This document summarizes a study on the impacts of agricultural activities on water quality in the Dufuya wetlands in Zimbabwe. Samples of groundwater, surface runoff water, and fertilizers were collected and analyzed for pH, conductivity, calcium, nitrates, and phosphates. The results showed that pH, conductivity, calcium, nitrates and phosphates levels in water samples were within WHO guidelines. Nitrate and phosphate concentrations were low and not significantly different between water sources. While fertilizer application rates were high at 30-60 tons/hectare per year, the study found fertilizer use had no negative effects on water quality in the wetlands.
Workshop on Alignment & implementation of National Action programmes with the UNCCD 10-year Strategy in the Arab Region
League of Arab States (18- 20 June 2014), Dubai - UAE
Sudan: Mrs. Alawia yousif MOHAMED
Does fertilization practices increase residual nitrate nitrogen in soil irrig...IJEAB
Treated wastewater has significantly improved DM yield compared to ground water. The form of nitrogen provided by the water was determinant in drawing yields. Irrigation with ground water (where nitrogen is as nitrate) induces a faster migration of nitrogen at depth. In contrast, using treated wastewater (where nitrogen is as ammonium), resulting in a relative distribution of the remaining nitric smaller in the lower profile and therefore higher in the surface, especially after the second year (2010). In addition, the relative distribution of nitrates in the soil surface is even more important in the presence of organic manure. All happens as if a certain amount of ammonium provided by treated wastewater is retained in the organic compounds of manure. Yields were significantly lower in irrigation with treated wastewater in the second year and especially when fertilization was given in additional. If the soil can be used for storage of the nitrogen supplied by the treated wastewater during the first year of irrigation (24 kg N-NO3/ha before irrigation to 115 kg N-NO3/ha after irrigation), to the second year the capacity drops (to 64 N-NO3/ha) and a significant increase in nitrate leaching occurs. Therefore, unlike the contribution of manure that seems enrich the topsoil nitrate nitrogen, at least during the first campaign, mineral fertilization unreasoning causes faster migration of nitrogen at depth.
Groundwater systems & its depletion, causes, measures adopted in India Pranay Kandakatla
Groundwater systems in India are being depleted at an unsustainable rate, primarily due to overextraction for agricultural irrigation. Key points:
- Groundwater provides over 60% of irrigation needs but extraction exceeds recharge in many areas, leading to falling water tables.
- Overextraction is driven by power subsidies that make deep tubewell pumping inexpensive, and crop pricing policies that incentivize water-intensive crops like rice and wheat.
- Many regions are now categorized as "overexploited" with extraction over 100% of recharge. Continued overuse could leave 60% of aquifers in a critical state within 20 years according to some estimates.
- Management strategies aim to strengthen ground
This document discusses the concepts, objectives, planning, and measures of watershed management. It defines a watershed as a drainage area that contributes surface water runoff to a common point. The key objectives of watershed management are to conserve and utilize water resources within the watershed for the benefit of local communities through practices like water harvesting, soil conservation, and flood control. Effective watershed management requires assessing hydrological and socioeconomic factors and developing a comprehensive plan that identifies problems, proposed solutions, costs/benefits, and responsibilities of various stakeholders. The plan should aim to balance environmental protection, water management, and land use. Common watershed management measures include both non-structural practices like altered cropping patterns and structural practices like
This document discusses urban watershed management. It begins by defining a watershed and watershed management. It then describes some of the challenges of urban watersheds, including increased impervious surfaces and changes to the terrain. The document outlines the steps to manage urban watersheds, which include delineating boundaries, inventorying resources, mapping drainage and land use, identifying pollution sources, and setting priorities. Building local partnerships and determining action priorities to reduce pollution and improve habitats are also discussed.
This presentation deals with Watershed Management In India and areas where there is scope of development. It also talks about a solution and our urges that our approach should be based on sustainability.
Workshop on Alignment & implementation of National Action programmes with the UNCCD 10-year Strategy in the Arab Region
League of Arab States (18- 20 June 2014), Dubai - UAE
Sudan: Mrs. Alawia yousif MOHAMED
Does fertilization practices increase residual nitrate nitrogen in soil irrig...IJEAB
Treated wastewater has significantly improved DM yield compared to ground water. The form of nitrogen provided by the water was determinant in drawing yields. Irrigation with ground water (where nitrogen is as nitrate) induces a faster migration of nitrogen at depth. In contrast, using treated wastewater (where nitrogen is as ammonium), resulting in a relative distribution of the remaining nitric smaller in the lower profile and therefore higher in the surface, especially after the second year (2010). In addition, the relative distribution of nitrates in the soil surface is even more important in the presence of organic manure. All happens as if a certain amount of ammonium provided by treated wastewater is retained in the organic compounds of manure. Yields were significantly lower in irrigation with treated wastewater in the second year and especially when fertilization was given in additional. If the soil can be used for storage of the nitrogen supplied by the treated wastewater during the first year of irrigation (24 kg N-NO3/ha before irrigation to 115 kg N-NO3/ha after irrigation), to the second year the capacity drops (to 64 N-NO3/ha) and a significant increase in nitrate leaching occurs. Therefore, unlike the contribution of manure that seems enrich the topsoil nitrate nitrogen, at least during the first campaign, mineral fertilization unreasoning causes faster migration of nitrogen at depth.
Groundwater systems & its depletion, causes, measures adopted in India Pranay Kandakatla
Groundwater systems in India are being depleted at an unsustainable rate, primarily due to overextraction for agricultural irrigation. Key points:
- Groundwater provides over 60% of irrigation needs but extraction exceeds recharge in many areas, leading to falling water tables.
- Overextraction is driven by power subsidies that make deep tubewell pumping inexpensive, and crop pricing policies that incentivize water-intensive crops like rice and wheat.
- Many regions are now categorized as "overexploited" with extraction over 100% of recharge. Continued overuse could leave 60% of aquifers in a critical state within 20 years according to some estimates.
- Management strategies aim to strengthen ground
This document discusses the concepts, objectives, planning, and measures of watershed management. It defines a watershed as a drainage area that contributes surface water runoff to a common point. The key objectives of watershed management are to conserve and utilize water resources within the watershed for the benefit of local communities through practices like water harvesting, soil conservation, and flood control. Effective watershed management requires assessing hydrological and socioeconomic factors and developing a comprehensive plan that identifies problems, proposed solutions, costs/benefits, and responsibilities of various stakeholders. The plan should aim to balance environmental protection, water management, and land use. Common watershed management measures include both non-structural practices like altered cropping patterns and structural practices like
This document discusses urban watershed management. It begins by defining a watershed and watershed management. It then describes some of the challenges of urban watersheds, including increased impervious surfaces and changes to the terrain. The document outlines the steps to manage urban watersheds, which include delineating boundaries, inventorying resources, mapping drainage and land use, identifying pollution sources, and setting priorities. Building local partnerships and determining action priorities to reduce pollution and improve habitats are also discussed.
This presentation deals with Watershed Management In India and areas where there is scope of development. It also talks about a solution and our urges that our approach should be based on sustainability.
Ens water pollution power point teacher copy period 10 env sciMcGuffey HS
Water is distributed unevenly around the world, with most freshwater frozen in polar ice caps and glaciers. Humans have increased runoff through activities like agriculture, leading to issues like soil erosion. Groundwater exists in aquifers, which can be confined or unconfined. Most global water use is for agriculture, though industrial and domestic use is growing. Water pollution can come from point sources like factories or non-point sources like agriculture. Many pollutants can contaminate water supplies and harm aquatic life. While laws and programs have improved water quality, non-point pollution from sediment, nutrients and pathogens remains a challenge.
Conservation of water in agriculture and industrial sectorsIWRS Society
This document provides an executive summary of a theme paper on conserving water in agriculture and industrial sectors in India. It outlines that water demand is increasing due to population growth and economic development, while availability is decreasing. It recommends strategies for improving irrigation efficiency in agriculture, which uses 80% of water resources, and increasing water recycling and reuse in industries. Coordination between government bodies and stakeholders is needed to holistically manage water resources and match increasing demand between sectors. Further research is also required to develop new water conservation and pollution control technologies.
Hydrochemical characterization, classification and evaluation of groundwater ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study of groundwater quality in the Sirsa watershed region of Nalagarh Valley, Himachal Pradesh, India. 32 groundwater samples were collected during pre- and post-monsoon seasons and analyzed for physical and chemical parameters. The results showed that parameters like chloride, bicarbonate, sulfate and nitrate were within desirable limits, but pH, total hardness and magnesium exceeded limits at some locations. 50% of samples exceeded desirable limits for electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids and calcium. Classification of samples revealed calcium-magnesium-bicarbonate water types. Most samples fell into normal categories for chloride, sulfate and bicarbonate. Analysis indicated majority of samples were sodium
This document provides an overview of watershed management and related topics discussed in a horticulture course. It discusses:
1. Watershed management objectives like increasing food production, improving livelihoods, and protecting the environment.
2. Approaches to watershed development projects in India like the integrated approach, which aims to improve standards of living through development of land, water and plant resources, and the consortium approach emphasizing collective action.
3. Key components of watershed management including soil and water conservation, water harvesting, crop management, and alternate land use systems.
T7: SUSTAINABLE WATERSHED MANAGEMENT: AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF INTEGRATED ...FAO
SUSTAINABLE WATERSHED MANAGEMENT: AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF INTEGRATED WATER MANAGEMENT, BY: A.ELMAJOUDI, Water, Soil Conservation and Forests Protection Division (HCEFLCD- MOROCCO), Land and Water Days in Near East & North Africa, 15-18 December 2013, Amman, Jordan
This document discusses watershed management and development in Karnataka, India. It begins with introducing watersheds and their importance. It then covers principles of watershed management, factors affecting it, common practices used, and different types of approaches. The document also discusses the need for watershed management in Karnataka due to issues like drought and soil erosion. It provides examples of specific watershed development programs and case studies in Karnataka. In conclusion, it emphasizes that watershed management is essential for sustainable land and water resource management.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Degradation of Wetland Environment: A Case Study of Dora Beel of Kamrup Distr...iosrjce
Wetland’ a relatively new term occupies a significant position as natural resources in our state. The
importance of wetland has been increasing day by day due to its role on environment and economy of a region.
