The effect of wastewater irrigation on plant growth and yield of tomato, Napier grass and sugarcane crops was compared with that of ground water irrigation. Treatments included untreated wastewater (UWW) treated wastewater (TWW) and ground water (GW) as control. The results obtained, plant height, number of fruits/plant, dry biomass g/plant and number of branches/plant of tomato (78.46 cm, 45.88, 15.49 and 11.41) and (75.13 cm, 41.48, 14.42 and 10.28) were significantly higher in the UWW and TWW compared to GW. The UWW and TWW irrigated Napier grass gave the highest growth and yield, compared to that of GW irrigation. Plant height, number of leaves/plant, leaf length, leaf width and number of tiller were 188.46 cm, 83.62, 93.62 cm, 2.52 and 13.2 in UWW and 182.68 cm, 69.75, 88.67cm, 2.29 and 10.39 in TWW and these are significantly higher as compared to that of GW irrigation. Wastewater irrigation of sugarcane increased cane length, number of nodes/cane, number of leaves, cane diameter and cane weight significantly as compared to control GW are 191.86 cm, 22.48, 39.3 and 2.30 cm in UWW and 149.4 cm, 20.54, 27.53 and 2.22 cm in TWW and compared to that of GW irrigation.
Drip Fertigation in Sweet Pepper: A ReviewIJERA Editor
Sweet Pepper is one of the most important vegetable crops grown in India. Water has been identified as one of the scarcest inputs, which can severely restrict its growth unless it is carefully conserved and managed. Adoption of modern irrigation technique like drip irrigations is needed to be emphasized to increase water use efficiency and covering more area under irrigation. Drip fertigation is the most effective way to supply water and nutrients to the plants which not only saves water but also increases yield of fruits and vegetable crops. As reported by different research workers of the world, adoption of drip fertigation in sweet pepper results in saving of fertilizer up to 25 per cent, water saving up to 40 percent significant increase in yield, significant increase in water use efficiency and better quality produce.
Comparative Study of Test Driven Development TDD , Behavior Driven Developmen...ijtsrd
TDD, BDD and ATDD were introduced by XP Extreme Programming is an agile software development framework. They are unit testing approaches. TDD, BDD and ATDD are a software development technique which uses unit tests to incrementally deliver small pieces of functionality. TDD is a developer focused process. In Test Driven Development TDD , first come tests and then the code. The minimal piece of code is written in order to pass the designed test. In other words, it is the process of testing the code before its accrual writing. If the code passes the test, then developers can proceed to its refactoring. Behavior Driven Development BDD is a customer focused process. It is based on the full and clear understanding of the system or module behavior but in the terms of business client. The tests for TDD are created by developers for developers. The test for BDD can be written by testers or technical managers. Acceptance Test Driven Development ATDD is towards the developer focused side of things. ATDD is a technique where the entire team collaborates to define the acceptance criteria of a story before the implementation actually begins. These acceptance tests are supported necessary information. Using the Given When Then format, ATDD approach can implement. Myint Myint Moe ""Comparative Study of Test-Driven Development (TDD), Behavior-Driven Development (BDD) and Acceptance Test–Driven Development (ATDD)"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23698.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/23698/comparative-study-of-test-driven-development-tdd-behavior-driven-development-bdd-and--acceptance-test%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%E2%80%9Cdriven-development-atdd/myint-myint-moe
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Maximizing Water Productivity of Maize using Alternate Furrow Irrigation at C...Premier Publishers
Nowadays, water availability is a major limiting factor for development of agriculture in arid and semiarid areas. Under conditions of scarce water supply and drought, irrigation practices demand the maximum use of every drop of water to maximize water productivity for irrigated crops. A field experiment with a split-plot design was carried out to evaluate the combined effect of three furrow irrigation techniques and three irrigation levels treatments on maize grain yield and water productivity at Mekhoni Agricultural Research center (MeARC), Raya valley district. Irrigation was applied through furrows in three ways as the main plots: conventional furrow irrigation (CFI), alternate furrow irrigation (AFI), and fixed furrow irrigation (FFI). In CFI, irrigation was applied to every furrow at each irrigation event; in AFI irrigation was applied to alternate furrows which were dry in the preceding irrigation cycle, while in FFI, irrigation was applied to fixed furrows throughout the growing season. Each irrigation technique was further divided into three sub-irrigation treatments: two deficit irrigation levels 75% and 50% ETc and a control of 100% ETc as sub-plot were investigated. Results showed that maximum water productivity was obtained under the AFI system without a trade-off in grain yield and considerably save water. Hence, it is recommended as efficient irrigation technique in areas with limited water resources.
Drip Fertigation in Sweet Pepper: A ReviewIJERA Editor
Sweet Pepper is one of the most important vegetable crops grown in India. Water has been identified as one of the scarcest inputs, which can severely restrict its growth unless it is carefully conserved and managed. Adoption of modern irrigation technique like drip irrigations is needed to be emphasized to increase water use efficiency and covering more area under irrigation. Drip fertigation is the most effective way to supply water and nutrients to the plants which not only saves water but also increases yield of fruits and vegetable crops. As reported by different research workers of the world, adoption of drip fertigation in sweet pepper results in saving of fertilizer up to 25 per cent, water saving up to 40 percent significant increase in yield, significant increase in water use efficiency and better quality produce.
Comparative Study of Test Driven Development TDD , Behavior Driven Developmen...ijtsrd
TDD, BDD and ATDD were introduced by XP Extreme Programming is an agile software development framework. They are unit testing approaches. TDD, BDD and ATDD are a software development technique which uses unit tests to incrementally deliver small pieces of functionality. TDD is a developer focused process. In Test Driven Development TDD , first come tests and then the code. The minimal piece of code is written in order to pass the designed test. In other words, it is the process of testing the code before its accrual writing. If the code passes the test, then developers can proceed to its refactoring. Behavior Driven Development BDD is a customer focused process. It is based on the full and clear understanding of the system or module behavior but in the terms of business client. The tests for TDD are created by developers for developers. The test for BDD can be written by testers or technical managers. Acceptance Test Driven Development ATDD is towards the developer focused side of things. ATDD is a technique where the entire team collaborates to define the acceptance criteria of a story before the implementation actually begins. These acceptance tests are supported necessary information. Using the Given When Then format, ATDD approach can implement. Myint Myint Moe ""Comparative Study of Test-Driven Development (TDD), Behavior-Driven Development (BDD) and Acceptance Test–Driven Development (ATDD)"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23698.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/23698/comparative-study-of-test-driven-development-tdd-behavior-driven-development-bdd-and--acceptance-test%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%E2%80%9Cdriven-development-atdd/myint-myint-moe
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Maximizing Water Productivity of Maize using Alternate Furrow Irrigation at C...Premier Publishers
Nowadays, water availability is a major limiting factor for development of agriculture in arid and semiarid areas. Under conditions of scarce water supply and drought, irrigation practices demand the maximum use of every drop of water to maximize water productivity for irrigated crops. A field experiment with a split-plot design was carried out to evaluate the combined effect of three furrow irrigation techniques and three irrigation levels treatments on maize grain yield and water productivity at Mekhoni Agricultural Research center (MeARC), Raya valley district. Irrigation was applied through furrows in three ways as the main plots: conventional furrow irrigation (CFI), alternate furrow irrigation (AFI), and fixed furrow irrigation (FFI). In CFI, irrigation was applied to every furrow at each irrigation event; in AFI irrigation was applied to alternate furrows which were dry in the preceding irrigation cycle, while in FFI, irrigation was applied to fixed furrows throughout the growing season. Each irrigation technique was further divided into three sub-irrigation treatments: two deficit irrigation levels 75% and 50% ETc and a control of 100% ETc as sub-plot were investigated. Results showed that maximum water productivity was obtained under the AFI system without a trade-off in grain yield and considerably save water. Hence, it is recommended as efficient irrigation technique in areas with limited water resources.
Effect of Drip Irrigation and Fertilizer Management on Capsicum (Capsicum Ann...iosrjce
An experiment was conducted during the rabi season of 2008-09 to study the effect of drip irrigation
and fertilizer management on Capsicum at Research area farms of Assam Agriculture University Jorhat
(Assam) India. Result reviled that the effect of drip irrigation and fertilizer management treatments (T3) were
significant in respect of percent nitrogen content both in plant (2.18%) and fruits (1.19%). Similarly the highest
uptake af p2o5 by plants (7.37 kg/ha) and by fruits (3.64 kg/ha) k2o by plant (47.05 kg/ha) and by fruits (26.07
kg/ha) recorded in treatment T3 at 100% EPR alone with the application of 75% RD of N and K through drip.
The total Uptake of N (69.16 kg/ha) p2o 5 (11.0 kg/ha) and K20 (73.12 kg/ha) were also significant over the
treatment T9 (N-48.27 kg/ha)p2o 5 (7.41 kg/ha) and K2o (48.85 kg/ha) respectively. The nutrient status
determined in terms of available N, p2o 5, and K+O in kg/ha was significantly influenced by different drip
irrigation and fertilizer management significantly highest fruit yield (87.20 q/ha) was recorded in drip irrigation
at 100 EPR along application of 75 % Rd of N through drip irrigation over treatments.
Need to replace Furrow Irrigation system by Drip Irrigation system to Improve...ijsrd.com
The Aim of this paper is to replace furrow Irrigation system by Drip irrigation system to improve qualitative parameters of cotton crop at its different physiological stages. (Germination, Initial Vegetative, Flowering, Boll development and Maturity).As we are knowing furrow irrigation system requires more water than drip irrigation system. Our region is affected with drought once in every four year. Cotton crop needs continuous water for duration of 140 to 160 days in between May to October. In month of May and June water table is going down and all Water resources are at its bottom level during season of summer.
Technical Seminar “Water Efficiency, Water Productivity, Water Saving" NENAwaterscarcity
Technical Seminar “Water Efficiency, Water Productivity, Water Saving" , by: Pasquale Steduto
This topic is part of the Water Scarcity initiative (WSI)’s debate to clarify the confusion between concepts and terminologies related to water management that impede sustainability of this natural resource. FAO tries with the WSI to open the discussions on water allocation and water accounting.
Integrated Effect of Mulching Materials and Furrow Irrigation Methods on Yiel...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Werer, Middle Awash Valley during the dry season of the 2016-17, 2017-18 and 2018-19 to investigate the effects of mulching materials and furrow irrigation methods on onion yield and water productivity under semi-arid conditions. Split plot design with three replications, in which the irrigation methods (Conventional, Fixed and Alternate Furrow) were assigned to the main plot and the three mulching materials (no mulch, wheat straw and white plastic mulch), were to the sub-plot. Results indicate that marketable onion bulb yield and water use efficiency were affected by the main effect of furrow irrigation methods and mulching materials (p< 0.05). But the interaction of irrigation methods and mulch had no significant effect on marketable onion bulb yield and water use efficiency. The conventional furrow irrigation (10081.52kg ha-1) and wheat straw mulch (12121.63 kg ha-1) resulted in the maximum marketable bulb yield. The highest water use efficiency (3.27 kg/m3) was obtained from alternate furrow irrigation method with straw mulch. This suggests that under limited irrigation water, alternate furrow irrigation along with wheat straw mulch minimize evaporation loss; maximize water productivity and sustain onion production at Amibara and similar agro-ecology and soil type.
Agroecology Practices in South China —biodiversity in rice production ExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/about/meetings/agroecology-symposium-china/en/
Presentation of Luo Shiming, from South China Agricultural University, on agroecology practices in South China. Examples are discussed of biodiversity in rice production on field, agroecosystem and landscape scale. The presentation was prepared and delivered in occasion of the International Symposium on Agroecology in China, held in Kunming, China on 29-31 August 2016.
