0 14.0 15.0 18.0 20.0 23.0
Average Min. recorded 14.8 7.7 4.2 2.7 2.5 6.2 7.6 11.8
Average.(Seltzer) (°C) 10.0 6.0 3.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 7.0 9.0
Number of days of frost 0 0 2 15 18 18 1 0 53
The floor
The soils of the zone 1 are heavy, to high retention
capacity, they are characterized by a vertical cracking.
those of zone 2 are characterized by asilty-sandy
texture, by against the soils of the zone 3 are a
dominant silt and there fore has a sensitivity to
compaction and the crusting accentuated. The soils
are rich in assimilated phosphorus and plays an
important role in the growth and develop pement of
Wheat (fertilization, fruit set, maturation and
stockpiling). It is often a factor earliness result in the
increase of fertilized spikelets and thousand kernel
weight (better utilization of water and mineral
element). a deficiency of this element increases the
risk of scalding and can improve the cold resisitance.
In terms of pH, all soils are alkaline and not saline.
Monitoring of the soil moisture
The results obtained in the three areas (Fig. 1, 2 and
3), have shown that a water deficit at ground level was
installed during the run-heading phase. stage where
the plant shows an increased need for water to know
3 to 7 mm / day and it becomes very sensitive to lack
of water : it's the floral specialization phase during
which is realized the pollen meiosis and elongation
the last between-node.
Fig. 1. Moisture variation in area 1.
Fig. 2. Moisture variation in area 2.
Fig. 3. Moisture variation in area 3.
The determinism of this phase is essentially climatic
order. This dryness was also recorded during the
milky stage of grain, stage of intense cell
multiplication.
In such a deficit may change the potential number of
each component through its effect on the rate of
formation of the organs or the term of differentiation.
On the other hand the lack of water also changes the
final number of each component because it is one of
the climatic factors that increase the disappearance of
differentiated organs.
The decrease in soil water potential under drought
conditions causes a significant loss of turgor in the
plant. The increase in production depends on the
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Humidity
(%)
decade
10cm 20cm
30cm 40cm
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Taux
d'humidité
Décades
10cm 20cm
30cm 40cm
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
L'humidité
en
%
Décades
10cm 20cm 30cm 40cm
5. Int. J. Agri. Agri. R.
Megherbi-Benali et al.
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tolerance mechanisms which provide cellular
hydration and decrease parte of water maintaining a
favorable water status in leaf development.
Maintaining a high water potential is related to the
ability to extract water from the soil and the ability to
reduce water loss by transpiration.
This drying at ground level was found at all sites and
across all study areas. However, differences in yield
are recorded from one site to another, which can be
attributed to the nature of the soil and more
particularly to retention capacity and depth.
Nevertheless, He concluded that:
- That ground work is important because it
increases the retention capacity by breaking the plow
pan
- The rotation could also make a difference on soil
moisture, as it promotes better rate of organic matter
- Also the agro-pedoclimatic characteristics of each
area determines its own potentialities.
Monitoring of plots
Analysis of relative variance on grain yield and its
components
The analysis of variance performed the existence
reveals variety effects and highly significant area in
the three zones, for all characters studied except the
number of grains per spike (Table 3.) component
which varies depending on varieties and planting
dates.
Table 3. Physicochemical characteristic soil for the three selected areas.
Area 1 Area 2 Area 3
Granulometry
- Coarse sand (2 – 0.2 mm) %
- Fine sand (0.2 - 0.05 mm) %
- Coarse silt (0.05 - 0.02 mm) %
- Fine silt (0.02 - 0.002 mm) %
- Clay (< 0.002 mm) %
Texture
4.53
24.72
14.25
18.50
38.00
Clay
14.03
29.45
13.52
22.00
21.00
Silty -Sandblaster
34.13
4.41
17.96
29.00
14.50
Silty
- Organic carbon (%)
- Total nitrogen (%)
- Report C/N
- Phosphorus (ppm)
1.52
0.154
9.98
10.50
1.76
0.145
12.13
94.0
1.34
0.136
10.88
31.50
- CaCO3 Total
- CaCO3 active
- PH (H2O)
3.22
00
8.04
35.26
23.00
8.09
10.64
08.00
8.10
- Cation exchange complex - - -
- Organic matter 2.62 3.03 2.31
- Electrical conductivity (umhos/cm) 0.110 0.135 0.100
Yields vary a lot from year to year and from one area
to another, reflecting the variation in rainfall and
other environmental factors (Acevedo, 1990). Thus
the highest yields were recorded in Zone 1 (mean =
29.36 cwt / ha). Average yields are clearly lower in
Zone 3. These are the improved varieties that reach
the highest average yields; the weakest yields
meanwhile is the fact of the variety O / Zenati (15.48
cwt / ha). (Fig. 4.).