But the growing pressure of human interference has been degrading the wetland environment constantly and it
has posed a serious threat to the biodiversity of the wetland. An attempt has been made in this paper to know the
status of wetland and analyze its environmental degradation. The study tries to put forth some eco-friendly
measures of conservation and management for sustainable development of the wetland habitats and the people
around the wetland. The study is based on both primary and secondary data.
Watershed Management for Sustainable Development of Rainfed areasAntaraPramanik
This document summarizes watershed management approaches for sustainable development of rainfed areas in India. It discusses that watershed development is an eco-friendly approach to manage rainwater and address issues in rainfed areas. Over 120 million hectares of land in India are degraded. Objectives of watershed management include controlling soil erosion and runoff, rehabilitating degraded land, and improving agricultural production. Different management practices discussed include check dams, contour bunding, strip cropping, and agroforestry. Research findings show that watershed programs in India have increased crop yields and resource use efficiency while reducing soil erosion.
Science forum Day 2 - Suan Pheng Kam - Integrated aquculture planningWorldFish
The document summarizes a study on valuing the ecosystem services of wetlands in the Yellow River Delta in China. The study used stakeholder consultations, GIS mapping, and literature reviews to identify key ecosystem services provided by different wetland types. It then developed criteria to rate these services, and created maps showing the ratings for different land use types. The study found that while direct economic value is high, wetlands also provide important services like water purification, carbon storage, and biodiversity habitat. It provides recommendations on enhancing wetland management and promoting sustainable economic activities.
This document provides an overview of a course on climate change and indigenous agricultural knowledge in Sri Lanka. It lists the course details and 14 topics that will be covered in the course, including fundamental features of Sri Lankan agriculture, the history of agricultural development, the impact of the Green Revolution, indigenous soil and irrigation practices, traditional forecasting and pest control, and the effects of climate change on indigenous agriculture. It also provides background on climate change and its impacts in Sri Lanka, such as increasing temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and the risks of more extreme weather events.
This document discusses watershed management and provides definitions and perspectives on watersheds. It describes the hydrologic cycle and the key processes involved, including precipitation, interception, infiltration, evaporation, transpiration, runoff, and storage. It explains that a watershed management plan aims to protect watersheds, mitigate damage, restore degraded areas, and optimize water resources. The hydrograph is also discussed as an important tool for analyzing surface runoff and streamflow over time.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The effects of wetland degradation on the socio economic welfare of rubaga di...Dennis Kateregga
This research study investigates the effects of wetland degradation on the socio – economic welfare. In Uganda, wetland degradation has been going since 1940’s on a small scale; it was not until in the 1980’s that wetlands become a subject of large scale interventions, most notably for crop cultivation. In the Rubaga division, wetland degradation started in the late 1970’s.
The study was carried out in Rubaga division where a sample of 60 people was selected as respondents. The sample was based on purposeful and multi – stage random sampling designs enhanced by the inclusion of key respondents. The data was collected using questionnaires, interview techniques reinforced by field observations, photography and informal discussions with local people. Data collected was there after analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively (using descriptive statistics and by computation of Chi – square tests).
In thee investigated sample, the study revealed that wetland degradation has resulted in serious effects such as changes in micro – climate and hence loss of biological diversity, lowered water tables leading to drying of wells, shortage of raw materials for handcraft and some medical plants. The study revealed a number of factors that influence wetland degradation such as high population densities and declining yields on land. Hence the influence on education levels, awareness and shortage of land could not be confirmed.
Basing on the above findings, the study therefore recommends environmental education and public awareness campaigns, legislative controls provision of alternative sources of income, practice of family planning and use of collaborative management of the wetland resources.
Ce6703- WATER RESOURCES AND IRRIGATION ENGINEERINGKUMARCIVIL
This document provides an overview of irrigation engineering concepts including definitions of irrigation, necessity of irrigation, benefits and demerits of irrigation, base period, duty, delta, irrigation efficiencies, factors affecting water requirements of crops, and consumptive use of water. It defines irrigation as the artificial application of water to land to create optimal soil moisture for maximizing crop production. It lists factors like insufficient rainfall, uneven rainfall distribution, and improving perennial crops as necessities for irrigation. It also outlines several benefits and potential demerits of irrigation.
The document discusses the Indus River watershed and the Indus Waters Treaty between India and Pakistan. It provides background on the watershed and then summarizes the key points of the treaty, including:
1) The treaty divided control of the Indus river system between the two countries, giving the eastern rivers to India and the western rivers to Pakistan.
2) It was brokered by the World Bank in 1960 to resolve disputes over sharing the river's waters.
3) The treaty allowed India to build projects on western rivers subject to constraints to ensure Pakistan's interests, but disputes have arisen such as over the Baglihar and Kishanganga projects.
4) Critics argue the
Module 1 provides an introduction to hydrology and precipitation. It defines hydrology as the science dealing with the occurrence, circulation and distribution of water on Earth. The hydrologic cycle and water budget equation are introduced. Applications of hydrology in engineering include estimating water resources, studying processes like precipitation and runoff, and addressing problems like floods and droughts. Precipitation is also defined and different types and measurement methods are discussed.
Large dams in India peaked in the 1960s-1980s and have sharply declined since the mid-1990s as they had huge social and environmental impacts. Micro irrigation projects have increased substantially over this period as a better solution, initially focusing on groundwater extraction. However, excessive groundwater extraction without replenishment has caused water levels to drop dangerously and increased issues like arsenic poisoning. Integrated water management is needed utilizing India's viable riverine resources through proper planning and limiting groundwater usage.
This document outlines an innovative watershed approach to reducing nutrient losses from agricultural landscapes. The key points are:
1) Past conservation efforts have successfully reduced soil erosion but more is needed to reduce nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus. The scale of the problem requires solutions at the watershed scale rather than just the farm scale.
2) By understanding how landscapes have changed and nutrient flowpaths, critical source areas and sink areas can be identified. Restoring sinks on just 1-2% of the landscape can decrease downstream loads by 45%.
3) The watershed approach follows nutrient flowpaths and prioritizes practices to reduce sources, transport, and restore sinks. These may include improved fertilizer management, cover crops
Groundwater Status in India:
- 54% of India's groundwater wells are declining and 21 major cities are expected to run out of groundwater by 2020, impacting over 600 million people with water stress.
- Water quality is poor with approximately 70% contaminated, placing India 120th out of 122 countries on water quality. Key contaminants affecting many districts include fluoride, nitrate, arsenic, and heavy metals.
- While per capita water availability has declined from 5,177 cubic meters per year in 1951 to 1,869 cubic meters in 2011, groundwater irrigation has increased, now supplying over 60% of irrigation nationwide. However, widespread overexploitation and poor management threaten groundwater sustainability.
In this paper, cysts are detected in the ultrasonic images of ovary. PCOS is an endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age. This syndrome is mainly seen in women whose age is in between 25 and 35. We are proposing methods for identifying whether a person is suffering from Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) or not. Ultrasound imaging of the follicles gives important information about the size, number and mode of arrangement of follicles, position and response to hormonal stimulation. A thresholding function is applied for denoising the image in the wavelet domain. Before the segmentation process the ultrasonic image is preprocessed using contrast enhancement technique. Morphological approach is used for implementing contrast enhancement. This is performed in order to improve the clarity and quality of the image. Fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm is applied to the resultant image. Finally the cysts are detected with the help of clusters. The efficiency of the algorithm depends upon the value of Mean Square Error (MSE) and Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR).
In this paper, a solution about the design of remote video monitoring system based on Arm-Linux platform and http protocol is introduced. And the embedded system, video capture, motion detection, short message service (SMS) alarm, and client video monitor are introduced. Video 4 Linux is used to get the camera video data, which is transferred to the Web Server, and the data is displayed on the client browser. The system can also be connected with mobile phones, using SMS to control alarm equipment. The system can be applied all kinds of video surveillance systems. Compared with video capture system based on digital signal processor (DSP), this system has the advantages of fewer modules, lower cost, higher intelligence, higher system stability, and higher security.
Ens water pollution power point teacher copy period 10 env sciMcGuffey HS
Water is distributed unevenly around the world, with most freshwater frozen in polar ice caps and glaciers. Humans have increased runoff through activities like agriculture, leading to issues like soil erosion. Groundwater exists in aquifers, which can be confined or unconfined. Most global water use is for agriculture, though industrial and domestic use is growing. Water pollution can come from point sources like factories or non-point sources like agriculture. Many pollutants can contaminate water supplies and harm aquatic life. While laws and programs have improved water quality, non-point pollution from sediment, nutrients and pathogens remains a challenge.
Conservation of water in agriculture and industrial sectorsIWRS Society
This document provides an executive summary of a theme paper on conserving water in agriculture and industrial sectors in India. It outlines that water demand is increasing due to population growth and economic development, while availability is decreasing. It recommends strategies for improving irrigation efficiency in agriculture, which uses 80% of water resources, and increasing water recycling and reuse in industries. Coordination between government bodies and stakeholders is needed to holistically manage water resources and match increasing demand between sectors. Further research is also required to develop new water conservation and pollution control technologies.
Hydrochemical characterization, classification and evaluation of groundwater ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study of groundwater quality in the Sirsa watershed region of Nalagarh Valley, Himachal Pradesh, India. 32 groundwater samples were collected during pre- and post-monsoon seasons and analyzed for physical and chemical parameters. The results showed that parameters like chloride, bicarbonate, sulfate and nitrate were within desirable limits, but pH, total hardness and magnesium exceeded limits at some locations. 50% of samples exceeded desirable limits for electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids and calcium. Classification of samples revealed calcium-magnesium-bicarbonate water types. Most samples fell into normal categories for chloride, sulfate and bicarbonate. Analysis indicated majority of samples were sodium
This document provides an overview of watershed management and related topics discussed in a horticulture course. It discusses:
1. Watershed management objectives like increasing food production, improving livelihoods, and protecting the environment.