Maize Phenology and Crop Stand in Response to Mulching and Furrow Irrigation ...Premier Publishers
The field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of mulching materials and furrow irrigation methods on phenology and crop stand of maize at Werer, Middle Awash Valley of Ethiopia during 2017/18 cool cropping season. Split plot design with three replications, in which the irrigation methods (Conventional, Fixed and Alternate Furrow) were assigned to main plot and the three mulching materials (plastic, straw and no mulch), were to the sub-plot. Result showed that maize phenology and crop stand was affected by different furrow irrigation methods and mulching materials. But interaction of irrigation methods and mulch had no significant effect on maize phenology and crop stand except days to phenological maturity. Conventional furrow irrigation took less days to emergence (8.4 days) and tasseling (66.67 days). Plastic mulch took less day to emergence (6.9 days), tasseling (62.67 days) and silking (69 days) respectively. Physiological maturity (114.3 days) arrived earlier in fixed furrow with plastic mulch. The conventional furrow irrigation (29600ha-1) and white plastic mulch (29956ha-1) resulted in the maximum maize stand. In conclusion, conventional furrow irrigation and plastic mulching had improved phenological stages and maize crop stand at Werer and other similar agro ecology.
Bayesian analysis of shape parameter of Lomax distribution using different lo...Premier Publishers
The Lomax distribution also known as Pareto distribution of the second kind or Pearson Type VI distribution has been used in the analysis of income data, and business failure data. It may describe the lifetime of a decreasing failure rate component as a heavy tailed alternative to the exponential distribution. In this paper we consider the estimation of the parameter of Lomax distribution. Baye’s estimator is obtained by using Jeffery’s and extension of Jeffery’s prior by using squared error loss function, Al-Bayyati’s loss function and Precautionary loss function. Maximum likelihood estimation is also discussed. These methods are compared by using mean square error through simulation study with varying sample sizes. The study aims to find out a suitable estimator of the parameter of the distribution. Finally, we analyze one data set for illustration.
The influence of pinching on the growth, flowering pattern and yield of butte...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Africa University farm, Mutare, Zimbabwe to evaluate the effects of pinching on the growth, flowering pattern and yield of butternuts (Cucurbita moschata). The experiment was laid as a Randomized Complete Block Design. Cucurbita moschata was used as the test crop with evaluation being the yield, flowering pattern, branches, stems and fruit weight. Treatment groups included no pinching, pinching at 2nd node, pinching at 4th node and pinching at 6th node. Treatments with pinching had the highest yield(18.80t/ha) and highest number of flowers(5.10) compared to plants with no pinching. Pinching plants at 6th node increased the number of branches compared to pinching plants at 2nd node. The number of stems were highest (3.65) in pinched plants (TRT 4) compared to plants which did not receive pinching. General trends showed that number of stems increased as pinching was done at a later stage. The number of fruits harvested in plants per treatment corresponded to the fruit weight gained. The greater the number of harvested fruits, the higher the corresponding weight and vice versa. These findings indicated that pinching plants at a later stage of its growth promotes the growth, flowering pattern and yield of plants.
Effect of Drip Irrigation and Fertilizer Management on Capsicum (Capsicum Ann...iosrjce
An experiment was conducted during the rabi season of 2008-09 to study the effect of drip irrigation
and fertilizer management on Capsicum at Research area farms of Assam Agriculture University Jorhat
(Assam) India. Result reviled that the effect of drip irrigation and fertilizer management treatments (T3) were
significant in respect of percent nitrogen content both in plant (2.18%) and fruits (1.19%). Similarly the highest
uptake af p2o5 by plants (7.37 kg/ha) and by fruits (3.64 kg/ha) k2o by plant (47.05 kg/ha) and by fruits (26.07
kg/ha) recorded in treatment T3 at 100% EPR alone with the application of 75% RD of N and K through drip.
The total Uptake of N (69.16 kg/ha) p2o 5 (11.0 kg/ha) and K20 (73.12 kg/ha) were also significant over the
treatment T9 (N-48.27 kg/ha)p2o 5 (7.41 kg/ha) and K2o (48.85 kg/ha) respectively. The nutrient status
determined in terms of available N, p2o 5, and K+O in kg/ha was significantly influenced by different drip
irrigation and fertilizer management significantly highest fruit yield (87.20 q/ha) was recorded in drip irrigation
at 100 EPR along application of 75 % Rd of N through drip irrigation over treatments.
Need to replace Furrow Irrigation system by Drip Irrigation system to Improve...ijsrd.com
The Aim of this paper is to replace furrow Irrigation system by Drip irrigation system to improve qualitative parameters of cotton crop at its different physiological stages. (Germination, Initial Vegetative, Flowering, Boll development and Maturity).As we are knowing furrow irrigation system requires more water than drip irrigation system. Our region is affected with drought once in every four year. Cotton crop needs continuous water for duration of 140 to 160 days in between May to October. In month of May and June water table is going down and all Water resources are at its bottom level during season of summer.
Technical Seminar “Water Efficiency, Water Productivity, Water Saving" NENAwaterscarcity
Technical Seminar “Water Efficiency, Water Productivity, Water Saving" , by: Pasquale Steduto
This topic is part of the Water Scarcity initiative (WSI)’s debate to clarify the confusion between concepts and terminologies related to water management that impede sustainability of this natural resource. FAO tries with the WSI to open the discussions on water allocation and water accounting.
Integrated Effect of Mulching Materials and Furrow Irrigation Methods on Yiel...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Werer, Middle Awash Valley during the dry season of the 2016-17, 2017-18 and 2018-19 to investigate the effects of mulching materials and furrow irrigation methods on onion yield and water productivity under semi-arid conditions. Split plot design with three replications, in which the irrigation methods (Conventional, Fixed and Alternate Furrow) were assigned to the main plot and the three mulching materials (no mulch, wheat straw and white plastic mulch), were to the sub-plot. Results indicate that marketable onion bulb yield and water use efficiency were affected by the main effect of furrow irrigation methods and mulching materials (p< 0.05). But the interaction of irrigation methods and mulch had no significant effect on marketable onion bulb yield and water use efficiency. The conventional furrow irrigation (10081.52kg ha-1) and wheat straw mulch (12121.63 kg ha-1) resulted in the maximum marketable bulb yield. The highest water use efficiency (3.27 kg/m3) was obtained from alternate furrow irrigation method with straw mulch. This suggests that under limited irrigation water, alternate furrow irrigation along with wheat straw mulch minimize evaporation loss; maximize water productivity and sustain onion production at Amibara and similar agro-ecology and soil type.
Agroecology Practices in South China —biodiversity in rice production ExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/about/meetings/agroecology-symposium-china/en/
Presentation of Luo Shiming, from South China Agricultural University, on agroecology practices in South China. Examples are discussed of biodiversity in rice production on field, agroecosystem and landscape scale. The presentation was prepared and delivered in occasion of the International Symposium on Agroecology in China, held in Kunming, China on 29-31 August 2016.
Maize Phenology and Crop Stand in Response to Mulching and Furrow Irrigation ...Premier Publishers
The field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of mulching materials and furrow irrigation methods on phenology and crop stand of maize at Werer, Middle Awash Valley of Ethiopia during 2017/18 cool cropping season. Split plot design with three replications, in which the irrigation methods (Conventional, Fixed and Alternate Furrow) were assigned to main plot and the three mulching materials (plastic, straw and no mulch), were to the sub-plot. Result showed that maize phenology and crop stand was affected by different furrow irrigation methods and mulching materials. But interaction of irrigation methods and mulch had no significant effect on maize phenology and crop stand except days to phenological maturity. Conventional furrow irrigation took less days to emergence (8.4 days) and tasseling (66.67 days). Plastic mulch took less day to emergence (6.9 days), tasseling (62.67 days) and silking (69 days) respectively. Physiological maturity (114.3 days) arrived earlier in fixed furrow with plastic mulch. The conventional furrow irrigation (29600ha-1) and white plastic mulch (29956ha-1) resulted in the maximum maize stand. In conclusion, conventional furrow irrigation and plastic mulching had improved phenological stages and maize crop stand at Werer and other similar agro ecology.
Bayesian analysis of shape parameter of Lomax distribution using different lo...Premier Publishers
The Lomax distribution also known as Pareto distribution of the second kind or Pearson Type VI distribution has been used in the analysis of income data, and business failure data. It may describe the lifetime of a decreasing failure rate component as a heavy tailed alternative to the exponential distribution. In this paper we consider the estimation of the parameter of Lomax distribution. Baye’s estimator is obtained by using Jeffery’s and extension of Jeffery’s prior by using squared error loss function, Al-Bayyati’s loss function and Precautionary loss function. Maximum likelihood estimation is also discussed. These methods are compared by using mean square error through simulation study with varying sample sizes. The study aims to find out a suitable estimator of the parameter of the distribution. Finally, we analyze one data set for illustration.
The influence of pinching on the growth, flowering pattern and yield of butte...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Africa University farm, Mutare, Zimbabwe to evaluate the effects of pinching on the growth, flowering pattern and yield of butternuts (Cucurbita moschata). The experiment was laid as a Randomized Complete Block Design. Cucurbita moschata was used as the test crop with evaluation being the yield, flowering pattern, branches, stems and fruit weight. Treatment groups included no pinching, pinching at 2nd node, pinching at 4th node and pinching at 6th node. Treatments with pinching had the highest yield(18.80t/ha) and highest number of flowers(5.10) compared to plants with no pinching. Pinching plants at 6th node increased the number of branches compared to pinching plants at 2nd node. The number of stems were highest (3.65) in pinched plants (TRT 4) compared to plants which did not receive pinching. General trends showed that number of stems increased as pinching was done at a later stage. The number of fruits harvested in plants per treatment corresponded to the fruit weight gained. The greater the number of harvested fruits, the higher the corresponding weight and vice versa. These findings indicated that pinching plants at a later stage of its growth promotes the growth, flowering pattern and yield of plants.
Counterfeit Herbal Medicine adulterated with chemical drugs in Indonesia: NAD...Premier Publishers
Herbal medicine is widely used in Indonesia. Thus, counterfeit herbal medicines are a great concern given the negative impact to individual and population health. This paper used data drawn from the National Agency of Drug and Food Control (NADFC/BPOM)of Indonesia to describe the counterfeit trend against registered herbal drugs from 2011 to 2014, and further analyses were performed to discover the types of the fraud, the impact to the health and conventional drugs that could be used as substitutes for herbal drugs. The research found that the amount of falsified medicines is increasing along with the increasing number of registered herbal drugs. From the data obtained, similar falsified herbal drugs were identified for both life style drugs (51%) and health-related condition drugs (49%). In addition, almost all falsified herbal drugs are adulterations plus tampering (81%). The most significant substitute chemical drug is paracetamol.
Bouguer anomaly and free-air anomaly correlation signatures in parts of Benue...Premier Publishers
Topographic values in the study area range from 80m to 170m. The rock type comprises Basement Complex at the west bounded by River Niger, and sedimentary rock type in the east. Density measurements of various rocks were taken with the highest bulk density from the metamorphic schist (2.77gm/cm3), followed by igneous rock olivine gabbro (2.73gm/cm3), and sandstone (2.35gm/cm3). Results of gravity survey revealed a mean Bouguer anomaly of +12.15 mgals and a mean free air anomaly of +22.0 mgals. Interpretation of gravity measurements revealed the existence of a fracture at Gboloko NE-SW axis, a synclinal fold axis at about 5.5km west of Gboloko (between the Staurolite Schist and Cordierite-Tourmaline schist). The Basement-Sedimentary boundary is characterized by a drop in residual Bouguer anomaly from positive to negative at about 6km east of Gboloko. The thickness of the sediments is about 0.90km at the northern part of the Basement-Sedimentary boundary, and about 2.0km in the south, thus suggesting a progressive increase in sedimentary thickness at the western edge of the Benue trough. The Free-air anomaly ‘highs’ correspond to Bouguer anomaly ‘highs’ and tied to areas of high topography and bands of weathered, lateritized sediments. The Bouguer anomaly profiles exhibited reliable signature changes at the rock boundaries, thus a supportive tool for delineation of those border areas.