The correlations
The study of total correlations between grain yield
and the various characters associated with it verifies
the results. Thus, in the majority of cases studied, the
production was negatively associated with the
duration of the phase of lifting - heading and
positively to the numbers of tillers - ears per unit
area, to the plant height and thousand grain weight.
However, grain production appears, on average, more
closely associated with tillering - ears per unit area
and height. These characters, in semi - arid areas,
would be more relevant for the selection of genotypes
better adapted to drought. A relatively high straw and
a lifetime of the last relatively long sheet confer to the
plant in case of a severe water deficit, a better ability
to drought tolerance.
6. Int. J. Agri. Agri. R.
Megherbi-Benali et al.
Page 69
Fig. 4. Yield variation with the area.
This behavior is explained by higher potentials of
carbohydrate reserves in addition, the correlation
matrix established on the interaction of genotypes x
areas shows that the return is linked to the number of
plants per linear meter, to the number of ears per
linear meter and to the earliness at the maturity;
variables that also contribute positively to the
realization of the number of grains / ear (r=0.506,
0.553 and 0.228 respectively. The level of the
averages observed, inside existing variability,
indicates the earliness at heading and the height of
plant positively contribute to TKW (r = 0.628, 0.355
and 0.444 respectively) (Table 4).
Table 4. ANOVA of genotypic effects and area of the measured characteristics (P<0.05).
Tiller/m DHE
(days)
Ears/m PHT
(cm)
DMA
(dayss)
Grain/ear Yield
(q/ha)
TKW(g)
- BD 1/94
- O/Zénati
- Waha
- Chen’s’
- O. Rabie
- Vitron
61.64
57.44
54.78
59.89
54.78
59.56
99.67
107.67
87.00
91.22
95.33
90.67
53.67
47.89
48.78
47.00
51.11
55.78
56.11
81.89
61.67
60.22
64.67
60.00
152.44
177.00
167.33
161.00
158.56
155.89
25.78
21.56
26.44
28.00
27.33
27.22
20.29
15.48
24.48
27.66
21.21
19.37
38.67
45.44
38.00
38.78
36.00
38.00
- Zone 1
- Zone 2
- Zone 3
61.78
57.17
55.00
94.33
98.50
92.94
57.89
50.17
44.06
70.00
64.11
58.17
171.89
164.50
149.72
26.61
27.17
24.39
29.36
21.34
13.56
39.72
44.33
33.39
- Average test
- S.D
- CV (%)
-Genotypic effect .
- Area effect
-Interaction
(genotype x area)
57.98
3.77
6.5
S
S
NS
95.26
4.99
5.2
S
S
S
50.70
6.54
12.9
S
S
NS
64.09
9.72
15.2
S
S
NS
162.04
15.04
9.3
S
S
NS
26.06
4.94
19.0
NS
NS
NS
21.42
3.11
14.5
S
S
NS
39.15
4.30
11.0
S
S
NS
Yield : grain yield ; Tiller/m : number of tillers per linear meter N.ears/m : number of ears per linear meter ;
N.Gr/ear: number of grains per ears ; TKW : thousand kernel weight ; DHE : number of days of plant
emergence at exit 50% of ears per variety per basic plot ; DMA : number of days of plant emergence on the date
that the envelopes of the ears lose their green color ; PHT : Plant Height including the beard; C.V: coefficient of
variation.
S: effect significant; NS: not significant.The principal component analysis
The results obtained in in the context of this test
resulted in a multivariate analysis. The principal
component analysis (PCA) is a technic which allows
to highlight the association relationship and
opposition of different variables and individuals. It
allows us to visualize the positioning of the varieties
according to their behavior in different environments
across the yield and its components.
Study variables
the diagonalization results show that the percentage
of the information given by each axis is: Axis 1 =
40.5% , Axis 2 = 31.1% , Axis 3 = 9.9% and Axis 4 =
7.9%. The first two principal axis so explain 71.6% of
the information. The interpretation of the
correlations is made through the graphical
representation; a vector connecting the center of the
7. Int. J. Agri. Agri. R.
Megherbi-Benali et al.
Page 70
circle to different points representing the variables
(Fig. 5.).
Fig. 5. Multivariate analysis performed on the
measured variables.
The study of the representation of the main
components shows that among the variables studied;
four are well represented (r> 0.7) and are correlated
positively with respect to the axis 1 and 2; except for
component (PHT) which correlates negatively with
respect to the axis 2. These are the variables that
depend much more the variety than of the
environment. They are the Group 1 compound, the
number of grains / ear (Grs / er), plant height (PHT),
the number of plants to the lifting / linear meter
(PLTS / m) and grain yield (yield ).