2. Approaches to watershed development projects in India like the integrated approach, which aims to improve standards of living through development of land, water and plant resources, and the consortium approach emphasizing collective action.
3. Key components of watershed management including soil and water conservation, water harvesting, crop management, and alternate land use systems.
T7: SUSTAINABLE WATERSHED MANAGEMENT: AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF INTEGRATED ...FAO
SUSTAINABLE WATERSHED MANAGEMENT: AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF INTEGRATED WATER MANAGEMENT, BY: A.ELMAJOUDI, Water, Soil Conservation and Forests Protection Division (HCEFLCD- MOROCCO), Land and Water Days in Near East & North Africa, 15-18 December 2013, Amman, Jordan
This document discusses watershed management and development in Karnataka, India. It begins with introducing watersheds and their importance. It then covers principles of watershed management, factors affecting it, common practices used, and different types of approaches. The document also discusses the need for watershed management in Karnataka due to issues like drought and soil erosion. It provides examples of specific watershed development programs and case studies in Karnataka. In conclusion, it emphasizes that watershed management is essential for sustainable land and water resource management.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Degradation of Wetland Environment: A Case Study of Dora Beel of Kamrup Distr...iosrjce
Wetland’ a relatively new term occupies a significant position as natural resources in our state. The
importance of wetland has been increasing day by day due to its role on environment and economy of a region.
But the growing pressure of human interference has been degrading the wetland environment constantly and it
has posed a serious threat to the biodiversity of the wetland. An attempt has been made in this paper to know the
status of wetland and analyze its environmental degradation. The study tries to put forth some eco-friendly
measures of conservation and management for sustainable development of the wetland habitats and the people
around the wetland. The study is based on both primary and secondary data.
Watershed Management for Sustainable Development of Rainfed areasAntaraPramanik
This document summarizes watershed management approaches for sustainable development of rainfed areas in India. It discusses that watershed development is an eco-friendly approach to manage rainwater and address issues in rainfed areas. Over 120 million hectares of land in India are degraded. Objectives of watershed management include controlling soil erosion and runoff, rehabilitating degraded land, and improving agricultural production. Different management practices discussed include check dams, contour bunding, strip cropping, and agroforestry. Research findings show that watershed programs in India have increased crop yields and resource use efficiency while reducing soil erosion.
Science forum Day 2 - Suan Pheng Kam - Integrated aquculture planningWorldFish
The document summarizes a study on valuing the ecosystem services of wetlands in the Yellow River Delta in China. The study used stakeholder consultations, GIS mapping, and literature reviews to identify key ecosystem services provided by different wetland types. It then developed criteria to rate these services, and created maps showing the ratings for different land use types. The study found that while direct economic value is high, wetlands also provide important services like water purification, carbon storage, and biodiversity habitat. It provides recommendations on enhancing wetland management and promoting sustainable economic activities.
This document provides an overview of a course on climate change and indigenous agricultural knowledge in Sri Lanka. It lists the course details and 14 topics that will be covered in the course, including fundamental features of Sri Lankan agriculture, the history of agricultural development, the impact of the Green Revolution, indigenous soil and irrigation practices, traditional forecasting and pest control, and the effects of climate change on indigenous agriculture. It also provides background on climate change and its impacts in Sri Lanka, such as increasing temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and the risks of more extreme weather events.
This document discusses watershed management and provides definitions and perspectives on watersheds. It describes the hydrologic cycle and the key processes involved, including precipitation, interception, infiltration, evaporation, transpiration, runoff, and storage. It explains that a watershed management plan aims to protect watersheds, mitigate damage, restore degraded areas, and optimize water resources. The hydrograph is also discussed as an important tool for analyzing surface runoff and streamflow over time.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The effects of wetland degradation on the socio economic welfare of rubaga di...Dennis Kateregga
This research study investigates the effects of wetland degradation on the socio – economic welfare. In Uganda, wetland degradation has been going since 1940’s on a small scale; it was not until in the 1980’s that wetlands become a subject of large scale interventions, most notably for crop cultivation. In the Rubaga division, wetland degradation started in the late 1970’s.
The study was carried out in Rubaga division where a sample of 60 people was selected as respondents. The sample was based on purposeful and multi – stage random sampling designs enhanced by the inclusion of key respondents. The data was collected using questionnaires, interview techniques reinforced by field observations, photography and informal discussions with local people. Data collected was there after analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively (using descriptive statistics and by computation of Chi – square tests).
In thee investigated sample, the study revealed that wetland degradation has resulted in serious effects such as changes in micro – climate and hence loss of biological diversity, lowered water tables leading to drying of wells, shortage of raw materials for handcraft and some medical plants. The study revealed a number of factors that influence wetland degradation such as high population densities and declining yields on land. Hence the influence on education levels, awareness and shortage of land could not be confirmed.
Basing on the above findings, the study therefore recommends environmental education and public awareness campaigns, legislative controls provision of alternative sources of income, practice of family planning and use of collaborative management of the wetland resources.
Ce6703- WATER RESOURCES AND IRRIGATION ENGINEERINGKUMARCIVIL
This document provides an overview of irrigation engineering concepts including definitions of irrigation, necessity of irrigation, benefits and demerits of irrigation, base period, duty, delta, irrigation efficiencies, factors affecting water requirements of crops, and consumptive use of water. It defines irrigation as the artificial application of water to land to create optimal soil moisture for maximizing crop production. It lists factors like insufficient rainfall, uneven rainfall distribution, and improving perennial crops as necessities for irrigation. It also outlines several benefits and potential demerits of irrigation.
The document discusses the Indus River watershed and the Indus Waters Treaty between India and Pakistan. It provides background on the watershed and then summarizes the key points of the treaty, including:
1) The treaty divided control of the Indus river system between the two countries, giving the eastern rivers to India and the western rivers to Pakistan.
2) It was brokered by the World Bank in 1960 to resolve disputes over sharing the river's waters.
3) The treaty allowed India to build projects on western rivers subject to constraints to ensure Pakistan's interests, but disputes have arisen such as over the Baglihar and Kishanganga projects.
4) Critics argue the
Module 1 provides an introduction to hydrology and precipitation. It defines hydrology as the science dealing with the occurrence, circulation and distribution of water on Earth. The hydrologic cycle and water budget equation are introduced. Applications of hydrology in engineering include estimating water resources, studying processes like precipitation and runoff, and addressing problems like floods and droughts. Precipitation is also defined and different types and measurement methods are discussed.
Large dams in India peaked in the 1960s-1980s and have sharply declined since the mid-1990s as they had huge social and environmental impacts. Micro irrigation projects have increased substantially over this period as a better solution, initially focusing on groundwater extraction. However, excessive groundwater extraction without replenishment has caused water levels to drop dangerously and increased issues like arsenic poisoning. Integrated water management is needed utilizing India's viable riverine resources through proper planning and limiting groundwater usage.
This document outlines an innovative watershed approach to reducing nutrient losses from agricultural landscapes. The key points are:
1) Past conservation efforts have successfully reduced soil erosion but more is needed to reduce nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus. The scale of the problem requires solutions at the watershed scale rather than just the farm scale.
2) By understanding how landscapes have changed and nutrient flowpaths, critical source areas and sink areas can be identified. Restoring sinks on just 1-2% of the landscape can decrease downstream loads by 45%.
3) The watershed approach follows nutrient flowpaths and prioritizes practices to reduce sources, transport, and restore sinks. These may include improved fertilizer management, cover crops
Groundwater Status in India:
- 54% of India's groundwater wells are declining and 21 major cities are expected to run out of groundwater by 2020, impacting over 600 million people with water stress.
- Water quality is poor with approximately 70% contaminated, placing India 120th out of 122 countries on water quality. Key contaminants affecting many districts include fluoride, nitrate, arsenic, and heavy metals.
- While per capita water availability has declined from 5,177 cubic meters per year in 1951 to 1,869 cubic meters in 2011, groundwater irrigation has increased, now supplying over 60% of irrigation nationwide. However, widespread overexploitation and poor management threaten groundwater sustainability.
In this paper, cysts are detected in the ultrasonic images of ovary. PCOS is an endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age. This syndrome is mainly seen in women whose age is in between 25 and 35. We are proposing methods for identifying whether a person is suffering from Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) or not. Ultrasound imaging of the follicles gives important information about the size, number and mode of arrangement of follicles, position and response to hormonal stimulation. A thresholding function is applied for denoising the image in the wavelet domain. Before the segmentation process the ultrasonic image is preprocessed using contrast enhancement technique. Morphological approach is used for implementing contrast enhancement. This is performed in order to improve the clarity and quality of the image. Fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm is applied to the resultant image. Finally the cysts are detected with the help of clusters. The efficiency of the algorithm depends upon the value of Mean Square Error (MSE) and Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR).
In this paper, a solution about the design of remote video monitoring system based on Arm-Linux platform and http protocol is introduced. And the embedded system, video capture, motion detection, short message service (SMS) alarm, and client video monitor are introduced. Video 4 Linux is used to get the camera video data, which is transferred to the Web Server, and the data is displayed on the client browser. The system can also be connected with mobile phones, using SMS to control alarm equipment. The system can be applied all kinds of video surveillance systems. Compared with video capture system based on digital signal processor (DSP), this system has the advantages of fewer modules, lower cost, higher intelligence, higher system stability, and higher security.
Estimating of the water environment capacity is an important content of the assessment of regional environmental impact. Water environment capacity is very important in the field of environmental science and it can provide reliable data environmental planning and management of water. In this paper, lake is the research object and one-dimensional model of water quality is built according to the conservation of mass of pollutants in the lake. Meanwhile, the method for confirming model parameters is put forward. The model is based on investigation in lake water environment and is applied to calculate water environment capacity of Xiaohu. Main pollutants of Xiaohu are COD, TN, fluoride, volatile phenol, BOD5, whose water environment capacity are 581.008kg/d, 185kg/d, 61.553kg/d, 0.387kg/d, 25.098kg/d accordingly.