Current status of commercial solid waste generation, composition and manageme...Premier Publishers
This study determined the quantity, composition, the levels of remaining recyclable materials, and to evaluate treatment methods for commercial solid waste (CSW) in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Waste samples were collected from 52 commercial sectors including hotels, restaurants, internet cafés, guesthouses, beer gardens, markets, schools, microfinance agencies and shops. The waste was collected daily for two weeks in 2013 and separated into 23 categories. The main composition of CSW were food (50-60%), followed by plastic and paper (30-40%) and glass (5-6%). The waste generation in kg/table/day was 4.83 (large restaurants), 3.36 (medium restaurants), 2.23 (beer gardens), 1.94 (internet cafés); in kg/room/day was 0.69 (3-star hotels), 0.45 (large guesthouses), 0.37 (medium and small guesthouses), 0.097 (small hotels) and in kg/person/day was 0.153 (family marts), 0.15 (ministries), 0.12 (council of ministers), 0.12 (supermarkets), less than 0.10 (shops and schools). Sorted waste was food, followed by glass bottles, paper, PET bottles, aluminium cans and steel. The remaining recyclable materials were food, plastic, paper, steel and aluminium cans. Well sorting activity was conducted by internet cafés and restaurants, followed by family marts, schools, beer gardens and guesthouses. If food waste and other recyclable materials were completely sorted, 61% of current waste could be minimized.
Sharing gains of the potato in Kenya: A case of thin governanceSharing gains ...Premier Publishers
The potato offers a good alternative for diversification from maize, the staple food in Kenya. This article presents the results of a study on the potato marketing system, the factors affecting prices and the predominant governance system impacting on the market. Survey data were collected from 402 farmers in the three potato growing regions and addition information on monthly prices in major markets was provided the Ministry of Agriculture. There were also semi-structured interviews with the major actors in the potato sector.
Potato marketing exhibits the captive governance structure with traders collaboratively acting as the lead firm. An analysis of the split in selling price between the various players indicates that margins were concentrated at the coordination of marketing activities as opposed to the production activities. Coordination activities took about 40% of the consumer price. Besides the market channel used, the production region, the size of the land cultivated and the yields obtained determined the price obtained by the farmers. Given the distribution of the value added in the chain and the current dominance of traders, we argue in favour of upgrading the value chain and giving more power to the farmers and their organizations.
The latest innovation from Koodos following on from its successful Koodos for Teens course comes Koodos International. A fun and interactive course lead by experienced staff to assist with either permanent or temporary overseas integrating into NZ life and culture.
Evaluation mutagenic potential of pesticides through bioassays with Allium cepaPremier Publishers
The evaluation mutagenic potential of pesticides most used in southeastern Brazil, through bioassays with Allium cepa, it was an important study to understand harmful action of two classes of pesticides widely used in Brazil. The effects significant of cytotoxic and genotoxic in Allium cepa were evaluated in the following concentrations: 10 μL/mL, 25 μL/mL and 50 μL/mL, for Pyraclostrobin and Iminoctadine being in all cases compared to the negative and positive controls. With the results obtained it was possible to verify that the two pesticides have the ability to promote genetic changes. This study is a consequence of numerous complaints about harmful effects these substance, since small changes in DNA can cause irreversible problems the human health.
Characteristics of coronary artery ectasia and its association with carotid i...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted to uncover the relation between coronary artery ectasia (CAE) and markers of atherosclerosis. A total of 1611 coronary angiograms were prospectively examined to find out patients with CAE. Those patients were divided into 2 groups: Mixed CAE with stenotic coronary artery disease (CAD) “group 1” and pure CAE “group 2”. Two control groups of age-adjusted subjects were selected consecutively in a 1:1 fashion; one with normal coronaries “group 3” (Pure CAE: normal coronaries) and the other with obstructive CAD only “group 4” (Mixed CAE: obstructive CAD). All recruited subjects underwent carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) level measurements. Out of examined angiograms, 35 subjects showed mixed CAE “group 1” and 26 showed pure CAE “group 2”. Age and gender-adjusted logistic regression analysis model revealed that significant independent predictors for CAE were: hypertension, smoking, absence of DM and hs-CRP level > 3 mg/L. Mean carotid IMT was significantly higher in group 2 than group 3 and in group 4 than group 1 (1±0.1 versus 0.4±0.2 mm and 1.4±0.4 versus 1±0.2 mm respectively, P < 0.001 for both). Mean hs-CRP level was significantly higher in group 1 than group 4 and in group 2 than group 3 (7±2 versus 3±0.8 mg/L and 6±2 versus 1±0.6 mg/L respectively, P < 0.001 for both). We concluded that atherosclerosis may not be the only plausible explanation for CAE.
Experimental investigation of four stroke single cylinder rope brake dynamome...Premier Publishers
The present work is focused on the effects of waste cooking oil based methyl ester and its blends with petrodiesel on a single cylinder, 4 stroke, naturally aspirated, direct injection, water cooled, rope brake dynamometer assisted CI engine at varying loads. The physical and chemical properties of WCO based methyl ester were determined using standard ASTM methods. The suitability of WCO based methyl ester and its blends were evaluated through determining the performance and emission characteristics of CI engine. These results were compared to petrodiesel for validation. By analyzing these results, it was observed that the performance and emission characteristics were shown both satisfactory and unsatisfactory results. This was due to lower calorific value and high viscosity of waste cooking oil methyl ester resulted delay in combustion. From the critical analysis, it was observed that B20 of WCO based methyl ester reserved 32.2% brake thermal efficiency slightly greater than petrodiesel i.e. 32% without any engine modifications. It is concluded that B20 of WCO based methyl ester is suitable with no modification in engine.
Theme of love and mysticism in English and Pakistani poetry with reference to...Premier Publishers
The original concept of love may differ from person to person as well as society to society and culture to culture. It can be interpreted differently. Love is a remarkable thing which has bounded the society and the people always to each other. Mysticism would best be assumption of as a gathering of individual practices, sermons, scripts, institutes, societies, and familiarities aimed at human alteration, variously defined in different traditions. The person is known as William James which has tried to clear the concept of mysticism. The research will find out how the works of two different poets living in different continents and having opposite cultural backgrounds are addressing the same ideas and incorporating similar notions about mysticism and love. This study is devised out of curiosity weather William Wordsworth and Ameer Hamza Shinwari’s poetry contains the elements of mysticism and love. This study tries to see the different dimension of his work and give the proper and the required conclusion.
Knowledge, adoption and constraint analysis of chilli technology in Char area...Premier Publishers
In the present study, Knowledge Index (KI) and Adoption Index (AI) were developed to measure the knowledge level and Adoption level of Chilli Technology of farmers in Char Area of Bangladesh. A preliminary test of thirty knowledge items related to chilli cultivation technology was administered to 38 chilli farmers who were involved in chilli production in island char areas. Data were collected during February to March 2008 through interview schedule. The Knowledge Index (KI) ranged from 71 to 99 and Adoption Index (AI) ranged from 68 to 98. A correlation coefficient of KI and AI was 0.97 which indicated that a high relation exists between Knowledge Index (KI) and Adoption Index (AI). The major constraints are ignorance about improved seeds and cultivation practices, chemicals with doses and method of application, scientific method of storage, etc. The major economic and physical constraints are the high cost of the seed of improved cultivars, non-availability of funds, etc. It was recommended that the farmers be guided through extension visits to teach them adoption of new technologies related to Chilli production. The study will help researcher, agricultural extension worker, policy maker and NGOs to address and analyse the issues related to knowledge, adoption and constraints of not only chilli production but also other field and horticultural crops production.
Role of Banks on Agricultural Development in BangladeshPremier Publishers
The aim of this study is to determine the role of banks on agricultural development. Agricultural development is determined in respect of crops, purchase and installation of irrigation equipment, livestock, marketing of agricultural goods, fisheries, poverty alleviation and income generating activities. A total number of 50 respondents were interviewed through semi-structure interview schedule for obtaining primary data. Secondary data was collected from annual reports of Bangladesh Bank during period from 2010 to 2014. The disbursement of agricultural credit on crop production is increased up to Tk. 71.31 billion in 2014 from Tk.33.19 billion in 2010. Subsequently, the disbursement of agricultural credit on purchase and installation of irrigation equipment, crop production, marketing of agricultural goods, fisheries are changed significantly with time. The credit on poverty alleviation increased up to Tk. 18.64 billion in 2014 from Tk.13.61 billion in 2010. The result indicates that bank plays on a significant role on agricultural development in Bangladesh. Timely flow of agricultural credit can meet farmers demand to ensure agricultural productivity. The study will help governmental policy makers and NGOs to address and analyze the issues of agricultural sector to provide loan to the farmers for promoting actual development in this sector.
Effect of saline water irrigation and different management practices on soil ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Judicious use of bio-wastes can re-carbonize the biosphere, restore degraded soils and improve soil health, produce biofuels and other value addition industrial byproducts, and improve the environment. In this context, the importance of recycling bio-wastes (e.g., agricultural, municipal and industrial) to restore soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration and stock and improve soil health cannot be over-emphasized. Crop residues, 510-836 Tg yr-1. are a major source of Carbon, plant nutrients, biofuels and industrial raw materials.There is a strong need of enhancing the awareness about proper disposal and use of bio-wastes through environmental education.
Productivity and quality of sugar beet as affecting by sowing and irrigation ...Innspub Net
Two field experiments were carried out at Kalabsho Experimental Farm, Dakahlia Governorate, Sugar Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Egypt, during 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 seasons to study the effect of sowing methods (mechanical and manual methods), irrigation methods (surface and drip irrigation system) and hill spacings (10, 15 and 20cm between hills) on yield and its components, as well as quality of sugar beet cv. Hossam as a multigerm variety under sandy soil conditions. The obtained results could be summarized as follows; the optimum sowing method that produced the highest values of yield and its components as well as root quality parameters was mechanical sowing method (planter machine) in both seasons. Irrigation sugar beet plants by using drip irrigation system yielded the highest values of yield and its components as well as root quality parameters and followed by using surface flooding irrigation system in both seasons. Planting sugar beet seeds on one side of the ridge, 60cm width, and 20cm between hills, resulting plant population density 35000 plants/fed produced, the highest values of yield and its components and root quality parameters and followed by planting on 15cm between hills, resulting plant population density 46666 plants/fed and finally planting on 10cm between hills, resulting plant population density 70000 plants/fed in the two seasons. From the obtained data in this study, it can be concluded that sowing sugar beet using mechanical sowing method (planter machine), irrigation by using drip irrigation system and planting on one side of the ridge, 60cm width, and 20cm between hills, resulting plant population density 35000 plants/fed in order to maximizing its productivity and quality under the environmental conditions of sandy soil in Kalabsho region, Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt.
Comparative Study of Different Sewage Farming on Soil Qualityijtsrd
Sewage Sludge contains high amount of nutrients in the form of wastewater. These wastewater are treated in Sewage treatment plant and separation of Sludge from wastewater is taken out using various type of technology. The sludge separated from wastewater are further treated in sludge treatment unit and removal of maximum amount of water are done using various equipment. The treated water is reused for various purposes or discharge into river bodies and the sludge after treatment are send to disposal site. This study focuses on the utilization of these sewage sludge as a fertilizer and comparison of this sludge with chemical fertilizer. The content of nutrient in sewage shows significant results on application with various plants and discussed the effect of sewage farming on soil quality. Avinash Dwivedi | Mr. Anupam Mehrotra | Mr. Kamal Nabh Tripathi ""Comparative Study of Different Sewage Farming on Soil Quality"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23701.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/other/23701/comparative-study-of-different-sewage-farming-on-soil-quality/avinash-dwivedi
A report on Groundwater quality studies in Malwa region of Punjab, MUKTSARIJERA Editor
Punjab is the most cultivated state in India with the highest consumption of fertilizers. Muktsar district is one of them. Economy of the district is based on the Agriculture crops and 80% population of the district is engaged in Agriculture. Sri Muktsar Sahib is situated in the cotton belt of Punjab. Paddy, Wheat, Sugarcane, Oilseeds, Pulses and vegetables are also cultivated in this area. This paper highlights the analysis of groundwater quality parameters and compares its suitability for irrigation and drinking purpose. Water samples were collected from hand-pumps at different depth in October 2010. . Water samples were analysed for almost all major cations, anions, dissolved heavy metals and turbidity. parameters like total hardness, EC, magnesium ratio, were calculated on the basis of chemical data. A questionnaire was also used to investigate perception of villagers on taste and odour. The heavy metals studied in industrial area of Muktsar were Mercury, arsenic and lead. Comparison of the concentration of the chemical constituents with WHO (world health organization) drinking water standards of 2004 , ICMR limits and various classifications show that present status of groundwater in Muktsar is not suitable for drinking. Higher totalhardness (TH) and total dissolved solids at numerous places indicate the unsuitability of groundwater for drinking and irrigation. Results obtained in this forms baseline data for the utility of groundwater. No clear correlation between the quality parameters studied here and perceived quality in terms of satisfactory taste response were obtained at electrical conductivity values higher than the threshold minimum acceptable value.