The earliness at heading (DHE), maturity (DMA) and
the thousand kernel weight (TKW), are represented
averagely (0.4 <r <0.7), variables that depend on the
environment in which the plant is put into site (soil
tillage, fertilization ... etc.). They are correlated
positively with respect to the axis 1 and negatively
with respect to the axis 2. The number of ears / linear
meter is poorly represented (r = 0.33); and constitute
the group 2.
Individuals study
To see the quality of the representation of individuals,
we add the square cosine of axis 1 and 2, according to
the results obtained, we find that on the eighteen
individuals studied, nine of them are well represented
(sum of cosine square> 0.60), three are averagely
represented (0.4 <cos <0.6) and six are poorly
represented (Table. 5.).
Table 5. Correlations between pairs of characters measured on genotypes studied.
Zone genotype tillers/m DHE Ears/m PHT DMA Yield Gr/ears
Zone 1.000
Genotype 0.000 1.000
Tillers/m -0.507 0.313 1.000
DHE -0.060 0.382 0.221 1.000
Ears/m -0.635 0.261 0.471 0.115 1.000
PHT -0.363 -0.041 0.311 0.499 0.354 1.000
DMA -0.488 -0.188 0.202 0.143 0.279 0.553 1.000
Yield -0.180 -0.111 0.280 -0.049 0.295 0.212 0.177 1.000
Gr/ears -0.801 -0.109 0.506 -0.162 0.553 0.129 0.288 0.340 1.000
TKW -.0360 0.071 0.357 0.628 0.193 0.444 0.355 0.227 0.250 1000
Table 6. Individuals representation.
Representation Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone3
Cosine > 0.6 Oued Zenati, Vitron Oued Zenati Waha, Chen’s’, Om Rabie 9,
Oued Zenati, Vitron, BD 1/94
0.4 <Cosine < 0.6 Waha, Chen’s’, Vitron
Cosine < 0.4 Om Rabie 9, BD 1/94 Waha, Chen’s’ Om Rabie
9, BD 1/94
8. Int. J. Agri. Agri. R.
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Discussion
In addition to its role in photosynthesis, in the
transport and accumulation of nutrients and
temperature regulation, water plays an important role
in the growth and development of cultivated plants
(Riou, 1993). From a climate perspective, the
important water deficit more particularly register red
during the period elongation - heading and frosts the
months of January and February (18 days in January
and 18 days for February, which coincided with the
stand setup phases and tillering) are helped to explain
the yield sobtained. The analysis of the development
of grain yield shows that the best yields are obtained
in zone 1 where the soil is heavy and deep, with high
capacity of retention and moisture equivalent, having
allowed a tolerance to deficit has experienced by the
region during the experimentation. This deficit is
even marked if we consider the period of settlement
and installation of tillering (- 25.9 mm - 43.8 mm),
compared with the average Seltzer, respectively for
the months of December and January), and the
maximum development period of dry matter
corresponds to the months of February and March,
with respectively - 46.0 mm and -15.8 mm (always in
relation to the average Seltzer. This period coincides
with the run phase and heading, critical phases of
development of winter cereals by recording low levels
of yields (Baldy, 1992).
This constraints the most important factor limiting
the production of cereals. It is the first abiotic stress
leading to differences not only between average yields
and potential, but also between the different
agricultural seasons (Sorrels et al., 2000). It is often
combined with other stresses such as winter
temperatures, high temperatures during the grain
filling period and nutritional stress (Ceccarelli et
Grando, 1990). It also affects the growth of roots and
aerial parts, leaf development and reproductive
organs (Debaeke et al., 1996). This is the stage where
the plant shows an increased need for water, on the
order of 3 to 7 mm / day (Mekliche, 1976) and she
becomes very sensitive to lack: it is the floral
specialization phase during which is carried out the
pollen meiosis and elongation between-node. The
determinism of this phase is essentially climatic
(Graciela, 1990). The drying was also recorded during
the milky stage of grain (- 15.5 mm during the month
of May), stage of the intense cell multiplication. Such
a deficit resulting a reduce the genotype production
and may change the potential number of each
component by its effect on the speed of formation of
organs or on differentiation duration (Graciela, 1990).
Furthermore, the lack of water changes the final
number of each component because it is the climatic
factor that increases the abortion of differentiated
organs.
Once installed, the water deficit affects different
processes, amending the growth of vegetative and
reproductive organs, the development and the final
crop yield. The number of fertile spikelet is reduced
when the drought occurs during spikelet’s
differentiation phase resulting in a reduction in the
number of grains per spike (Bouzerzour et al., 2002).
This is the case of local genotype Oued Zenati.
According to the results obtained, it also appears that
the improved genotypes, Chen's' and Vitron, are best
expressed. One hypothesis is could be advanced to
explain the regression of tillers in the earliness of
genotypes improved from the local genotype Oued
Zenati in which the end of the bolting and heading
occurs during a period of frosts: Celle- it could lead to
abortion of flower drafts and therefore greatly reduce
the number of grains per spike (21.56 grains per ear
on average).