This document summarizes research on scheduling algorithms for loading streaming data into real-time data warehouses. The goal is to minimize data staleness over time. It describes how streaming warehouses continuously ingest incoming data streams to support time-critical analyses, unlike traditional warehouses which are periodically refreshed. It presents a model for temporal consistency and defines data staleness. It formulates the streaming warehouse update problem as a scheduling problem to minimize staleness and proves that any online, non-preemptive scheduling algorithm can achieve staleness within a constant factor of optimal if processors are sufficiently fast and no processor is idly waiting.
Traffic accidents are one of the leading causes of fatalities in the world. An important indicator of survival rates after an accident is the time between the accident and when emergency medical personnel are dispatched to the scene. Eliminating the time between when an accident occurs and when first responders are dispatched to the scene decreases mortality rates by 6%.. By combining smart phones with existing vehicles through an appropriate interface we are able to move closer to the smart vehicle paradigm, offering the user new functionalities and services when driving. In this application we propose an Android based application that monitors the vehicle through an On Board Diagnostics (OBD-II) interface, being able to detect accidents. The application reacts to positive detection by sending details about the accident through SMS to pre-defined destinations, immediately followed by an automatic phone call to the emergency services.
This paper proposes a voice morphing system for people suffering from Laryngectomy, which is the surgical removal of all or part of the larynx or the voice box, particularly performed in cases of laryngeal cancer. A primitive method of achieving voice morphing is by extracting the source's vocal coefficients and then converting them into the target speaker's vocal parameters. In this paper, we deploy Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM) for mapping the coefficients from source to destination. However, the use of the traditional/conventional GMM-based mapping approach results in the problem of over-smoothening of the converted voice. Thus, we hereby propose a unique method to perform efficient voice morphing and conversion based on GMM, which overcomes the traditional-method effects of over-smoothening. It uses a technique of glottal waveform separation and prediction of excitations and hence the result shows that not only over-smoothening is eliminated but also the transformed vocal tract parameters match with the target. Moreover, the synthesized speech thus obtained is found to be of a sufficiently high quality. Thus, voice morphing based on a unique GMM approach has been proposed and also critically evaluated based on various subjective and objective evaluation parameters. Further, an application of voice morphing for Laryngectomees which deploys this unique approach has been recommended by this paper
The PVA bulk solution was first prepared by dissolving PVA powder (5 wt %) in distilled water under controlling water bath temperature at 60-70 0C and continuous stirring for 3 hours, After the solution cooled down to ambient temperature, a concentration of (0.01and 0.03 wt%) of AgNO3 were added to solution in a darkroom and stirred for 2 hours, then the blend solution is poured into Petri dishes and allowed to dry to form films by casting under ambient temperature for 3 days in a darkroom, after draying the films were cut to 2cmx2cm and kept in black pags. The films were exposed to different doses (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 Gy) from a linear accelerator by constant energy 6 MeV with applicator cone and SSD (applicator surface distance) 50 cm, field size 10cmx10 cm. The characterization by by UV-visible spectroscopy showed that the pure PVA has an absorption peak in the range of ultraviolet at 275 nm and the absorption peak increases with radiation dose increment from 0 to 10 Gy and the composites films (PVA\AgNO3) showed an absorption peak coefficient at 420 nm (visible light) which is also increases as the radiation dose increases. Also the energy band gap of the composites irradiated films appeared to be decreases from 4.0E-19 down to 3.5E-19 eV. Moreover the optical density of the irradiated films showed significant correlation (R2 = 0.99) with the applied dose. While the tensile strength (TS) of the irradiated PVA film has been increases following the increment of radiation dose and peaking at 30 MPa at 6 Gy, then decreases as the dose increase. The study also revealed that there is a significant (R2 =96) linear proportional relationship between the absorption coefficient and the applied dose on the PVA film.
Characterisation and soil pollution in agrarian floodplain of ibadan peri urb...Alexander Decker
This document characterizes soils in the floodplain of Ibadan, Nigeria that are used for dry season farming. Soil samples were collected and analyzed. The results showed that the surface soils have high levels of nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus that make them fertile. However, the soils also have very high levels of phosphorus (between 28.99-87.70 ppm) and heavy metals like lead, zinc, iron, copper, manganese, chromium, and cadmium that exceed safe levels for crops based on models of metal uptake. The high levels of phosphorus may inhibit uptake of some metals and explain why crops still grow well and yields are high, despite the presence of toxic metals. The research aims to
Characterisation and soil pollution in agrarian floodplain of ibadan peri urb...Alexander Decker
This document characterizes soils and determines pollution in agricultural floodplains near Ibadan, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected from two profile pits and analyzed. The floodplain soil had evidence of waste deposition including plastic and metal. Testing found high levels of phosphorus and several heavy metals. While crop uptake of some metals could be toxic, field evidence showed no impact on plant health or yields. The surface soils were fertile with moderate to high nutrients but elevated concentrations of lead, zinc, and iron that could potentially be taken up by plants. Overall, the study assessed soil quality and pollution risks in peri-urban agricultural areas impacted by urban waste.
Integrated Effect of Mulching Materials and Furrow Irrigation Methods on Yiel...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Werer, Middle Awash Valley during the dry season of the 2016-17, 2017-18 and 2018-19 to investigate the effects of mulching materials and furrow irrigation methods on onion yield and water productivity under semi-arid conditions. Split plot design with three replications, in which the irrigation methods (Conventional, Fixed and Alternate Furrow) were assigned to the main plot and the three mulching materials (no mulch, wheat straw and white plastic mulch), were to the sub-plot. Results indicate that marketable onion bulb yield and water use efficiency were affected by the main effect of furrow irrigation methods and mulching materials (p< 0.05). But the interaction of irrigation methods and mulch had no significant effect on marketable onion bulb yield and water use efficiency. The conventional furrow irrigation (10081.52kg ha-1) and wheat straw mulch (12121.63 kg ha-1) resulted in the maximum marketable bulb yield. The highest water use efficiency (3.27 kg/m3) was obtained from alternate furrow irrigation method with straw mulch. This suggests that under limited irrigation water, alternate furrow irrigation along with wheat straw mulch minimize evaporation loss; maximize water productivity and sustain onion production at Amibara and similar agro-ecology and soil type.
UNUIGBE BENJAMIN INFILTRATION POTENTIAL (FINAL DRAFT)Kokei Ofem
This study aimed to characterize soils in Inuakpa, Odukpani Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria and evaluate their irrigation potential using the Kostiakov infiltration model. Sixteen infiltration runs were conducted across a 30m x 30m grid using a cylindrical infiltrometer. The mean infiltration rate was 9.01 cm/hr. The soil was loamy sand with high sand (82.4%) and low clay (10.4%) contents. Bulk density, particle density and porosity were 1.35 g/cm3, 2.48 g/cm3 and 44.86% respectively. Infiltration rate was positively correlated with sand and silt contents. The Kosti
Aptitude of Ground waters for Irrigation in the South-East Coastal Region of ...inventionjournals
Development of agricultural areas pressures on the availability of water resources in the South-East coastal region of Côte d'Ivoire (from Abidjan to Aboisso) require farmers to use groundwater for irrigation food and industrial crops. The objective of this study is to assess the aptitude of groundwater for irrigation in this region by using methods that take into account the Sodium Adsorption Report (SAR) and the Permeability Index (PI). The different results show that the SAR values range from 0.03 to 9.90 with an average of 1.83 while the PIs range from 5.11 to 210.77 with an average of 91.40. The C1S1 and C2S1 classes, corresponding to the water suitable for irrigation, represent 95% of the water sampled. In general, therefore, the sampled waters quality is suitable for irrigation except the boreholes waters of Memni (No. 59) and Palmafrique (No. 64).
Assessment of Commonly Used Pesticides in the Ground Water of the Shallow Aqu...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— One of the most important pollutants that may reach the groundwater through agricultural return flow combined with abuse and ignorance is pesticides. This study focuses on the examination of the concentration of three pesticides: Abamectin, Imidacloprid, and ß-Cyfluthrin, all of which have been used in large quantities in the Lower Jordan Valley (LJV) for the last three decades. Twenty five groundwater samples were collected from water boreholes where water is abstracted from two phreatic aquifer systems which are the Plio-Plistocene aquifer system in Jericho and Lower Al Jeftlik areas and the Eocene carbonate aquifer system in the Middle of Al Jeftlik. The depth of the boreholes in both aquifer system ranges between 80 and 120 m. Water samples were analyzed for Abamectin, Imidacloprid, and ß-Cyfluthrin using the HPLC-UV method. These samples represent two main agricultural locations (Jericho, and the Al Jeftlik). Of the 25 wells sampled, Abamectin was detected in 11 wells in concentrations ranging between 1.24 ppb and 81.71ppb. Imidacloprid was detected in 24 wells in concentrations ranging between 1.60ppb and 325.0ppb. Finally, ß-Cyfluthrin was detected in 7 wells in concentrations ranging between 1.10 and 24.46ppb.
Aquifer lithology, groundwater flow directions, type of agricultural activity are major factors in controlling pesticide concentrations in groundwater. The highest values were measured where the aquifer consists of gravel and sand sediments, combined with intensive agricultural activities, followed by sand-silt aquifer. The lowest concentrations were found in boreholes where carbonate aquifer is the main source of water which indicates that other source of water flow into the system. The results of this study demonstrate that these pesticides are used heavily and in an improper way in the lower Jordan Valley, increasing the risk of adverse environmental and public health effects. Much attention should be given to addressing the potential problem of environmental and groundwater contamination by these pesticides.
The document summarizes a study that assessed groundwater quality in Abeokuta, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from hand dug wells and tested for physical, chemical and bacteriological parameters. The results found that electrical conductivity, pH, and total dissolved solids fell within WHO standards. Major ions like calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium also met standards. Trace metals were generally low levels but within acceptable limits. Total bacteria and coliform counts were high in some samples, indicating potential contamination from waste. Based on water quality index analysis, 22% of samples were good, 72.2% were medium quality, and 5.5% were bad. The study concluded that while the groundwater was not suitable for drinking, it
Improving Irrigation Water Management in Delta of EgyptIOSR Journals
This document discusses improving irrigation water management in the Delta region of Egypt. It does this in two stages: 1) irrigation scheduling through calculating evapotranspiration rates and studying the effects of irrigation depth on crop yield and revenue, and 2) examining the effects of mixing fresh and saline irrigation waters on crop productivity when applied through different irrigation systems. The key crops grown in the Delta region are discussed, along with water sources, costs, soil types and other relevant factors. Two models are presented for irrigation scheduling: one relating crop yield to evapotranspiration, and another identifying optimal crop rotations. The effects of saline water on crop yields when mixed with fresh water are also studied.