Geographical Analysis of the Challenges and Opportunities Facing Jharkhand's ...AI Publications
India is a land of rivers having prevalently a farming-based economy. Agriculture is the fundamental supporter of most of the general population in India and water is the most significant contribution to crop generation. The accomplishment of agriculture relies on the sufficiency and timely event of precipitation. Yet, the precipitation in India is frequently meagre, uneven and there is indeed, even all out disappointment in certain districts and during certain periods. Downpour is bound to a couple of months in a year and it shifts from year to year and district to-area which makes enormous pieces of the nation defenceless against drought. In this manner, natural distribution of water is lacking both spatially and transiently. Aside from the distinction in money saving advantage of good irrigation in various mouzas and diverse irrigation systems, the spatial example is likewise uneven at small scale level for example one irrigation framework to another irrigation framework. The Z-Score an incentive if there should be an occurrence of Co-employable RLI (+1.80) scored most astounding which shows the greatest net benefit for boro development. The most minimal score which is seen in the STW (leased) (- 1.42) poor inundated zone shows minimal benefit for boor development.
Assessment of Growth and Yield Performance of Twelve Different Rice Varieties...AI Publications
The present investigation entitled “Assessment of growth and yield performance of twelve different rice varieties under north Konkan coastal zone of Maharashtra” was carried out during the kharif season of the year 2021 and 2022 on the field of ASPEE, Agricultural Research and Development Foundation, Tansa Farm, At Nare, Taluka Wada, District Palghar, Maharashtra, India. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD). The twelve varieties namely Zini, Jaya, Dandi, Rahghudya, Govindbhog, Dangi, Gurjari, VNR-7, VNR-8, VNR-9, Karjat-3, and Karjat-5 were replicated thrice. The plant height (cm), number of tillers per plant, number of panicles per plant, number of panicles (m²), and length of panicle (cm) were noted to the maximum with cv. “VNR-7”. The highest number of seeds per panicle, test weight (gm), grain yield (q/ha), and straw yield (q/ha) were recorded with the cv. “VNR-7”. While the lowest number of days to 50% flowering was also recorded with cv. “VNR-7” during the year 2021 and 2022.
Productivity of some forage grasses under foliar sprinkler irrigation and fol...Innspub Net
Field experiment was conducted during 2013/2014 and 2015 seasons was aimed to evaluate productivity of Rhodes and Blue panic grasses as well as Alfalfa under sprinkler irrigation with foliar application of potassium nitrate that enable plants to cope with water stress. Each two forage grasses beside alfalfa were conducted in separate experiments. Irrigation every 10 days surpassed in total chlorophyll, leaf area, plant height, number of stems/m 2 , forage green yield/fed and forage dry matter yield/fed than those irrigated every 20 days. Highest percentages of water use efficiency, crude fiber and nitrogen free extract as well as yield/fed of crude protein, crude fiber, ether extract, ash and nitrogen free extract were produced from irrigation every 7 days. However, highest percentages of crude protein, ether extract and ash were produced from irrigation every 14 days. Forage species significantly differed on total chlorophyll, leaf area/plant, plant height, average of number of stem/cm 2 , forage green yield/fed and forage dry matter yield/fed. A significant effect due to forage species on percentages of water use efficiency, crude protein and fiber, extracting ether, ash and nitrogen free extract and nitrogen free extract as well as crude fiber, extracting ether, ash and nitrogen free extract yield/fed. Sown Rhodes grass produced maximum forage green and forage dry matter yield/fed and its quality compared with other studied forage crops. Foliar spraying of potassium nitrate at 15 ppm significantly increased total chlorophyll, leaf area, plant height, number of stems/m 2 , forage green and forage dry matter yield/fed. The results showed that highest percentages of water use efficiency, crude protein, crude fiber and ether extract, and nitrogen free extract and nitrogen free extract as well as crude fiber, extracting ether, ash and nitrogen free extract yield/fed. It could be stated that irrigation every 10 days and sown Rhodes grass and foliar spraying of potassium nitrate at 15 ppm maximized forage green and forage dry matter yield/fed. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/ijaar/productivity-of-some-forage-grasses-under-foliar-sprinkler-irrigation-and-foliar-application-of-potassium-nitrate-under-salinity-stress/
Enhancing Productivity and Livelihoods among Smallholders Irrigations through...Jenkins Macedo
This field research was presented at the 2015 3rd Global Conference on Climate-Smart Agriculture in Montpelier, France on March 18, 2015.
Climate change and climate variability pose significant risks to smallholders in the rainfed lowlands of Lao PDR. Increased surface temperatures, declining rainfall, persistent drought and depletion of soil nutrients all serve to impact agricultural productivity and livelihoods. This study investigates the impact of five treatments on soil nutrients, moisture, plant growth, and yield of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica). The treatments tested were rice husk biochar only, biochar inoculated with manure, manure tea, inorganic fertilizer and the control. The costs and benefits of the treatments were also assessed. The randomized complete block design was used to assign five treatments and eight replications to the experimental units. Biochar was produced through slow pyrolysis. Soil physical properties were assessed with the visual soil assessment method and 15-randomized soil samples were collected for chemical analyses. Sprinklers were used for irrigation and a weather station installed to monitor the climate. Descriptive statistics and analysis of variance were used to analyze the data. Costs-benefits evaluation of the treatments was conducted to determine the net benefits relative to the initial costs ratio. The analysis of variance of mean yield indicates that the difference in yield among the treatments was highly significant. The computed F value (8.28) was higher than the F critical (2.64) at the 5% level of significance. The calculated coefficient of variance of mean yield was 17.33%. The net benefits to initial costs ratio of treatments suggest that the control (4.11), biochar inoculated with manure plus NPK (1.64), and biochar plus manure tea (1.01) are preferred. The net benefits and initial costs evaluation of treatments is important to assess whether utilizing these treatments would impact smallholders’ livelihoods. The results of this study contribute to the evidence that biochar could play an essential role to mitigate climate change risks by enhancing soil quality and increase agricultural productivity.
Effects of different irrigation and fertilization treatments on growth and yi...Premier Publishers
The experiment was implemented during the autumn season 2013, to study the effect of three methods of irrigation and fertilization on the development and yield of the potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cv Rivera. Two methods of drip irrigation (putting the pipe at the bottom and at the top of furrows) and furrow irrigation with three types of fertilizers (chemical fertilizer at rate of 300 kg urea, 180 kg superphosphate triple, 240 kg potassium sulphate per hectare) and organic fertilizer at 30 kg.100 m2 -1 with half amount of the chemical fertilizers mentioned. The organic fertilizers were added in two ways: by scattering dry fertilizer and irrigation with fertilizer solution near plant roots. Results showed that the highest total water content of leaves was 86.665%, leaf area 2285 cm2, roots dry weight 13.60 g., average tuber weight 69.56 g., and the percentage of dry matter in tubers 19.26% was produced from applying organic fertilizer by irrigation, whereas the highest total tubers yield was 16.345 tons.ha-1 and water use efficiency 9.855 kg. ha-1 resulted from organic fertilizer by scattering method, also the treatment of drip irrigation by putting the pipe at the top of the furrows was superior in all studied parameters except the average tuber weight and total soluble solids compared with the other two treatments.
STUDY OF GROUND WATER QUALITY OF ARSIKERE TOWN AND SURROUNDING AREAS, HASSAN,...Journal For Research
Water, which occurs below the water table, is referred to as groundwater. Ground water is usually cool, colourless and free from turbidity. Ground water is used for agricultural, industrial, household, recreational and environmental activities all over the world. In the last few decades, there has been tremendous increase in the demand for fresh water due to rapid growth of population and accelerated pace of industrialization (Devi and Premkumar, 2012) which has resulted in the deterioration of quality of groundwater. Since the quality of public health depends to a greater extent on the quality of drinking water, it is incumbent that detailed information about the quality of water be systematically collected and monitored regularly through research and scientific way for sustainable development. Determination of physico-chemical parameters of water is essential for assessing the suitability of groundwater for various purposes like drinking, domestic, industrial and irrigation. The ground water quality may also vary with seasonal changes and is primarily governed by the extent and composition of dissolved solids. In view of the above aspects, the ground water pollution studies of Arsikere town and its surrounding areas is more important. In addition to the anthropogenic activities, the availability of potable water resources is being deteriorated by agricultural activities and over exploitation. Hence, it needs the study on the status of ground water quality in Arsikere.
The effect of vermicompost stimulator Trichoderma sp. and local liquid microo...Open Access Research Paper
The importance of this research is to increase public awareness about local resources that can be utilized for healthier and more sustainable agriculture. This research can be a recommendation to reduce soil damage due to synthetic chemical fertilizers as well as an alternative when farmers have trouble about rare fertilizers in Indonesia. This research used an experimental method with experiments in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of 45 Mataram. The design used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with a factorial experiment. The first factor is vermicompost with 5 levels, and second factor is Local Liquid Microorganisms (M) which consists of 5 levels. The results showed that the treatment with the addition vermicompost could significantly increase the growth and yield of lettuce. The best wet weight yield was 14.53 grams per plant, obtained with the addition 7kgs of vermicompost, while the yield of 5.67 grams per plant was obtained without the addition vermicompost so that the increase in yield was 156.26%. Liquid water hyacinth local microorganisms have not been able to give a significant effect on the growth and yield of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L). The yield of wet weight of 14.17 grams per plant was obtained with the addition of liquid water hyacinth local microorganisms 8 cc/liter of water while the yield of 11.50 grams per plant was obtained without the addition local liquid microorganisms of water hyacinth. The interaction between vermicompost and local liquid microorganism’s water hyacinth has not had a significant effect.
Effect of organic and inorganic amendments for enhancing health of ravinous s...Harihar8
The experiment will be conducted in earthen pots ( medium size ) and the amendments will be applied to each pot as per treatment there will be 12 treatment in three replications and there will be 36 pots in all. The soil of ravines will be filled ( 7.5 kg ) will be incubated at field moisture content for one month to complete the soil reaction / decomposition. After one month the seeds (10) of testing crop (oat) will be placed and after harvest of the crop soil will be analyzed for different physio-chemical properties.
ISSN 2321 – 9602
It appears that you are providing information about the publication process of IAJAVS International Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Science. it seems to prioritize a fast publication schedule while maintaining rigorous peer review of the journals in research.
Author: Norman Uphoff
Title: Agroecological Management of Soil Systems for Food, Water, Climate Resilience, and Biodiversity
Date: December 6, 2019
Presented at: The Knowledge Dialogue on the Occasion of World Soil Day
Venue: United Nations, New York
Effect of crop residue management on soil qualityRAJESWARI DAS
Crop residue management is very important for environmental safety as well as agricultural sustainability. Hence this presentation is dealing with various crop residue management options especially in rice based cropping system and its effect on soil quality.
There is a great contamination of water, soil, air, soil erosion, pest resistance
and extensive use of chemical fertilizers cause a turn to induce agriculture for
producing safe and clean products. For this purpose, by using natural materials like
algae on the beach, organic and environmentally friendly fertilizer was prepared. In
this investigation effect of Seaweed Liquid Fertilizer (SLF) of Ulva fasciata at
concentrations of 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% on some parameters of wheat
(Triticum aestivum var. chamran) has been investigated. Based on the results, above
algae can be used as a food supplement solution in the form of foliar spray at 2.5%
concentration with a significant increase in morphological and biochemical indices.