Genotypic effects and areas highly significant can be
rated on the number of tillers, and the number of ears
per linear meter, and the thousand kernel weight. The
cereal yield is the product of three factors namely: the
number of ears / m², number of grains / spike and
thousand grain weight. Between these components
there is a mutual compensation effect: the reduction
of one of them may result in increasing the other two
(Sombrero et al., 1992). The number of ears presents
significant differences between genotypes and the
environment in which they were set up. This finding
coincides with Hucl and Baker (1989) which
emphasize that environmental conditions determine
9. Int. J. Agri. Agri. R.
Megherbi-Benali et al.
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the number of ears. The thousand kernel weight,
component directly dependent on water supply
conditions during the filling phase and the grain
formation, is dependent translocations and
temperature conditions after the water landing
(Baldy, 1992). The number of ears varies according
more on years of experimental sites and as a function
of the genotypes for the same year (Bouzerzour et
Monneveux, 1992), while the number of grains per
spike varies according to genotypes and planting
dates (Benmahammed et Bouzerzour, 1991). It is an
essential component of yields, its role is particularly
important in cases of early and marked water deficit
(Benabdellah et Bensalem, 1992). At the plant cover, a
report tillering / ears more balanced and an average
height of the plants would enable the genotype to
adapt its water consumption to real needs in grain
production, resulting in improved efficiency of the use
of water. The yields of gains would then be associated
with the number of grains per spike. Furthe rmore, a
short stage of lifting – heading would enable the
genotype to escape late droughts occurring frequently
in the region and in similar areas during the phase
post - anthesis.
The Precocity is often a character sought in
Mediterranean areas, in sofar as it allows the dodge of
terminal water deficit (Benseddik et Benabdelli,
2000). This characteris a very important parameter
because it defines the timing against environmental
constraints cycle (Slama et al., 2005) and provides
greater efficiency of water use. Thus, for a high
biomass production, genotypes fast growing and early
maturing value a best available water and are there
foreless exposed to environmental stresses compared
to late genotypes (Acevedo et Ceccarelli, 1990). As
genotype shad a high speed growth have the ability to
better use sources by the end of the development
cycle when they become limiting (Slama et al., 2005).
Conclusion
The cultivation of durum wheat in the region of Sidi
Bel-Abbes is relatively accentuated in the northern
part which a climatic and soil particularities that
differentiate it from other production areas. Climatic
variables that cause the greatest variations in yields
are rainfall and temperatures. The rainfall has a non-
uniform distribution: irregular distribution is noticed
during the agricultural companion, important frosts
that penalize the fruiting plants and excessive heat
during the heading stage – maturity resulting in poor
grain fill.
Directed real environment, this study has highlighted
a number of relationships between firstly grain yield
of durum wheat and its components and also between
environmental constraints. Some of the results are
obtained on general in scope; others are related to the
conditions of the years of study. And improved
varieties present a better adaptation to early drought
conditions in the region (This "tolerance" to drought
can be explained by their ability to extract available
water in the deeper layers of the soil (important
rooting) and maintain a high evapotranspiration rates
during the dry period.
The earliness in heading also constitutes a desirable
feature. This biological mechanism could be
quantified dodge because early genotypes can
complete their cycle thus avoiding the terminal
drought.
Based on the analysis of varietal characteristics, a
series of works were under taken, whose main
objectives were:
Quantifying the effects of climate stress caused by
the distribution of rainfall and temperature on the
yields of durum wheat.
Propose morpho-phenological characteristics that
allow get high yields under these climatic conditions.
Define areas of adaptation and strengthening of
durum system.
Some of the factors and conditions the environment
specifically affecting on the development of yields. We
will retain:
The effects of the physicochemical nature of the soil
on yield and its components.
Negative effects of frost on the rate of spike let
sterility.
10. Int. J. Agri. Agri. R.
Megherbi-Benali et al.
Page 73
The effects of water stress that experienced by the
region during the months of January and February
So the analysis of the components grain yield
development, shows that the best yields are obtained
in heavy and deep soils with high retention capacity
and clay texture; equivalent moisture that allowed a
tolerance to water deficit experienced by the region in
the run-earring phase.
From a climate perspective, the important water
deficit particularly registered during the period
elongation-heading, and severe frosts of the month of
January to February contributed to explaining the
yields obtained. Once installed the water shortage
affects different processes, modifying the growth of
vegetative and reproductive organs, the development
and the final crop yield. The number of fertile spike
lets is reduced when drought occurs during spike lets
differentiation phase resulting in a number of grains /
spike low (case of the local variety Oued Zenati).
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