This study evaluated the quality of irrigation water resources in the central Albanian regions of Kavaja and Kruja over 2009-2010. Water samples were collected and analyzed for various parameters including pH, salts, chemicals, and nutrients. The results found that water resources in Kruja generally had low salt levels within established standards. However, resources in Kavaja showed higher salt levels that could cause light soil salinity issues in some areas. Specifically, sodium and chloride levels in certain Kavaja resources posed toxicity risks. Based on standards, the study classified all resources as Class 2 quality. The authors conclude continuous monitoring is needed due to pollution risks from increasing industrial and urban activities in the regions.
The Role Of Trees in the Bioremediation of Drinking Waterearthseva
The document summarizes a research experiment in Sri Lanka that tested using trees for bioremediation of contaminated drinking water. Trees were planted densely around a drinking well to uptake contaminants through their roots. Native tree species formed a "root mat" in the buffer zone. Additional trees were used as wind breaks and crops were grown organically nearby. Water quality was monitored over time, showing reductions in nitrate, nitrite and other contaminants. The experiment demonstrated that establishing forests can help clean contaminated groundwater in a sustainable way.
Surface and ground water pollution in abata ogun agricultural wetlandAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study assessing the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer application on surface and ground water quality in Abata Ogun agricultural wetland in Nigeria. Water sampling during rainy and dry seasons found high concentrations of nutrients, bacteria, and other pollutants indicating contamination from agricultural activities. Wells and streams on the farm had lower water quality than the control well, with measurements exceeding standards. The wetland's stream deposited sediments and contamination spread downstream. The study highlights the need for awareness and sustainable farming practices to prevent health risks from consuming contaminated water.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Remote Sensing And GIS Application In Wetland MappingSwetha A
This document discusses remote sensing and GIS applications for wetland mapping. It begins by defining wetlands and describing some of the largest in the world. The three main criteria for identifying wetlands - hydric soils, hydrophytic vegetation, and hydrology - are introduced. Remote sensing data, including IRS P6 LISS III imagery, is used to map wetlands in Karnataka, India. Indices like NDWI, MNDWI, NDVI, and NDPI are calculated from the multi-spectral bands to identify wetland areas. GIS is then used to analyze and interpret the remote sensing data spatially and temporally. Final maps are produced showing the distribution and types of wetlands identified in India and specifically
Characterization and quantitative indicators of ground water quality in okrik...IJSIT Editor
This document summarizes a study that characterized groundwater quality in Okrika, Rivers State, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from boreholes and analyzed for various physicochemical parameters. The results found that groundwater pH ranged from weakly acidic to alkaline. Total dissolved solids and chloride levels exceeded standards at some locations, indicating potential saltwater intrusion issues. Overall, the study concluded that while some locations had elevated parameters, the groundwater in the area was generally suitable for domestic and agricultural use when compared to international standards. Continued monitoring was recommended to protect the aquifers from pollution and identify any future water quality degradation.
The Response of Chickpea Cultivars to Irrigation with Treated WastewaterMarwan Haddad
This document summarizes a three-year study on the response of four chickpea cultivars (Bulgarit, WIR-32, Jordan, ICC 11293) to irrigation with treated wastewater versus freshwater. The results showed that the Bulgarit and ICC 11293 cultivars maintained yield when irrigated with treated wastewater, and even saw some biological growth improvements. However, the WIR-32 and Jordan cultivars showed significant yield reductions when irrigated with treated wastewater compared to freshwater. Soil analysis found no significant difference between the two irrigation water types.
Treatment Performance of Domestic Wastewater in a Tropical Constructed Wetlan...Oswar Mungkasa
prepared by Jonah S Butler* *Fulbright Scholar, DILG-GTZ Affiliate in Philippines: For Environmental Science Study on Wastewater Treatment. (Email: Jonahsbutler@gmail.com) for Urban Environments in Asia, 25-28 May 2011, Manila, Philippines. organized by International Water Association (IWA).
The Effects of Using Magnetic Treatment Brackish Water in Irrigation on the Y...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Over abstraction of groundwater and limitation of natural recharge in the Lower Jordan Valley are causing an increase in groundwater salinity. The high demand for medicine herbs at international market attracted Palestinian farmers to grow medicine herbs including Oregano. Pilot project was carried out under greenhouse condition where magnetize technology introduced for the first time in irrigation of Oregano to overcome salinity problem. Using of magnetized treated water caused an increase of about 26% in the yield. Positive significant different for the favorite of Oregano irrigated with magnetized water compared with controlled in term of major branches, water content, number of surviving seedling and chlorophyll content. A decrease in the number of clogged dripper was found under treated magnetized water compared with controlled condition.
Study of the Quality of Irrigation Water in South-East El-Kantara Canal, Nort...Medhat Elzahar
The document examines the quality of irrigation water used in the South-East El-Kantara Canal in North Sinai, Egypt, which receives a 1:1 mixture of agricultural wastewater and Nile freshwater. Water samples were collected monthly from 6 locations along the canal from 2007-2014 and analyzed for parameters including salinity, pathogens, nutrients, oxygen levels. The results show that several parameters such as BOD, NO3, and fecal coliform levels exceeded Egyptian standards. The study concludes the water quality restricts use for irrigating some crops and recommends pretreating the agricultural wastewater, such as with aerated lagoons, before mixing with Nile water to satisfy standards.
Similar to Impacts of Agricultural Activities on Water Quality in the Dufuya Dambos, Lower Gweru, Zimbabwe (20)
"Heart failure is a typical clinical accompanied by symptoms syndrome (e.g. shortness of breath, ankle swelling and fatigue) that lead to structural or functional abnormalities of the heart (e.g. high venous pressure, pulmonary edema and peripheral edema).
In recent years, the significant role of B-type natriuretic peptide has been revealed in the pathogenesis of heart disease and the use of the drug sacubitril/valsartan has started. It has a positive effect on the regulation of the level of B-type natriuretic peptide in the body. It is obviously seen from the the world literature that natriuretic peptides play an important role in the pathophysiology of heart failure. For this reason, many studies suggest that the importance of natriuretic peptides in the diagnosis and treatment of heart failure is recommended.
Due to this, we tried to investigate the effects of a comprehensive medication therapy with a combination of sacubitril/valsartan in the patients with chronic heart failure."
This document describes the design and implementation of a carrier-based sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) bipolar inverter. It begins with an introduction to inverters that convert DC power to AC power. It then discusses SPWM techniques in detail, including bipolar and unipolar switching methods. The document presents simulation results for a single-phase inverter using SPWM strategies. It aims to simulate and analyze the output waveforms of a SPWM inverter model in MATLAB, and examine how the modulation index affects the simulated and implemented designs.
This document analyzes the polarization and transmission effects of antireflection coatings for silicon-on-insulator (SOI) material systems using simulation software. Without a coating, transmission of transverse magnetic (TM) polarized light is slightly higher than transverse electric (TE) polarized light. A single-layer antireflection coating is designed and optimized to increase average transmission by 19%, reducing the polarization effect. However, multilayer coatings did not further increase transmission over the optimized single layer. In conclusion, antireflection coatings can effectively reduce polarization dependence for SOI materials while improving overall light transmission.
This document proposes a new method called multi-surface fitting for enhancing the resolution of digital images. The method fits multiple surfaces, with one surface fitted for each low-resolution pixel, and then fuses the multi-sampling values from these surfaces using maximum a posteriori estimation. This allows more low-resolution pixel information to be utilized to reconstruct the high-resolution image compared to other interpolation-based methods. The method is shown to effectively preserve image details without requiring assumptions about the image prior, as iterative techniques do. It provides error-free high resolution for test images.
The document discusses technical issues related to radio links, security, and quality of service (QoS) in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). MANETs are self-organized, decentralized networks formed by wireless mobile nodes without a fixed infrastructure. Key challenges in MANETs include limited wireless transmission range, dynamic changes in network topology, interference, and energy constraints of battery-powered devices. The document outlines various characteristics of MANETs, including that they are self-configuring, infrastructureless networks that enable communication in situations where fixed networks are unavailable or inadequate.
This document summarizes a study that investigated applying a stainless steel spray coating called SS-II to an LM13 aluminum alloy used in engine applications. The study aimed to reduce surface roughness and friction of reciprocating engine parts. Key findings include:
1) Surface roughness and hardness tests found that applying the SS-II coating maintained surface roughness while increasing hardness.
2) Pin-on-disk friction tests found that the SS-II coating reduced the coefficient of friction at different speeds compared to uncoated LM13 alloy.
3) Scanning electron microscope images showed the SS-II coating had low porosity and good adhesion to the LM13 substrate, as well as evidence of wear on coated samples tested.
This document provides an overview of aluminum metal matrix composites with hybrid reinforcement. It discusses how aluminum alloys combine desirable properties of metals and ceramics when reinforced particles are added to the metal matrix. The document reviews the advantages of aluminum, such as its light weight, corrosion resistance, and recyclability. It also discusses aluminum alloy types and applications, as well as desirable mechanical properties for metal composites like tensile strength and yield point. The aim is to initiate new research on developing aluminum composites with hybrid reinforcements.
This document describes a study on using silver nanoparticles incorporated onto polyurethane foam to mineralize pesticides in water. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using trisodium citrate and characterized before being incorporated onto polyurethane foam. The foam was then used to mineralize chlorpyrifos and malathion in water solutions at different concentrations over time. Mineralization time was found to increase with higher initial pesticide concentration, with chlorpyrifos being fully mineralized faster than malathion at the same concentrations. The study evaluated silver nanoparticles on polyurethane foam as a potential method for removing pesticides from contaminated water.