Similar to Growth and yield of tomato, Napier grass and sugarcane crops as influenced by wastewater irrigation in Mysore, Karnataka, India (20)
Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pe...Premier Publishers
In Benin, chilli pepper is a widely consumed as vegetable whose production requires the use of performant varieties. This work assessed, at Parakou and Malanville, the performance of six F1 hybrids of chilli including five imported (Laali, Laser, Nandi, Kranti, Nandita) and one local (De cayenne), in completely randomized block design at four replications and 15 plants per elementary plot. Agro-morphological data were collected and submitted to analysis of variance and factor analysis of mixed data. The results showed the effects of variety, location and their interactions were highly significant for most of the growth, earliness and yield traits. Imported hybrid varieties showed the best performances compared to the local one. Multivariate analysis revealed that 'De cayenne' was earlier, short in size, thin-stemmed, red fruits and less yielding (≈ 1 t.ha-1). The imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1 were of strong vegetative vigor, more yielding (> 6 t.ha-1) by developing larger, long and hard fruits. Other hybrids showed intermediate performances. This study highlighted the importance of imported hybrids in improving yield and preservation of chili fruits. However, stability and adaptation analyses to local conditions are necessary for their adoption.
An Empirical Approach for the Variation in Capital Market Price Changes Premier Publishers
The chances of an investor in the stock market depends mainly on some certain decisions in respect to equilibrium prices, which is the condition of a system competing favorably and effectively. This paper considered a stochastic model which was latter transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equation where stock volatility was used as a key parameter. The analytical solution was obtained which determined the equilibrium prices. A theorem was developed and proved to show that the proposed mathematical model follows a normal distribution since it has a symmetric property. Finally, graphical results were presented and the effects of the relevant parameters were discussed.
Influence of Nitrogen and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Chia (Salvia hispani...Premier Publishers
Chia is an emerging cash crop in Kenya and its production is inhibited by lack of agronomic management information. A field experiment was conducted in February-June and May-August 2021, to determine the influence of nitrogen and spacing on growth and yield of Chia. A randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement was used with four nitrogen rates as the main plots (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha-1) and three spacing (30 cm x 15 cm (s1), 30 cm x 30 cm (s2), 50 cm x 50 cm (s3)). Application of 120 kg N ha-1 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth and seed yield of Chia. Stem height, branches, stem diameter and leaves increased by 23-28%, 11-13%, 43-55% and 59-88% respectively. Spacing s3 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth. An increase of 27-74%, 36-45% and 73-107% was recorded in number of leaves, stem diameter and dry weight, respectively. Chia yield per plant was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in s3. However, when expressed per unit area, s1 significantly produced higher yields. The study recommends 120 kg N ha-1 or higher nitrogen rates and a closer spacing of 15 cm x 30 cm as the best option for Chia production in Kenya.
Enhancing Social Capital During the Pandemic: A Case of the Rural Women in Bu...Premier Publishers
Social capital plays an essential role in empowering people for social and economic change even during the pandemic. A livelihood project of the government was implemented among the members of a women’s association of a disadvantaged upland community in Bukidnon province, Southern Philippines for inclusive development. This study was conducted to determine the influence of some socio-economic attributes and the change in the knowledge level on the social capital of the rural women amidst the pandemic. The activities of the project were implemented considering the health protocols imposed by the government during the health crisis. The findings revealed that the trainings conducted resulted to a positive change in the knowledge level among the rural women. This facilitated the production of vegetables for their households and generated additional income very necessary during the pandemic especially that other economic activities were hindered. Similarly, there was a significant increase in the social capital of the rural women during the last two years. The main occupation, sources of income and their ethnicity significantly influenced the social capital of the rural women. The rural development workers and policymakers must consider the social capital of the group in the implementation of poverty alleviation programs.
Impact of Provision of Litigation Supports through Forensic Investigations on...Premier Publishers
This paper presents an argument through the fraud triangle theory that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases is adequate for effective prosecution of perpetrators as well as corporate fraud prevention. To support this argument, this study operationalized provision of litigation supports through forensic audit and investigations, data mining for trends and patterns, and fraud data collection and preparation. A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the population of professional accountants and legal practitioners in Nigeria. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection and this was mailed to the respective respondents. Resulting responses were analyzed using the OLS multiple regression techniques via the SPSS statistical software. The results reveal that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations, fraud data mining for trends and patterns and fraud data collection and preparation for court proceedings have a positive and significant impact on corporate fraud prevention in Nigeria. This study therefore recommends that regulators should promote the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases in publicly listed firms in Nigeria, as this will help provide reports that are acceptable in court proceedings.
Improving the Efficiency of Ratio Estimators by Calibration WeightingsPremier Publishers
It is observed that the performances of most improved ratio estimators depend on some optimality conditions that need to be satisfied to guarantee better estimator. This paper develops a new approach to ratio estimation that produces a more efficient class of ratio estimators that do not depend on any optimality conditions for optimum performance using calibration weightings. The relative performances of the proposed calibration ratio estimators are compared with a corresponding global [Generalized Regression (GREG)] estimator. Results of analysis showed that the proposed calibration ratio estimators are substantially superior to the traditional GREG-estimator with relatively small bias, mean square error, average length of confidence interval and coverage probability. In general, the proposed calibration ratio estimators are more efficient than all existing estimators considered in the study.
Urban Liveability in the Context of Sustainable Development: A Perspective fr...Premier Publishers
Urbanization and quality of urban life are mutually related and however it varies geographically and regionally. With unprecedented growth of urban centres, challenge against urban development is more in terms of how to enhance quality of urban life and liveability. Making sense of and measuring urban liveability of urban places has become a crucial step in the context of sustainable development paradigm. Geographical regions depict variations in nature of urban development and consequently level of urban liveability. The coastal regain of West Bengal faces unusual challenges caused by increasing urbanization, uncontrolled growth, and expansion of economic activities like tourism and changing environmental quality. The present study offers a perspective on urban liveability of urban places located in coastal region comprising of Purba Medinipur and South 24 Parganas districts. The study uses the liveability standards covering four major pillars- institutional, social, economic and physical and their indicators. This leads to develop a City Liveability Index to rank urban places of the region, higher the index values better the urban liveability. The data for the purpose is collected from various secondary sources. Study finds that the eastern coastal region of the country covering state of West Bengal depicts variations in index of liveability determined by physical, economic, social and institutional indicators.
Transcript Level of Genes Involved in “Rebaudioside A” Biosynthesis Pathway u...Premier Publishers
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant which has recently been used widely as a sweetener. This medicinal plant has some components such as diterpenoid glycosides called steviol glycosides [SGs]. Rebaudioside A is a diterpenoid steviol glycoside which is 300 times sweeter than table sugar. This study was done to investigate the effect of GA3 (50 mg/L) on the expression of 14 genes involved in Rebaudioside A biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro conditions. The expression of DXS remarkably decreased by day 3. Also, probably because of the negative feedback of GA3 on MEP-drived isoprenes, GGDS transcript level reached its lowest amount after GA3 treatment. The abundance of DXR, CMS, CMK, MCS, and CDPS transcripts showed a significant increase at various days after this treatment. A significant drop in the expression levels of KS and UGT85C2 is detected during the first day. However, expression changes of HDR and KD were not remarkable. Results revealed that the level of transcript of UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 up regulated significantly 4 and 2 times higher than control, respectively. However, more research needs to shed more light on the mechanism of GA3 on gene expression of MEP pathway.
Multivariate Analysis of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones on Mor...Premier Publishers
Information on genetic variability for biochemical characters is a prerequisite for improvement of tea quality. Thirteen introduced tea clones characterized with objective; assessing tea clones based on morphological characters at Melko and Gera research stations. The study was conducted during 2017/18 cropping season on experimental plots in RCBD with three replications. Data recorded on morphological traits like days from pruning to harvest, height to first branch, stem diameter, leaf serration density, leaf length, leaf width, leaf size, petiole length, leaf ratio, internode length, shoot length, number of shoot, canopy diameter, hundred shoot weight, fresh leaf yield per tree. Cluster analysis of morphological trait grouped into four clusters indicated, the existence of divergence among the tested clones. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters I and IV (35.27) while the minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (7.8).Principal components analysis showed that the first five principal components with eigenvalues greater than one accounted 86.45% for 15 morphological traits. Generally, the study indicated presence of variability for several morphological traits. However, high morphological variation between clones is not a guarantee for a high genetic variation; therefore, molecular studies need to be considered as complementary to biochemical studies.
Causes, Consequences and Remedies of Juvenile Delinquency in the Context of S...Premier Publishers
This research work was designed to examine nature of juvenile offences committed by juveniles, causes of juvenile delinquency, consequences of juvenile delinquency and remedies for juvenile delinquency in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa with specific reference to Eritrea. Left unchecked, juvenile delinquents on the streets engage in petty theft, take alcohol or drugs, rape women, rob people at night involve themselves in criminal gangs and threaten the public at night. To shed light on the problem of juvenile delinquency in the Sub-Saharan region data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A sample size of 70 juvenile delinquents was selected from among 112 juvenile delinquents in remand at the Asmara Juvenile Rehabilitation Center in the Eritrean capital. The study was carried out through coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 70 juvenile delinquents. The survey evidence indicates that the majority of the juvenile respondents come either from families constructed by unmarried couples or separated or divorced parents where largely the father is missing in the home or dead. The findings also indicate that children born out of wedlock, families led by single mothers, lack of fatherly role models, poor parental-child relationships and negative peer group influence as dominant causes of juvenile infractions. The implication is that broken and stressed families are highly likely to be the breeding grounds for juvenile delinquency. The survey evidence indicates that stealing, truancy or absenteeism from school, rowdy or unruly behavior at school, free-riding in public transportation, damaging the book of fellow students and beating other young persons are the most common forms of juvenile offenses. It is therefore, recommended that parents and guardians should exercise proper parental supervision and give adequate care to transmit positive societal values to children. In addition, the government, the police, prosecution and courts, non-government organizations, parents, teachers, religious leaders, education administrators and other stakeholders should develop a child justice system that strives to prevent children from entering deeper into the criminal justice process.
The Knowledge of and Attitude to and Beliefs about Causes and Treatments of M...Premier Publishers
Stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness are a common occurrence in the Sub-Saharan region including Eritrea. Numerous studies from Sub-Saharan Africa suggest that stigma and discrimination are major problems in the community, with negative attitudes and behavior towards people with mental illness being widespread. In order to assess the whether such negative attitudes persist in the context of Eritrea this study explored the knowledge and perceptions of 90 Eritrean university students at the College of Business and Economics, the University of Asmara regarding the causes and remedies of mental illness A qualitative method involving coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 90 university students to collecting data at the end of 2019. The survey evidence points that almost 50% of the respondents had contact with a mentally ill person suggesting that the significant number of the respondents experienced a first-hand encounter and knowledge of mental illness in their family and community. The findings show an overall greater science-based understanding of the causes of mental illness to be followed by recommended psychiatric treatments. The survey evidence indicates that the top three leading causes of mental illness in the context of Eritrea according to the respondents are brain disease (76%), bad events in the life of the mentally ill person (66%) and substance abuse or alcohol taking, smoking, taking drugs like hashish. (54%). The majority of the respondents have a very sympathetic and positive outlook towards mentally ill persons suggesting that mentally illness does not simply affect a chosen individual rather it can happen to anybody regardless of economic class, social status, ethnicity race and religion. Medical interventions cited by the majority of the respondents as being effective treatments for mental illness centered on the idea that hospitals and clinics for treatment and even cures for psychiatric disease. Changing perceptions of mental illnesses in Eritrea that paralleled the very caring and sympathetic attitudes of the sample university students would require raising public awareness regarding mental illness through education, using the mass media to raise public awareness, integrating mental health into the primary health care system, decentralizing mental health care services to increase access to treatment and providing affordable service to maintain positive treatment outcomes.
Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean ...Premier Publishers
An investigation was carried out at Kogi State University Student Research and Demonstration farm Anyigba during the 2019 wet season to observe the effect of phosphorus and zinc on the growth, nodulation and yield of soybean. The treatments comprised three levels: phosphorus and zinc (0, 30 and 60 kg P2O5/ha; 0, 5 and 10kg Zn/ha) and two varieties TGX 536 – 02D and Samsoy 2. The investigation revealed that application of phosphorus affected growth, nodulation, yield and some yield components of soybean while zinc application, apart from the plant height, which is reduced significantly, had no significant effect on other growth characters, nodulation, yield and yield components. However, it was generally found to decrease most of the characters. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest growth and yield, while 30 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest nodulation. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha significantly increased yield to 1.9t/ha, which was significantly higher over the control plots, which gave 1.7t/ha. Crude protein and oil contents of the seeds were not significantly affected by phosphorus application but were significantly affected by zinc application, which significantly decreased protein content as its amount an increase from 0 to 10 kg/ha, and significantly increased oil content from 0 to 5kg/ha and decreased it below 5kg/ha. It was also revealed that the two varieties responded similarly to phosphorus and zinc in terms of growth, grain yield and crude protein content of the seeds.
Influence of Harvest Stage on Yield and Yield Components of Orange Fleshed Sw...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Adami Tullu Agricultural Research Center in 2018 under rainfed condition with supplementary irrigation to determine the influence of harvest stage on vine yield and tuberous root yield of orange fleshed sweet potato varieties. The experiment consisted of four harvest stages (105, 120, 135 and 150 days after planting) and Kulfo, Tulla and Guntute varieties. A 4 X 3 factorial experiment arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Interaction of harvest stage and variety significantly influenced above ground fresh biomass, vine length, marketable tuberous root weight per hectare, commercial harvest index and harvest index. The highest mean values of above ground fresh biomass (66.12 t/ha) and marketable tuberous root weight (56.39 t/ha) were produced by Guntute variety harvested at 135 days after planting. Based on the results, it can be recommended that, farmers of the study area can grow Guntute variety by harvesting at 135 days after planting to obtain optimum vine and tuberous root yields.
Performance evaluation of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) and variability study...Premier Publishers
This study aimed at assessing genetic variability and to evaluate the performance of 13 improved upland rice varieties for yield and its components based on morphological traits. The field experiment was conducted using a randomized block design at Guraferda and Gimbo districts in the 2019 main cropping season. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) over the two locations revealed significant differences (p≤ 0.05) among varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, panicle length, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield. Similarly, the ANOVA for variety by location interactions depicted significant differences among the tested varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, and thousand-grain weight. High heritability was obtained from days to heading (88.5%), panicle length (85.0%), and grain yield (85.2%), which indicates these traits can be easily improved through selection. High to medium broad sense heritability and genetic advance as percentage of the mean for days to heading, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield indicates a good opportunity for improvement through selection using their phenotypic performance. This is mainly due to the high role of additive gene action in the expression of such traits. This study confirmed the presence of variability among varieties for most of the studied traits, which will create an opportunity for breeders to improve rice yield and other attributes.
Response of Hot Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) to Deficit Irrigation in Bennatse...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted at Enchete kebele in Benna-Tsemay Woreda, South Omo Zone to evaluate the response of hot pepper to deficit irrigation on yield and water productivity under furrow irrigation system. The experiment comprised four treatments (100 % of ETc, 85% of ETc, 70 % of ETc and 50% of ETc), respectively. The experiment was laid out in RCBD and replicated four times. The two years combined yield results indicated that, the maximum total yield (20.38 t/ha) was obtained from 100% ETc while minimum yield (12.92 t/ha) was obtained from 50% of ETc deficit irrigation level. The highest WUE 5.22 kg/ha mm-1 was obtained from 50% of ETc. Treatment of 100% ETc irrigation application had highest benefit cost ratio (4.5) than all others treatments. Applying 50% of ETc reduce the yield by 37% when compared to 100 % ETc. Accordingly, to achieve maximum hot pepper yield in areas where water is not scarce, applying 100% ETc irrigation water application level throughout whole growing season under furrow irrigation system is recommended. But, in the study area water scarcity is the major limiting factor for crop production. So, it is possible to get better yield and water productivity of hot pepper when we apply 85% ETc irrigation water throughout growing season under furrow irrigation system.
Harnessing the Power of Agricultural Waste: A Study of Sabo Market, Ikorodu, ...Premier Publishers
Nigeria is still burdened with huge responsibilities of waste disposal because the potential for benefits of proper waste management is yet to be harnessed. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. It is estimated that about 998 million tons of agricultural waste is produced yearly in the country with organic wastes amounting to 80 percent of the total solid wastes. This can be categorized into biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. The Sabo market was treated as a study case with the adoption of in-depth examinations of the facility, animals and products for sale and waste generated. A combination of experimental, interviews (qualitative) and design simulation (for final phase) was adopted to extract, verify and analyse the data generated from the study. Animal waste samples were subjected to compositional and fibre analysis with results showing that the sample has high potency for biogas production. Biodegradable Wastes are human and animal excreta, agricultural and all degradable wastes. Availability of high quantity of waste generated being organic in Sabo market allows the use of anaerobic digestion to be proposed as a waste to energy technology due to its feasibility for conversion of moist biodegradable wastes into biogas. The study found that at peak supply period during the Islamic festivities, a conservative 300tonnes of animal waste is generated during the week which translates to over 800kilowatts of electricity.
Influence of Conferences and Job Rotation on Job Productivity of Library Staf...Premier Publishers
The general purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of conferences and job rotation on job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria. The survey research design was used for this study using questionnaire as an instrument for data collection. This study covered the entire population of 661. Out of these, 501 copies of the questionnaire representing 75.8% were duly completed and returned for analysis. Student’s t-test was used to analyze the research questions. The finding showed that conferences had no significant influence on the job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F cal= 7.86; t-vale =6.177; p >0.005). Finding also showed that job rotation significantly influences job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F-cal value= 18.65; t-value = 16.225; P<0.05). This study recommended that, government should ensure that library staff participate in conferences with themes and topics that are relevant to the job they perform and also ensure that there should be proper evaluation and feedback mechanism which aimed to ensuring control and minimize abuse of their development opportunities. Again, there should be written statement of objectives in order to sustain job rotation programmes. Also, that training and development needs of library staff must be identified and analyzed before embarking on job rotation processes as this would help to build skills, competences, specialization and high job productivity.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Structure and Composition of Urinary Calculi of...Premier Publishers
Microscopic examination of urine samples collected from geriatric dogs revealed increased numbers of erythrocytes, leucocytes, epithelial cells and pus cells along with casts, bacteria, spermatozoa and crystals of various shapes. Among the different crystals, triple phosphate or struvite were predominant, followed by calcium oxalate dihydrate, calcium oxalate monohydrate and ammonium urate or biurate. The struvite crystals were, coffin-lid shape and while calcium oxalate dihydrate were octahedron or envelope and monohydrate crystals demonstrated “picket fence” and “dumbbell” and “hemp seed” appearance. Brown or yellow-brown spherical bodies with irregular borders with thorn-apple appearance were shown by ammonium urate or biurate crystals. SEM aspects of magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals revealed perpendicular columnar strata, few with scattered hexa or octa-hedral coffin-lid shaped crystals and calcium phosphate crystals were like cracked eggshells. Presence of wavy phases with sundry areas (uric acid), picket fence (calcium oxalate monohydrate) and typical envelope (calcium oxalate dehydrate) were electron microscopic appearance of various crystals.
Gentrification and its Effects on Minority Communities – A Comparative Case S...Premier Publishers
This paper does a comparative analysis of four global cities and their minority districts which have been experiencing the same structural pressure of gentrification. The main contribution of this paper is providing a detailed comparison of four micro geographies worldwide and the impacts of gentrification on them: Barrio Logan in San Diego, Bo-Kaap in Cape Town, the Mission District in San Francisco, and the Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus District in Vienna. All four cities have been experiencing the displacement of minority communities due to increases in property values. These cities were chosen because their governments enacted different policies to temper the gentrification process. It was found that cities which implemented social housing and cultural inclusionary policies were more successful in maintaining the cultural and demographic make-up of the districts.
Oil and Fatty Acid Composition Analysis of Ethiopian Mustard (Brasicacarinata...Premier Publishers
The experiments was conducted at Holetta Agricultural Research Center, to analyze forty nine Ethiopian Mustard land races for oil and fatty acid composition traits The experiment was carried out in a simple lattice design. The analysis of variance showed that there were highly significant differences among genotypes for all oil and fatty acid traits compared. The significant difference indicates the existence of genetic variability among the land races which is important for improvement
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
2. Growth and yield of tomato, Napier grass and sugarcane crops as influenced by wastewater irrigation in Mysore, Karnataka, India
Alghobar et al. 069
Irrigation of rose flowers plants by raw wastewater
(RWW) every three days showed higher flower yields per
plant and improved flower quality parameters. RWW
frequencies imposed higher macro and micro nutrient
levels in leaves of rose plants (Rusan et al., 2008). The
results of Aghtape et al. (2011) and Tavassoli et al.
(2010) experiments showed that irrigation with
wastewater significantly increased the fresh and dry
forage yield of corn than that of irrigation with well water.
Abu Nada (2009) undertook study to assess the long
term impacts of wastewater irrigation on different
parameters of soil and crop. Long term wastewater
irrigation increased salt, organic matter and plant
nutrients in both soil layers. Alfalfa yield increased as
long as the period of wastewater irrigation continued.
Alfalfa yield from wastewater irrigation was 240% higher
than that from groundwater irrigation in the first year.
Nadav et al. (2013) indicated that the physico-chemical
properties of soils were altered by wastewater irrigation,
as a result of long-term accumulation of organic matter in
the soil profiles. High level of organic matter in
wastewater acts as cement for the building up of soil
aggregates. Therefore, lower bulk density and higher
infiltration and water retention are the main features
under wastewater irrigation. However, suspended solids
in wastewater negatively affect the soil porosity. Khurana
and Singh (2012) summarized the available data on
chemical composition of different wastewaters and their
effects on soil fertility, soil heavy-metal content, crop yield
and quality. Field application of all types of wastewaters
significantly increased soil OC percentage and cation
exchange capacity (CEC).
Biswas et al. (2015) assessed the feasibility of using low-
cost filtered municipal wastewater for irrigation of red
amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor L cv. Surma). The
average plant height for T5 (8.097 in.) irrigated with
municipal wastewater was statistically identical to the
control (water from ponds and rivers). Gatta et al. (2015)
observed that the source of irrigation water did not affect
significantly tomato yield traits except tomato quality. Also
marketable fruit yield was higher with wastewater
compared to that from groundwater. According to Jou et
al. (2015) a 3-year monitoring of some parameters of
plant and leaves of olive trees in Crete, Greece was
conducted using trees being irrigated with both sewage
water and tape water. Plant growth was similar
irrespective of irrigation sources as indicated by
measured trunk diameter and plant height. In addition, no
significant differences in leaf mineral contents were
observed. Mahesh et al. (2015) reported that in many
urban and peri-urban areas of India, wastewater is less
considered as a major water resource for agricultural
purpose. The integrated approach showed that the
change in the total irrigated area was marginal over the
decade, whereas there was a distinct shift in cropping
patterns from paddy rice to paragrass and leafy
vegetables.
Nissim et al. (2015) showed that municipal wastewater
could be a valuable source of nutrients (especially N and
P) and water for plant growth. Wastewater Irrigation had
a positive effect on willow growth and biomass yield.
Gupta et al. (2015) evaluated the effect of irrigation
schedules of domestic wastewater on growth and yield of
fodder sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) in Karnal
(Haryana). Irrigation with wastewater resulted in
significant (P<0.05) increase in plant height, number of
leaves per plant, leaf area index, leaf to stem (green and
dry) biomass and green fodder yield. A significant
(P<0.05) decrease in dry matter content was observed in
wastewater fed plots as compared to that of tube well
water. Bedbabis et al.(2015) studied the long-term effects
of irrigation with treated municipal wastewater on soil,
yield and olive oil quality in Tunisia. Treated wastewater
irrigation of Chemlali olive trees result in significant yield
increase when compared to yields from plot irrigated with
water.