This document provides a comparative study of computers operated by eyes and brain. It discusses the techniques used for eye tracking in computers operated by eyes, including electro-oculography and pupil tracking. Advantages include ability for disabled people to use computers, while disadvantages include need for head stability and training. Computers operated by brain use EEG to detect brain signals via electrodes on the scalp. Signals are interpreted as commands. Advantages are independence from movement and location, while disadvantages include risks of surgery and interference with signals. Key differences between the two methods are also summarized.
This document discusses T.S. Eliot's concept of literary tradition and the importance of allusions. Eliot believed that tradition is not just inheriting the past, but achieving a historical sense that perceives the past as both past and present. An artist must have a strong background in their cultural and literary history. Eliot argued that when a new work is allusive to past works, it positively affects the whole literature of a country. The use of allusions is an important way for authors to maintain literary tradition by referencing ideas from previous works. The document provides details on Eliot's views and analyzes how later critics interpreted and applied his concept of the historical sense.
This document discusses load balancing strategies for grid computing. It proposes a dynamic tree-based model to represent grid architecture in a hierarchical way that supports heterogeneity and scalability. It then develops a hierarchical load balancing strategy and algorithms based on neighborhood properties to decrease communication overhead. Conventional scheduling algorithms like Min-Min, Max-Min, and Sufferage are discussed but determined to ignore dynamic network status, which is important for load balancing. Genetic algorithms are also mentioned as a potential solution.
This document proposes a new zone-based bandwidth allocation protocol for wireless networks. The key points are:
1. It divides the network into zones based on hop count from the initial relay station, and allocates bandwidth to each zone to improve quality of service.
2. Within each zone, the bandwidth allocated is distributed to mobile users based on their visiting probability and required bandwidth. This aims to maximize the average user satisfaction rate.
3. The protocol is evaluated through simulations using the Network Simulator 2 (NS2) tool. Results show the protocol improves bandwidth allocation efficiency and reduces quality of service degradation compared to other approaches.
- The burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gas releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which acts as a greenhouse gas and traps heat. This is the main human activity contributing to global climate change.
- As carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere increase due to fossil fuel burning, more heat gets trapped leading to a rise in average global temperatures, a phenomenon known as global warming.
- Climate change has both natural and human-caused factors. Natural causes include changes in the Earth's orbit and solar activity, while the dominant human cause is burning fossil fuels which releases carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
This document summarizes research assessing the performance of control loops using a minimum variance control algorithm (FCOR) and comparing it to an existing algorithm (PINDEX). The researchers implemented both algorithms in MATLAB to analyze simulated process data from MATLAB/Simulink models with and without valve stiction. They also analyzed process data from an Aspen HYSIS simulation of a distillation column. Across all the simulations and models, the FCOR and PINDEX algorithms produced generally similar results, indicating the control loops were performing poorly in cases where the performance index values were close to 0. The research thus validated that the developed FCOR algorithm worked effectively to evaluate control loop performance based on minimum variance.
This document provides an overview of the capital market in Bangladesh. It discusses how capital markets can contribute significantly to a country's GDP and economic strength. However, Bangladesh's capital market, especially its share market, has not played as large a role as expected compared to other regional countries. The document suggests that the government and regulatory authorities need to take a more active role in strengthening the capital market to boost investor and issuer confidence and participation. It analyzes issues currently hindering the effectiveness and growth of Bangladesh's capital market.
This document discusses techniques for improving the speed of web crawling through parallelization using multi-core processors. It provides background on how web crawlers work as part of search engines to index web pages. Traditional single-core crawlers can be improved by developing parallel crawlers that distribute the work of downloading, parsing, and indexing pages across multiple processor cores. This allows different parts of the crawling process to be performed simultaneously, improving overall speed. The document reviews several existing approaches for distributed and parallel web crawling and proposes using a multi-core approach to enhance crawling speed and CPU utilization.
This document describes an extended fuzzy c-means (EFCM) clustering algorithm for noisy image segmentation. The algorithm first preprocesses noisy pixels in an image by regenerating their values based on neighboring pixel intensities. It then applies the conventional fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm to segment the image. The EFCM approach is presented as being less sensitive to noise than other clustering algorithms and able to efficiently segment noisy images. The document provides background on image segmentation, fuzzy c-means clustering, types of image noise, and density-based clustering challenges. It also outlines the EFCM methodology and its computational advantages over other robust clustering methods for noisy image segmentation.
This document discusses parallel algorithms for generating pseudo-random numbers using classical congruent methods. Algebraic and matrix interpretations are presented for realizing the algorithms in parallel. The key congruent methods - formulas (1) through (4) - are expressed algebraically and transformed into parallel forms involving matrices or sequences of numbers. Examples are given applying the parallel forms to generate sequences of pseudo-random numbers modulo a large prime number. Ensuring reliable parallel generation through error control is the goal.
More from International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) (20)
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Impacts of Agricultural Activities on Water Quality in the Dufuya Dambos, Lower Gweru, Zimbabwe
1. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), India Online ISSN: 2319-7064
Volume 2 Issue 9, September 2013
www.ijsr.net
Impacts of Agricultural Activities on Water Quality
in the Dufuya Dambos, Lower Gweru, Zimbabwe
John Vengai Muzvondiwa1
, Robert Kudzanayi Gono2
, Sichewo P3
1, 2, 3
Midlands State University, Department of Livestock and Wildlife Management,
P Bag 9055, Zimbabwe
Abstract: Recently, concern over agricultural diffuse pollution sources in integrated water quality management has been growing.
High inorganic and organic fertilisers application rates may increase groundwater pollution and these effects were investigated in the
Dufuya Wetland (19o
17’S; 29o
21’E) in Chief Sogwala area of Lower Gweru Communal Lands, approximately 42km west of the City of
Gweru, Zimbabwe. Forty-two (42) water samples were collected for analysis of pH, conductivity, calcium, nitrates, and phosphates
during the months of September, October, and November 2008. A questionnaire procedure was used for collection of manure
application rate, wetland and crop management data in the studied area. The results demonstrated that cattle manure in the Dufuya
wetland is applied at the rate of 30t/ha- 60t/ha per year. Groundwater and surface runoff water samples have pH, conductivity, calcium,
phosphates and nitrates levels within the WHO permissible guideline of 6.5-8.5, 1500µScm-1
, 200mg/l, 0.09mg/l and 10mg/l respectively.
The mean nitrate and phosphate concentrations in surface run-off water in the garden and the sponge are 0.00275mg/l, 0.0117mg/l and
0.00377mg/l, 0.00077mg/l respectively. Groundwater concentrations are 0.026mg/l, 0.0167mg/l and 0.0021mg/l, 0.00228mg/l for nitrates
and phosphates respectively. There was no significant difference in the mean concentrations of nitrates and phosphates in water
(ground/surface) in the sponge and the garden (P < 0.005). Fertiliser applications have no negative effects on dambo water quality.
Keywords: Dambos, Agriculture, Water quality, Nitrates, Phosphates
1. Introduction
A small fraction (about 2.5%) of earth’s water is fresh and
suitable for human consumption [33]. The rest (more than
97%) is in oceans and seas. Of the less than 2.5% of fresh
water approximately 13% is groundwater; an important
source of drinking water for many people worldwide [3].
More than 50% of the world’s population depends on
groundwater for drinking water. For many rural and small
communities, groundwater is the only source of drinking
water [5].
However, in Zimbabwe, the recurrence of droughts have
made people realise the need to intensify use of major
groundwater supply sources, wetlands resources, in the dry
areas of Zimbabwe, which cover the southern, central and
western parts with natural Regions III, IV and V as a way of
supplementing the unreliable rain fed cropping [6]. About
74% of the smallholder areas are located in these fragile
agro-ecological environments [33]. [26] reported that “.....
rice has for a century formed the staple food for Mashona,
the swampy areas in eastern Rhodesia being pitted with old
rice fields which are now abandoned in favour of recently
introduced maize crop....”.
However, sustainable agriculture has been one of the greatest
challenges [9]. Sustainability according to [13] implies that
agriculture not only secure a sustained food supply, but that
its environmental, socio-economic and human impacts are
recognised and accounted for within national development
plans. Consequently, concerted agricultural research and
extension efforts have focused on intensive utilisation of
wetlands under cropping with a view to improving food
output from them [19]. However, the leaking N and P on
both surface and groundwater from intensive agriculture
have raised concern over possible contamination of drinking
water supplies [16] exposure to high levels of nitrate poses a
potential risk to those with an undeveloped or impaired
ability to enzymatically protect haemoglobin: infants and
persons with specific gastro-intestinal disorders. [12]
postulated that high nitrates levels in water and forage can be
fatal to ruminant animals through the same mechanism [15].
There is also some evidence to suggest a relationship
between cancer and nitrosamines, which may form in the
human gut from nitrates [34].
The impacts of leaking N and P on both surface and
groundwater are well documented. Groundwater nitrate
levels measured in Alberta are higher in areas of high rates
of N-fertilization [15]. Observed migration of soluble
nitrogen through soil profiles is consistent with application
rates [29]. A Manitoba study of nitrate in the top twelve feet
of cropped fields reported nitrate concentrations greater than
150 Ibs/ac in the top four feet of 65-85% of vegetable-
growing fields [28]. A study of 27 Alberta streams showed a
direct correlation between water quality and levels of
agriculture inputs in the catchment basins [23].
In light of these potential health risks and the fact that nitrate
levels in groundwater and surface waters seem to be
increasing globally [30], a study seeking to assess the effects
of agricultural activities in the Dufuya wetland on water
quality with particular emphasis on nitrates and phosphates
was conducted.
2. Methodology
2.1 Description of the Study Site
The study was conducted on Dufuya (19o
17’S; 29o
21’E)
wetlands in Chief Sogwala area of Lower Gweru Communal
Lands, ca. 42 km west of Gweru, Zimbabwe. The area has an
elevation of 1274 m above sea level, a watershed area of 724
ha, wetland area of 63.3 ha, and a cropped area of 28.2
garden units and a mean garden area of 0.127 ha [1]. The
Paper ID: 1201338 264
2. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), India Online ISSN: 2319-7064
Volume 2 Issue 9, September 2013
www.ijsr.net
wetland drains into the Somkamba stream, a tributary of the
Vungu River. Water drains into the dambo from a large
spring (locally known as a sponge), which is covered by a
dense growth of vegetation. An intermittent stream meanders
southwards from the spring creating a perennially damp
marshy strip that bisects the system with two similar sets of
gardens flanking either side of the open marshy strip.
The soils are deep Kalahari sand showing weakly developed
AC profiles with silt plus clay content of less than 15% in all
horizons above 2 metres and no marked or sudden changes
in clay content in any horizon within this depth and lying at
a uniform slope of 4% [24]. The natural vegetation consists
of Phragmites australis, Thelypterris confluens and Typha
Capensis.
The area lies in Natural Region III receiving rainfall ranging
from 650 to 800 mm per annum (average 752mm per
annum) with a co-variation of 19%. The mean annual
temperature is 21o
C with insignificant frost occurrence in the
months of June and July [31]. The rainfall occurs during a
single rainy season extending from November to April.
Infrequent showers followed by high temperatures and hot
dry desiccating south-easterly winds, which significantly
reduce rainfall effectiveness, characterise the rainy seasons.
This makes rain-fed cropping highly unreliable. As a result,
smallholder farmers in the Dufuya area have resorted to
intensive utilisation of wetlands where availability of water
is assured.
The wetland gardens forms long narrow fields (typically 300
m X 40 m) and are usually placed immediately adjacent to
another often sharing common fences. Water is lifted with
buckets from shallow hand dug wells and used to irritate
vegetable crops using the flood system on raised beds. Leafy
vegetables (especially rape and cabbage), tomato, green
beans and onions are a very important component of the
farming system [1]. Dufuya area is a major source of fresh
vegetables for the Gweru urban market.
2.2 Experiment Design
The design of the experiment was a simple randomised
design in which there were two treatments. Treatment 1 was
water samples collected from wells and points outside the
garden and Treatment 2, water samples collected from the
garden. For surface run off analysis, two sample collection
points were identified outside the garden and four in the
garden. Eight wells were sunk, two outside the garden and
six in the garden for groundwater samples collection.
2.3 Data Collection and Processing
Two types of manure that is used by the farmers in their crop
production were analysed to establish the quality. These
were; communal manure from Chief Sogwala and
commercial farm manure from Vungu Small Scale
Commercial Area. The manures were air dried, passed
through a 2mm sieve, analysed for organic carbon [21], total
N using the Kjeidahl procedure [27] and [4]. Soil and ash
content was determined by ashing manure in a Muffle
Furnace (450o
C) frorn 16 hours. The ash was dissolve din
concentrated hydrochloric acid and separated from mineral
by filtering. The soil was oven dried and weighed. The
aerobically composted manure was analysed to determine
total phosphorus and total nitrogen.
Groundwater samples were collected from (8) wells and
surface run-off water samples were collected from six (6)
points and in-situ measurements and laboratory analysis
were carried out on the samples. Totally twenty-four (24)
groundwater samples and eighteen (18) surface run-off water
samples were collected during the months of September,
October and November of 2007. Each well and point was
sampled three times and pH, conductivity, calcium, nitrates
and phosphates were analysed in these waters.
The procedures recommended by [2] were followed during
the field and laboratory work. Water samples were collected
at 20cm depth below the surface water level in the 8 wells
(groundwater samples) and 6 selected point (surface run-off
samples) during the sampling period. Each sample was
poured into 2 litre polythene bottles after rinsing twice with
the sample water covered with lids and transported in icebox
for chemical analysis at the Midlands State University’s
Chemistry Laboratory. As soon as the samples reached the
laboratory, water was filtered and the filtrate was used for
analysis. In case of the water samples needing to be stored
for a week period, a few drops of chloroform were added to
prevent any algal growth and the stored in the refrigerator.
Water pH was determined using a Philips digital pH meter.
Conductivity was measured by a conductivity metre (Hanna
Instrument code HI-8633). Nitrate and phosphates content
were analysed using ultraviolet spectrophotometric screening
method at wavelength of 640nm and 830nm respectively as
these samples had low organic matter content.
2.4 Data Analysis
At test for the difference in pH, conductivity, nitrate,
phosphates and calcium in surface run-off water and
groundwater was computered using SPSS version 7.5 for
Windows. PROC GLM Procedures was used to calculate the
mean levels and standard error nitrates, phosphates, pH,
calcium and conductivity in surface run-off water and
groundwater.
3. Results
3.1 Wetland and Crop Management
A 100% irrigated crop rotation system that includes tomato,
maize (September to February), rape and wheat (March to
August) on raised beds is the most common farming practice
in the Dufuya Wetland. Raised beds allow for the free
movement and excess water is carried away in furrows that
separate the beds. No cultivation is allowed within 3 days of
broadcasting. The community has employed the following
agricultural best management practices as a way of curbing
wetland degradation; no burning of grassed waterways,
vegetated buffers adjacent ton water bodies and vegetated
field-filter strips. Fields are bordered with small shrubs and
are occasionally dotted with trees. Some of the fields remain
uncultivated and covered with indigenous vegetation. There
Paper ID: 1201338 265
3. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), India Online ISSN: 2319-7064
Volume 2 Issue 9, September 2013
www.ijsr.net
are contour ridges between the fields and no evidence of
significant runoff problems.
3.2 Quality of Fertilizer Used
The survey carried revealed that the smallholder farmer in
the Dufuya area usually rely on cattle manures and mineral
fertilisers applied in combination or separately to increase
crop productivity from the wetland.97% of the soil fertility
enhancement is by cattle manure and 3% by mineral
fertiliser. Two types of cattle manures from the local
community and adjacent commercial farms. Cattle manure
analysis indicated that for a given amount applied into the
soil, manure from the commercial area and manure from
communal area constitute 22.82% and 9.13% of organic
carbon respectively. Commercial manures have a higher
percentage of nitrogen (1.36%) as compared to communal
manures (0.51%). Percentage level of phosphorous for the
two manures was insignificant. Table 1 below summarises
the quality of the two types of manure in terms of organic
carbon, total nitrogen, C: N ratio, phosphorous, soil and ash
content.
Table 1: Quality of manures from Communal area (Chief
Sogwala) and Commercial area (Vungu Small Scale Farming
Area)
Communal Manure (% ) Commercial Manure (%)
Organic Carbon 9.13 22.82
Total Nitrogen 0.51 1.36
C: N Ratio 17.9 16.8
Phosphorous 8.4154 x 10-2
5.0288 X 10-2
Soil and ash 90.87 77.18
3.3 Manure Application Rates
Manure is used in basal application at planting. The wetland
is cropped twice each year, winter season (March to August)
and summer season (September to February). The manures
are applied at a rate of 15-30t/ha per planting, (30-60t/ha per
year). At this rate, the cultivated 28.2ha receives between
846t and 1692t of manure each year. The average amount of
organic carbon, total nitrogen, phosphorous, soil and ash
applied to the wetland can be summarised as indicated in
Table 2 below.
Table 2: Average amount of organic carbon, total nitrogen,
phosphorous (P), soil and ash applied to the Dufuya wetland
each year.
Communal Manure Commercial Manure
Organic Carbon 65.554 - 131.31 28.959-57.91
Total Nitrogen 3.667 – 7.3348 1.726 – 3.452
Phosphorous 0.605 – 1.210 0.0638 – 0.1276
Soil and ash 653.45 – 1306.9 97.94 – 195.88
The total nitrogen and phosphorous applied to the wetland
per year ranges between 5.393 - 10 786 and 0.669 – 1.338
respectively.
3.4 Water Quality
In the study area, the pH of the water samples ranged from
6.51-8.41. There was a significant difference in the pH levels
in groundwater and surface runoff water (P<0.005). The pH
for surface water in the sponge and the garden was not
significantly different (P>0.05). Groundwater in the sponge
and surface water in the garden had no-significant difference
in the pH level (P>0.05) (Table 3).
Conductivity of the water in the Dufuya wetland ranges from
85.9 µScm-1
in surface water in the sponge to 2019.4 µScm-1
in ground water in the garden. Other sampled water sources
showed significant differences except for groundwater and
surface water in the sponge (P>0.05).
Mean nitrate concentration levels were far below the WHO
permissible limits of 10mg/l and were not significantly
different in the groundwater and surface water in the study
area (P<0.05). Generally, higher nitrates levels were
recorded in the garden than the sponge (0.018mg/l and
0.023mg/l against 0.12mg/l and 0.017mg/l). However, the
nitrate concentration levels range from 0.01mg/l in surface
water in the sponge to 0.047mg/l in groundwater in the
garden.
Values for phosphates were very low ranging from 0mg/l
(both groundwater and surface water) to 0.0097mg/l in
groundwater in the garden. Phosphates concentration levels
in surface water in the sponge and the garden had a
significant difference (P>0.05) while there was no
significant differences in the groundwater (P<0.0005). Table
3 summarizes the findings.
A significant difference in the calcium concentration levels
was recorded in surface and ground water in the sponge and
the garden (P>0.05) values.
Table 3: Mean and standard (error values) of pH,
conductivity, nitrates phosphates and calcium of surface run-
off water and groundwater in the sponge and garden
Surface Water Groundwater
Sponge Garden Sponge Garden
pH
6.99a
7.13ab
7.30b
7.75c
-0.089 -0.104 -0.0827 -0.0711
Conductivity
106.3a
264.2b
105.7a
1008.3c
-6.98 -30.06 -8.63 -152.72
Nitrates
(Mg/l)
0.012a
0.018a
0.017a
0.023a
-0.0007 -0.0031 -0.0067 -0.0019
Phosphates
(Mg/l)
7.76E-04a
4.04E-3b
2.28E-03c
1.95E-03c
-0.0003 -0.001 -0.0014 -0.0007
Calcium
(Mg/l)
1.598a
2.891b
1.931c
6.105a
-0.043 -0.318 -0.432 -1.193
NB* Values with the same superscript in a row are not
significantly different
*Standard errors
4. Discussion and Recommendations
Wetlands are natural filter that improve the quality of the
water that flows through them [14]. The presence of a dense
growth of vegetation and high plant productivity, together
with considerable contact between water and sediments
through sheet-flow promotes anaerobic and aerobic
processes that can remove pollutants and enable organic
matter to accumulate in the soil [14]; [10] and [20]. Nitrogen
is removed by vascular plants and microorganisms,
denitrification and ammonia volatization ([8] and [11].