The purpose of the present work was to study the status
of plant growth with wastewater irrigation in
Vidyaranyapuram area of Mysore city, Karnataka, India,
with respect to growth and yield as compared to that of
ground water irrigated crops.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study area is located in the suburban area in the
south western part of Mysore city, Karnataka, India, near
Vidyaranyapuram sewage treatment plant (latitude
12.273681 to 12.270031 N and longitude 76.650737 to
76.655947 E) where the facility was constructed in 2002
with an area of 27.21 sq. km and a sewer length of 7000
m. Locations were selected to get information on the
effect of wastewater on soil and tomato (Lycopersicon
esculentum L.), Napier grass (P. purpureum) and
sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) crops in Mysore
city. The study also covered the physico-chemical
characteristics of water samples collected from
Vidyaranyapuram sewage treatment plant station. More
than fifty percent of the wastewater handled by Mysore
city is received by Vidyaranyapuram Sewage Treatment
Plant. The total sewage generation of sewage treatment
plant is 67.75 million liters per day. It is a biological
treatment plant situated next to the solid waste disposal
area at the foot of Chamundi Hills; the treated wastewater
of Vidyaranyapuram sewage treatment plant directly
reaches the Kabini River. The treated sewage water is
pumped out after sewage treatment to field channels for
direct use as irrigation water; also the farmers use this
untreated wastewater for irrigating various crops.
Field surveys were carried out in and around Mysore city,
to collect water and plant samples. Water samples
collected from different sources included untreated
wastewater, treated wastewater and ground water. On
the whole the samples were collected from untreated
3. Growth and yield of tomato, Napier grass and sugarcane crops as influenced by wastewater irrigation in Mysore, Karnataka, India
World Res. J. Agric. Sci. 070
Table 1. Analyzed parameters for soil physical properties and methods were used for study of soil
Parameter Test method
Soil Texture % Mechanical analysis of soil by sieve method
Soil Color Munsell Soil Color Charts, 1954 edition
Determination of Cation Exchange
Capacity (CEC) Meq/100g
Determination of CEC by Ammonium Acetate method
Measurement of bulk density (Pb) of soil
g/cc
Determined using a clod by mercury displacement
method (Blake, 1985)
Calculation of porosity Calculation
wastewater, treated wastewater and ground water, along
with soil and crops samples from the fields irrigated with
these water sources.
The wastewater and ground water were analysed for
various, parameters of agricultural importance such as
pH, EC, nutrients and heavy metals as per standard
methods of APHA (2005). According to Soil and Plant
Analysis Laboratory Manual of International Center for
Agriculture Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA, 2001),
common soil physical measurements were conducted,
including particle size distribution, texture, porosity, bulk
density and infiltration rate as mentioned at Table 1.
Measuring plant growth and yield
Measurement of plant growth and yield of tomato, fodder
grass and sugarcane, grown on these fields and irrigated
with different water sources were done. The parameters
studied included plant height, number of leaves per plant,
stem diameter, tillers, primary branches, secondary
branches, flowers number/plant, number of fruits/plant,
total weight of fruit/plant, biomass, etc. Three replicates
were used for each treatment. Crop growth rate was
worked out as proposed by Hunt (1978).
Tomato crop growth and yield measurement
Five plants were selected at random from each replicate
treatment. The observations were recorded and the mean
values were statistically analyzed and expressed in
respective units. Height of plant was recorded from base
of the plant (fixed point) to the growing tip of the main
stem; the observations were recorded on five labeled
plants and are measured in centimeter. Fruits were
harvested at each picking and number of fruits obtained
from five plants was summed up. The average was
calculated and expressed as number of fruits per plant.
The average number of branches was counted at the end
of harvest stage and the observations were recorded
using five labeled plants and the average was worked out
and expressed in number. The mean fruit weight of five
fruits from each randomly selected observational plant
was during harvest period and the weight of fruit was
recorded by using electric balance and expressed as
gram/fruit. Five randomly selected plants were removed
from each treatment plot without damaging the roots and
washed to remove the soil particles. The samples were
kept in the air for drying, when the weight become stable,
the mean dry weight of the plants was calculated and
expressed as gram per plant.
Napier grass crop growth and yield measurement
All the measurements were recorded at harvest date
(eight weeks of re-growth), the recommended period for
feeding the Napier grass for animals. For collecting data
five plants were randomly and were uprooted from each
plot before harvesting for recording data. The total plant
height of Napier grass was determined basal by
recording circumference at 10 cm above ground level to
the top leaf by using measuring tape in cm. Total number
of leaves/plant was estimated from the tiller number/plant
and leaf number/tiller. The leaf length and width were
measured from five representative plants in each plot and
numbers of tillers per plant were calculated. Napier
fodder was harvested above the ground level (3-4 cm)
sample was taken for dry weight. Air dry weight dried
when was measured stability of weight was achieved and
recorded as gram per plant.
Sugarcane plant growth and yield measurement
For data collection five sugarcane plants from each
treatment were randomly selected for different
parameters, like cane length (cm), number of
nodes/cane, number of leaves, cane diameter (cm) and
cane weight (g). These were recorded according to the
procedure given by (Beadle, 1987). Millable cane height
of sugarcane plant was measured from the ground level
(base of plant) up to the highest visible transverse mark
below the green tops. The millable cane height was
measured by using a measuring and recorded tape in
cm. The numbers of visible nodes on five sample
sugarcane plants were counted by visual counting
method; the mean values obtained were recorded. The
average number of leaves was counted for five
sugarcane plants by visual counting method, the mean
values obtained were recorded and expressed in number.
The diameter of centrally located inter nodes was
measured by simple scale measuring method in
centimeter. The mean values obtained were calculated.
After harvesting millable cane green top was separated
4. Growth and yield of tomato, Napier grass and sugarcane crops as influenced by wastewater irrigation in Mysore, Karnataka, India
Alghobar et al. 071
Table 2. Parameters of physicochemical properties of waters used in the experiments
Parameter UWW TWW GW
pH 7.50 8.13 8.30
EC µS/cm 1032 1225 1099
DO mg/l Nil 2.3 6.9
COD mg/l 964 145 16
BOD mg/l 650 30 2
TDS mg/l 560 624 696
Ca mg/l 43.37 62.64 56.22
Mg mg/l 27.01 28.89 68.50
Na mg/l 48 60 56
K mg/l 24 20 20
CO3 mg/l Nil Nil 40
HCO3 mg/l 296 392 544
Cl mg/l 93 115 17
TN mg/l 78.4 61.6 0.56
TP mg/l 4.55 2.40 0.053
SO4 mg/l 24 20 52
Fe mg/l 2.93 2.48 0.075
Mn mg/l 0.157 0.041 0.043
Cu mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05
Zn mg/l 0.133 0.278 0.363
Cd mg/l 0.047 0.047 0.047
Ni mg/l 0.040 0.036 0.034
Pb mg/l 0.053 0.053 0.051
Co mg/l 0.055 0.054 0.054
Cr mg/l 0.032 0.031 0.032
from each other. The wet weight of millable cane per
plant was determined by electronic balance.
Statistical analysis
The recorded data were subjected to an analysis of
variance (ANOVA) as described by Steel et al. (1997).
Least significance difference test was applied to assess
significant differences between the means at 5% level of
probability. All statistical analyses were carried out using
the SAS program, Version 9.1 (SAS System, 2004).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Water quality parameters
Data presented in Table 2 show physico-chemical
properties of untreated wastewater (UWW), treated
wastewater (TWW) and ground water (GW), which were
used for irrigating of tomato, Napier grass and sugarcane
crops. The chemical parameters measured were
temperature, pH, EC, DO, COD, BOD, TDS, Ca, Mg, Na,
K, CO3, HCO3, Cl, N, P, S, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni, Pb,
Co and Cr. There were obvious differences in several
measured parameters when the results were compared
from between sites. The BOD and COD presented in
Table 2 show that UWW the values were very high when
compared to the FAO values (1992). The DO and TDS
content of UWW, TWW and GW were very low when
compared to the FAO values (1992).
The pH of UWW, TWW and GW were 7.50, 8.13 and
8.30 respectively. According to the FAO (1992) the
tolerance limit of pH of water samples for irrigation should
be 6.50 to 8.40. The EC values were 1032, 1225 and
1099 µS/cm, the range based on salinity classes of
irrigation waters (Environment Protection Authority 1991),
is 780-2340 µS/cm of irrigation water. It is not advisable
to use more saline water on soils with restricted drainage,
even with adequate drainage, best management practice
for salinity controls may be required, and the salt
tolerance of the plants to be irrigated must also to be
considered. The sewage water is an important source of
nutrients and can be used for irrigation under controlled
condition (Angin et al., 2005). Wastewater contains
considerable amounts of N (78.4 mg/l), P (4.55 mg/l), and
K (24 mg/l) which are considered as essential nutrients
for maintaining productivity levels (crops growth) and soil
fertility. All heavy metals analysed in irrigation water were
not at elevated levels except Cd, which was elevated in
wastewater and ground water (Table 2). In comparison
with the standard guideline for irrigation water
(FAO1992), it was found that the mean concentrations of
Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, Co, and Cr were within the safe
limits. The level of Cd is more than 4 times in the
irrigation water than the recommended level of 0.1 mg/l
as prescribed by FAO (1992).
5. Growth and yield of tomato, Napier grass and sugarcane crops as influenced by wastewater irrigation in Mysore, Karnataka, India
World Res. J. Agric. Sci. 072
Table 3. Physical parameters of soil samples of tomato, Napier grass and sugarcane
Crops Treatment Particle Size
distribution, %
Texture
class
Colour Bulk density
(g/cm³)
Calculation of
porosity %
CEC
Meq/100g
Sand Silt Clay
Tomato UWW 77.91 11.15 10.94 Sandy
Loam
Light
grey
1.57 41 16.27
TWW 84.03 9.89 6.08 Loamy
sand
Light
grey
1.67 37 13.76
GW 88.46 10.63 0.91 Sandy Red 1.54 42 5.12
Napier
grass
UWW 76.48 19.63 3.89 Loamy
Sand
Black 1.49 44 12.49
TWW 90.00 6.61 2.71 Sandy Light
grey
1.58 40 11.33
GW 89.34 7.29 3.37 Sandy Red 1.64 38 8.22
Sugarcane UWW 87.01 6 6.99 Loamy
sand
grey 1.65 38 13.93
TWW 88.61 10.78 0.61 Sandy grey 1.57 41 10.51
GW 89.97 7.91 2.13 Sandy Red 1.55 42 6.53
Physical parameter of soil
Trace metal mobility depends on soil characteristics
including soil pH and texture. Soil texture affects how well
nutrients and water are retained in the soil (Marcussen et
al., 2009). Hardy et al. (2013) reported that, sandy soils,
by nature, have low CEC, and little can be done to
change it. The CEC will vary with changes in soil pH,
organic matter and clay contents. The data on colour and
soil texture of soils are presented in (Table 3), the soils of
the sites are classified as red sandy soil in GW irrigated
soils used for tomato, fodder grass and sugarcane crops
while UWW and TWW irrigated soils were light gray
loamy sand and sandy loam, respectively, except UWW
irrigated soil used for fodder grass which is black loamy
sand. The colour of soils may be due to the organic
matter content in UWW and TWW.
The bulk density and porosity of soil samples were 1.54 -
1.67 g/cm³ for tomato soil (1.49 - 1.64 g/cm³) for fodder
grass and (1.55 - 1.65 g/cm³) for sugarcane. Porosity of
soils samples for tomato, Napier grass and sugarcane
were 37-42%, 38 - 44% and 38 - 42% respectively.
These results are in conformity with the findings of Tunc
and Sahin (2015), who through their study on soil
physical properties like (bulk density, particle density,
total porosity) observed that these are affected
significantly from wastewater irrigation to cauliflower and
red cabbage planting. Mollahoseini (2013) observed that
use of untreated wastewater increased bulk density of top
soil significantly (p<0.05). Several studies have shown
that wastewater irrigated soils have higher aggregate
stability and porosity and lower bulk density compared to
freshwater irrigated soils (Mojiri, 2011; Mojid and
Wyseure 2013; Vogeler, 2009). Nadav et al. (2013)
indicated that lower bulk density was obtained under
wastewater irrigation conditions. The suspended solids in
wastewater negatively affect soil porosity. Kumar and
Chopra (2013), revealed that, insignificant changes in
bulk density of the soil were observed after irrigation with
paper mill effluent. Kumar and Chopra (2011) found that
the effluent of the Doon distillery Dehradun (Uttarakhand)
increased bulk density of soil.
Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) was higher with UWW
and TWW as compared to control GW in soils of tomato,
Napier grass and sugarcane. The values of CEC for
UWW, TWW and GW irrigated soils were16.27, 13.76
and 5.12 Meq/100g for tomato, 12.49, 11.33 and 8.22
Meq/100g for Napier grass and13.93, 10.51 and 6.53
Meq/100g for sugarcane, respectively. From the data in
Table 4.2 it is clear that, the CEC concentration in soils
irrigated with wastewater was more as compared with
ground water. The sandy soil has a good permeability
and a low CEC (few exchange sites), retains less water
and naturally loses water as well as soluble salts from the
root zone (Kallel et al. 2012). A low CEC means the soil
has a low resistance to changes in soil chemistry that are
caused by land use (Hazelton and Murphy, 2007).
Khurana and Singh (2012) reported that, field application
of all types of wastewaters significantly increased soil
cation exchange capacity (CEC). Astera (2014) reveled
that; no clear effect could be established about
wastewater irrigation on CEC.
Effect of wastewater irrigation on growth and yield
characters of tomato
The effect of wastewater irrigation on growth and yield
parameters of tomato has been given in Figures 1 and 2
which include plant height, number of fruits/plant, dry
biomass (g)/plant, fruit mean weight and number of
branches/plant. From the Figure 1 it is evident that the
plant height, number of fruits/plant and dry biomass
g/plant were 78.46 cm, 45.88 and 15.49 g/plant in UWW
and 75.13 cm, 41.48 and 14.42 g/plant in TWW sites.
Whereas in control ground water GW the corresponding
6. Growth and yield of tomato, Napier grass and sugarcane crops as influenced by wastewater irrigation in Mysore, Karnataka, India
Alghobar et al. 073
Figure 1. Plant height, number of fruits/plant and dry biomass g/plant of tomato irrigated
with untreated, treated wastewater and groundwater.
Figure 2. Fruit mean weight and number of branches/plant of tomato irrigated with untreated,
treated wastewater and groundwater.
figures were 61.83 cm, 36.67 and 10.61 g/plant. The
increase in UWW and TWW may be due to nutrient
enrichment in the irrigated wastewater. Fruit mean weight
and number of branches/plant of tomato are presented in
Figures 2 Fruit mean weight of tomato was not
significantly influenced by irrigation with wastewater. But
number of branches/plant increased significantly with
wastewater irrigation and they were 11.41, 10.28 and
8.66 for UWW, TWW and GW, respectively.
Results revealed that UWW and TWW irrigation always
gave the highest growth and yield, compared to ground
water (GW). Similar effects on growth and yield
parameters by wastewater irrigation were observed in
tomato crop by Gatta et al. (2015). Christou et al. (2014)
revealed that the wastewater irrigation did not
significantly affect mean fruit weight and fruit diameter of
tomato, as compared to control fresh water irrigation.
Bedbabis et al. (2015) found that wastewater irrigation of
olive trees resulted in significant yield increase when
compared to yields from plot using well water. Qaryouti et
al. (2015) concluded that, raw wastewater irrigation
increased significantly tomato crop parameters,
7. Growth and yield of tomato, Napier grass and sugarcane crops as influenced by wastewater irrigation in Mysore, Karnataka, India
World Res. J. Agric. Sci. 074
Figure 3. Plant height, Number of leaves/plant and Leaf length of Napier grass irrigated with
untreated, treated wastewater and groundwater.
Figure 4. Leaf width, Number of tiller/plant and dry weight of Napier grass irrigated with untreated,
treated wastewater and groundwater.
cucumber plant height and fruit yield and average fruit
weight, and tomato leaf area and plant dry weight. Jiu-
sheng et al. (2012) evaluated and found that, chlorine
injection intervals and concentrations, and their
interactions, had no significant difference on tomato plant
height and leaf area of tomato when irrigated by
wastewater effluent is applied through drip irrigation
system.
Abdoulkader et al. (2015) determined the use of
untreated wastewater and treated wastewater in irrigation
which significantly increased stem height and dry matter
of Panicum maximum compared to other treatments,
whereas irrigation with saline well water and well gave
lowest measured values. Osman et al. (2006) showed
that, irrigation of plants by untreated or treated
wastewater caused stimulation in the measured growth
parameters of Zea mays and Phaseolus vulgaris. On the
other side, there was a slight inhibitory effect of
wastewater on some measured growth parameters of
plants. Bourazanisa et al. (2015) observed that
application of treated wastewater slightly increased fruit
production during the year of high tree yield and
increased the oil content, during the year of low yield
under fresh water irrigation.
Effect of wastewater on growth and yield characters
of Napier grass
The effect of wastewater irrigation on growth and yield
parameters of Napier grass has been presented in
Figures 3 and 4, which include plant height, number of
leaves/plant, leaf length, leaf width, number of tiller/plant
8. Growth and yield of tomato, Napier grass and sugarcane crops as influenced by wastewater irrigation in Mysore, Karnataka, India
Alghobar et al. 075
Figure 5. Cane length, Number of nodes/cane and Number of leaves of sugarcane irrigated with
untreated, treated wastewater and groundwater
and dry weight. From the (Figure 3) it is revealed that the
plant height, number of leaves/plant and leaf length were
188.46 cm, 83.62 and 93.62 cm in UWW and 182.68 cm,
69.75 and 88.67cm in TWW and these are significantly
higher as compared to control ground water which has
reached the values as 173.69 cm, 52.50 and 81.78 cm.
This may be due to nutrient enrichment in the irrigated
wastewater. Leaf width, number of tiller/plant and dry
weight of Napier grass are shown in (Figure 4) Leaf width
of Napier grass were significantly influenced by irrigation
with wastewater which were 2.52, 2.29 and 1.91 cm for
UWW, TWW and GW respectively. Number of tiller/plant
for UWW, TWW and GW were 13.2, 10.39 and 7.99
respectively. Whereas, dry weight of Napier grass
increased significantly with wastewater irrigation which
was 186.76 and 163.3 g/plant, for UWW and TWW, as
compared to control treatment (GW) (142.6 g/plant).
Results revealed that UWW and TWW irrigation of Napier
grass always gave higher growth and yield, as compared
to ground water (GW).
The values for growth and yield parameters of Napier
grass irrigated with wastewater reported in this study
were higher than those reported by Munir et al. (2005)
who obtained high yields of forage crops such as corn
and vetch by wastewater irrigation and recommended for
successful use to irrigate and enhance growth of forage
crops. Nissim et al. (2015), showed that, irrigation with
wastewater had a positive effect on willow growth and
biomass yield. Jiménez et al. (1999) concluded that,
reuse wastewater increased significantly crop productivity
to five crops/year of alfalfa, fodder oats, tomato, barley
and maize and the yield was higher than those obtained
with rain. According to El Youssfi et al. (2012) studied the
effect of wastewater irrigation on three varieties of
quinoa. The salinity caused the depression of plant's
height, and reduced fresh and dry weights of different
parts of three varieties of plants tested. Golchin et al.
(2013) indicated that use of wastewater could improve
morphological characters, yield and yield components of
alfalfa as compared to control treatment. Increasing
wastewater concentration more than 45 % caused
poisoning effects on plants which decreased biological
yield. Gupta et al. (2015) irrigated with wastewater which
resulted in significant increase in plant height, number of
leaves per plant, leaf area index, leaf to stem (green and
dry) biomass and green fodder yield of fodder sorghum
and significant decrease in dry matter content as
compared to well water. Zema et al. (2012) investigated
the biomass yield of T. latifolia which increased by
irrigation with wastewater, while A. donax showed
greatest capacity to survive after transplanting.
Herbaceous crops irrigated with wastewater can produce
appreciable biomass and energy yields.
Effect of wastewater on growth and yield characters
of sugarcane
The effect of wastewater irrigation on growth and yield
parameters of sugarcane are given in Figures 5 and 6,
which include cane length, number of nodes/cane,
number of leaves, cane diameter and cane weight. From
Figure 5 it is revealed that the cane length, number of
nodes/cane and number of leaves are 191.86 cm, 22.48
and 39.3 in UWW and 149.4 cm, 20.54 and 27.53 in
9. Growth and yield of tomato, Napier grass and sugarcane crops as influenced by wastewater irrigation in Mysore, Karnataka, India
World Res. J. Agric. Sci. 076
Figure 6. Cane diameter and cane weight of sugarcane irrigated with untreated, treated wastewater
and groundwater.
TWW and with respect to control ground water (GW) it is
168.42 cm, 18.7 and 22.64 this may be due to nutrient
enrichment in the irrigated wastewater. Cane diameter
and cane weight of Cane diameter (Figures 6) was
significantly influenced by irrigation with wastewater and
the values were 2.30, 2.22 and 2.01 cm for UWW, TWW
and GW respectively. Also cane weight showed highly
significant difference for UWW, TWW and GW the values
were 884.2, 723.34 and 654.78g respectively.
Results also revealed that UWW and TWW irrigated
sugarcane gave highest growth and yield for UWW and
TWW parameters, as compared to ground water (GW).
The results of growth and yield parameter values for
sugarcane crop irrigated with wastewater are closely in
accordance with the findings of by Biswas et al. (2015)
who assessed the average plant height and average
number of leaves of red amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor L
cv. Surma) cultivated by irrigation with wastewater which
were statistically identical to the control fresh water.
Ahmed et al. (2011) noted that, use of wastewater in
sugar beet irrigation led to increase in dry matter content.
Jun et al., (2015), irrigated olive trees with treated
wastewater and tap water. Plant growth was similar
irrespective of irrigation source as indicated by trunk
diameter and plant height. Ghorab and Safaa (2011)
investigated the effect of different irrigation by treatments
by wastewater which gave high growth parameter and
total dry weight in three shrubs and seven timber tree
seedlings. According to Paliwal et al. (1998), wastewater
irrigation significantly influenced growth performance of
Hardwickia binata. Shoot length, root length and root
collar diameter of H. binata seedlings increased by 25, 50
and 75% as the result of use of wastewater in different
treatments. The fresh weight of stem, root and leaves
increased with increase in the sewage water
concentration. The dry weight of plant components
increased in lower concentrations of wastewater (25 and
50%) but decreased in 100% of wastewater
concentration. Ntzala et al. (2015) found that the treated
wastewater affected significantly the dry matter yield and
non-significantly the plant height on Lactuca sativa L.
crop.
CONCLUSION
The results of this study showed the effects of irrigation
with wastewater on growth and yield of tomato, Napier
grass and sugarcane crops as compared to control grown
crops. From the above mentioned results, it can be seen
that, the effect of wastewater irrigation on growth and
yield parameters of tomato, it is observed that the plant
height, number of fruits/plant and dry biomass g/plant this
may be due to nutrient enrichment in wastewater
irrigation. Mean fruit weight of tomato was not
significantly influenced by wastewater irrigation. While
number of branches/plant increased significantly with
wastewater irrigation. From growth and yield parameters
of Napier grass it revealed that UWW and TWW irrigation
of Napier grass gave higher growth and yield, compared
to groundwater irrigation. In Napier grass plant height,
number of leaves/plant, leaf length, leaf width, number of
tillers/plant and dry weight, were significantly higher with
UWW and TWW irrigation as compared to that of
groundwater. Results from sugarcane crops showed that
UWW and TWW irrigated sugarcane gave higher growth
10. Growth and yield of tomato, Napier grass and sugarcane crops as influenced by wastewater irrigation in Mysore, Karnataka, India
Alghobar et al. 077
and yield or yield traits as compared to that of
groundwater irrigation. It could be suggested that usage
of wastewater could affect positively on growth and yield,
these effects could be attributed to increase of nutrients
like N, and P in wastewater, so that as a function could
improve plant growth and yield of Napier grass and
sugarcane crops could be improve with UWW and TWW
compared to that of groundwater irrigation.
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