Phosphorous is removed from wetlands mainly through
Paper ID: 1201338 266
4. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), India Online ISSN: 2319-7064
Volume 2 Issue 9, September 2013
www.ijsr.net
adsorption onto mineral sediments [25] and [7] but is also
removed through uptake by plants and by precipitation as
insoluble phosphates of iron, aluminium or calcium [[22].
These findings reported by the above-mentioned authors
were reflected by the insignificant difference in the nitrates
and phosphates concentration in the sponge and the garden
in both surface water and groundwater in the Dufuya
wetland. Scientists have estimated that wetlands remove
between 70% and 90% of entering nitrogen [15]. The
estimated mean retention of phosphates by wetland is 45%
[17]. The establishment of vegetated buffer zones of 30m
from the streams and vegetated field-edge strips allowed for
the flourishing of vegetation in the studied area which in turn
functions in sediment trapping and pollutant removal. In a
similar study carried out by [18], it was noted that much
wider buffers were needed to remove significant amounts of
clay-sized particles. [17] observed phosphorous deposition
in the riparian wetlands is cumulative [7]. The scenario
might be similar to the one at the studied area where
measurements in the wetland might not reflect the
possibilities of pollution whilst the opposite might be true
downstream where fine clay particles are deposited.
Low C:N ratio mixtures in manure can generate nitrate levels
above the groundwater standard [32]. A majority of
investigators believe that for C: N ratios above 30 there will
be little loss of nitrogen. In the Dufuya wetland, the quality
of measures used have C: N ratios below 30, thus indicating
that there is loss of nitrogen from the manure into the
groundwater which is subsequently removed by the wetland
vegetation which is on support of the findings reported by
[14].
The high conductivity in the Dufuya (105.7- 1008.3 µScm-1
)
is explained by nutrient loading of over 1000 tonnes of soil
and ash applied yearly. The salts in the ashes are not
required by plants in large quantities and as a result they
accumulate in water bodies hence an increase in pH and
conductivity. Leaching of calcium ions and other cations
tend to increase the conductivity of water. A long term
monitoring of the physical and chemical variables is needed
so as to assess the extent of the impact of agriculture.
References
[1] Adreini, M.S., Steenhuis, T.S. and Makombe, G.
(1995). Water Management and Dambo irrigation
systems in Zimbabwe. In: Owen, R., Verbbek K.,
Jackson, J. and Steenhuis, T. (eds) Dambos Farming in
Zimbabwe: Water Cropping and Soil Potentials for
Smallholder Farming in the Wetlands, pp. 117-126.
Conference Proceedings, CIIFAD, Cornell University,
New York.
[2] APHA, AWWA AND WPCF. (1998). Standard
methods for examination of water and waste water. 20
(edition). N.W. Washington D.C
[3] Bachmat, J.W.S. (1994). Groundwater contamination
and Control, Marcel Deckker, Inc, New York.
[4] Bremner, J.M and Mulvaney, C.S. (1982). In: A.L.
Page (ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis pp 595-622.
Agronomy Series No. (Part @, American Society of
Agronomy, Madison, M.I).
[5] Canter, L.W. (1987). Groundwater Quality Protection.
Lewis Publications, Inc, Chelsea, MI.
[6] Chenje, M., Sola, L AND Paleczny, D. (eds). (1998).
The State of Zimbabwe’s Environment 1998.
Government of the Republic if Zimbabwe, Ministry of
Mines, Environment and tourism, Harare, Zimbabwe.
[7] Cooper, J.R. and Gilliam, J.W. (1987). Phosphorus
Redistribution fro cultivated fields into riparian areas.
Soil Science Society American Journal 51: 1600-1604.
[8] DeLaune, R.D., Smith, C.J. and Sarafyal, M.N. (1986).
Nitrogen cycling in a freshwater marsh of Panicum
Hemitomon on the deltaic plain of the Mississippi
River. Journal of ecology 74: 249-256.
[9] Edwin, D. O. (1996) Control of water pollution from
agriculture. FAO Irrigation and drainage paper SJ.
GEMS/water collaborating Centre, Burlugton, Canada.
[10] Hummer, D.A. (1992). Creating Freshwater Wetlands.
Lewis Publisher. Boca Raton.
[11] Howard-Williams, C. (2004) Cycling and retention of
nitrogen and phosphorus in wetlands: a theoretical and
applied perspective. Freshwater Biology 15:391-431.
[12] Hudak, P.F. (1999) Regional trends in nitrate content of
Texas groundwater. Journal of hydrology, Amsterdam,
228: 37-47.
[13] Jolankai, G. (1986). Non-point source pollution
modeling results for an agricultural watershed in
Hungary, In: Land Use Impacts on Aquatic
Ecosystems. J. Lauga, Decamps and M.M. Holland.
Proceedings of the Toulouse Workshop, MAB-
UNESCO &VPIREN-CNRS, France, pp 165-189.
[14] Kadlec, R.H. and Kadlec J.A. (2005). Wetlands and
water quality. In: Greeson, P.E., Clark, J.R and Clark,
(eds) Wetland functions and values: The state of our
understanding 436-456. American Water Resources
Association, Minneapolis.
[15] Keeney, D.R. (1982). Nitrogen management for
maximum efficiency and minimum pollution. Chapter
16, Agronomy Monograph 22, F.J Stevenson, Ed.,
American Society of Agronomy, Madison.
[16] Keeney, D.R. and R.F. Follet. (1991). Managing
nitrogen for groundwater quality and farm profitability.
Soil Science Society of America, Inc. Madison, WI.
[17] Logan, T.J., (1990). Agricultural best management
practices and groundwater quality. Journal of Soil and
Water Conservation 45: 201-206.
[18] Logan, T.J., (1993).Agricultural best management
practices and groundwater quality: Current Issues.
Agriculture Ecosystem Environment 46:223-231.
[19] Mharapara, I.M. (1995). A fundamental approach to
dambo utilization. In: R. Owen, K. Verbeek, J. Jackson
and T. Steenhuis (Edns). Dambo farming Zimbabwe.
pp 1-8, University of Zimbabwe Publications, Harare,
Zimbabwe.
[20] Mitsch, W.J. and Gosslink J.G. (2000) Wetlands. 2nd
edn. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
[21] Nelson, D.W. and Sommers, E.M. (1998). Total C,
organic C and organic matter. In: A.L. Page (ed).
Methods of soil analysis, pp 59-579. Agronomy series
No. 9, Part 2.
[22] Nicholus, D.S. (1997).Capacity of natural wetlands to
remove nutrients from waste water. Journal of Water
Pollution Control. 55: 495-505.
Paper ID: 1201338 267
5. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), India Online ISSN: 2319-7064
Volume 2 Issue 9, September 2013
www.ijsr.net
[23] Postma, D., C Boesen, H. Kristiansen and F. Larsen.
(1991). Nitrate reduction in an unconfined sandy
aquifer: Water chemistry, reduction processes, and
geochemical modeling. Water Resources Research. 27:
2027-2045.
[24] Provisional Soil Map of Zimbabwe, Rhodesia, 1979.1:1
000 000 Map Second edition.
[25] Richardson, C.J. (1985). Mechanisms controlling
phosphorus retention capacity in freshwater wetlands.
Science 228: 1424-1427.
[26] Sawer, E.R. (1909). Cedara Memoirs in South African
Agriculture, pp 190-193.
[27] Steveson, F.J. (ed). (1982). Nitrogen in Agricultural
Soils, Agronomy Series No. 22 (Madison, Wis.
American Society in Agronomy, Crop Science Society
of America, Soil Science Society of America).
[28] Trudell, M.R., R.W. Gillham and J.A. Cherry, (1986).
An in-situ study of the occurrence and rate of
denitrification in a shallow unconfined sand aquifer. J.
Hydro., Amsterdam, 83:251-268.
[29] U.S. EPA, (1992). National water quality inventory-
1990 report to congress, EPA 502/9-92/006, Office of
Water, Washington D.C.
[30] U.S. EPA, (1994). National water quality inventory-
1992 report to congress, EPA -841-R-94-001. Office of
Water, Washington D.C.
[31] Vincent and Thomas, (1960). An Agricultural Survey
of Southern Rhodesia, Part 1 Agro-Ecological Survey,
Government Printers, Salisbury.
[32] White, R.E. (1999). Principles and practice of soil
science. The soils as a natural resource. Third Edition.
Blackwell Science Ltd. Oxford.
[33] Whitlow, J.R. (1988). Degradation of wetlands.
Influence of human factors on erosion. Inland
degradation in Zimbabwe. Report prepared for the
Department of Natural Resources, Harare, Zimbabwe.
[34] WHO (World Health Organization), (1995). Guidelines
for drinking water quality, 2nd .Ed.
Author Profile
John V. Muzvondiwa has a B. Sc. (Hons) in Animal
Sciences from the University of Zimbabwe and M. Sc.
in Ecological Resources Management from the
Midlands State University, Zimbabwe. He has worked for the
Environmental Management Agency (Zimbabwe) for 8 years as an
Ecosystems Protection Specialist. Currently, John is with the
Midlands State University’s Department of Livestock and Wildlife
Management as a Lecturer. He has vast knowledge in
Environmental Impact Assessments.
Robert Gono received the B. Sc (Hons) degree in Agriculture and
a MSc. degree in Animal Science from University of Zimbabwe in
1992 and 1995, respectively. During 1995 to 2006, he worked in
various management capacities in farms around Zimbabwe as well
as teaching on part time basis in the local universities. He now is a
lecturer in the department on Livestock and wildlife Sciences at the
Midlands State University in Zimbabwe.
Petronillah Sichewo received the B. Sc (Hons) degree in Applied
Biology and Biochemistry and a M. Sc. degree in Medical
Microbiology from University of Zimbabwe in 2001. Currently, she
is a lecturer with the Midlands State University.
Paper ID: 1201338 268