International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Effects of salinity stress on growth, Water use efficiency and biomass partit...Innspub Net
Future crop production is predicted to face significant challenges from salinity stress due to secondary salinization. Therefore future-proofing crop production in these conditions is an essential path towards addressing food security. We evaluated the effect of irrigation with water of 0, 4 and 8 ppt salinity on growth, biomass partitioning, WUE and chlorophyll fluorescence of Vernonia hymenolepis A.Rich as ameliorated by fertilization with three levels of NPK20:10:10. Data were analysed for variance using the General Linear Model ANOVA procedure, after positive tests for normality and homogeneity of variance. Means were separated through the Dunnett test. Pearson Correlation was done to determine relationship between variables and these were spatially projected using the Factor Analysis procedure, without rotation. Under fertilization at 8 g NPK20:10:10 per plant, growth was stimulated by salinity increase to 4 ppt (35.43cm) compared to 30.43cm for control plants. Fertilizer application significantly improved all the biomass fractions of plants irrigated with water of 4 ppt relative to the control, while root:shoot ratios were highest for unfertilized plants indicating resource re-allocation to roots for better foraging. Chlorophyll fluorescence ranged between 0.716 and 0.727 and did not differ significantly across treatments. These values indicate that all treatments were under stress, including control plants. Values of WUE and RGR indicate that fertilization of plants irrigated with water of 4ppt salinity enhances growth and Harvest Index of V. hymenolepis, in spite of the registered stress. This is significant to future food security.
Effect of partial rootzone drying technique on yield and yield components of ...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effects of partial rootzone drying (PRD) irrigation techniques on yield and yield components of sorghum grown on two soil types. PRD consisted of four irrigation regimes with varying levels of irrigation (100%, 75%, 50%, 25%). The study found that sorghum grown under 100% and 75% irrigation regimes had higher yields and yield components compared to the 50% and 25% regimes. Water use efficiency was also highest under the 100% regime. There were no significant differences between the soil types. Economically, the 100% and 75% irrigation regimes were more profitable due to higher yields. Therefore, the study concluded that PRD irrigation can optimize sorghum production in semi-arid regions
IRJET- Assessment of Farmers’ Perception Towards the Adoption of Soil and Wat...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on farmers' perceptions of soil and water conservation practices and soil quality in Kechabira Woreda, Ethiopia. Key findings include:
1) The most commonly used indigenous soil conservation practices by farmers were application of manure, indigenous tree planting, and crop rotation. Modern practices like grass strips and fanaya juu terraces were also widely adopted.
2) Farmers' adoption of conservation practices was influenced by demographic and farm characteristics.
3) Soil samples from plots using conservation practices for over 5 years had significantly higher moisture, organic carbon, nutrients compared to untreated plots, especially at lower slopes.
performance evaluation and characterization of wetted soil parameters of impr...IJEAB
Field study was conducted to evaluate the emission uniformity (EU), global coefficient of variation (CGv), emitter flow variation (Qvar) and distribution uniformity (DU), and determine the wetted radius (rw) on soil surface of improvised medi-emitters installed in a tomato field. Soil water content (SWC) at four layers was determined after different periods of irrigation. Radius of wetted soil surface was determined and predicted. Irrigation frequency had no significant effect on the average discharge rate of the medi-emitters throughout the growing cycle. Average Qvar and CGv were significantly (P=0.05) influenced by the frequency of application while the EU and DU did not significantly (P=0.05) differ among the treatments. There were significant differences in the average values of SWC in different soil layers under the different periods of irrigation. Both the observed and calculated rw on the soil surface were fitted with fourth order polynomial. The model performance parameters of MAE and RMSE between the calculated and observed radii were low, indicating good prediction. Medical infusion set can successfully replace the more expensive conventional emitters for drip irrigation system.
Water Requirement and Crop Coefficient of Onion (Red Bombay) in the Central R...paperpublications3
This document discusses a study on determining the crop coefficient (Kc) of Red Bombay onion in central Ethiopia. Researchers grew Red Bombay onion in lysimeters to directly measure crop evapotranspiration (ETc) over four years. They also calculated reference evapotranspiration (ETo) from weather data. The Kc was then determined as the ratio of ETc to ETo. Results showed Kc values of 0.34, 0.70, 1.01 and 0.68 for the initial, development, mid-season and late stages respectively. These locally determined Kc values can be used for irrigation planning and management in similar agroclimatic conditions.
Response of Maize (Zea mays L.) for Moisture Stress Condition at Different Gr...paperpublications3
Abstract: A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive seasons (2011/12 and 2012/13) at Koka Research Station of Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia8°26’ N latitude, 39°2’ E longitude and 1602masl altitude with the objective to identify maize growth stages sensitive to soil moisture stress, determine critical time for irrigation application for limited water resources and productivity of water. Fifteen treatments was used depriving irrigation on combination of four growth stages of maize (Zea maize L.) Variety Melkass-II. Randomized completely block design (RCBD) with three replication was used. Results indicated that both years plant height, 1000 seed weight, above ground biomass, grain yield and water use efficiency (WUE) were significantly (p<0.001)><0.01)><0.05).><0.001)><0.05) affected. The study had shown that during both the first and second year maximum grain yield (9253kg/ha and 11748kg/ha) was obtained due to stressing maize only at initial stage enhance grain yield which indicated that stressing moisture only at initial stage enhance grain yield. Moisture stress at mid-season should be avoided especially when combined with moisture stress at development stage. Moreover, moisture stress at initial and late seasons enhance water use efficiency without significantly reducing the yield from the higher yielding treatments.
Keywords: Depriving irrigation, growth stages, maize, moisture stress.
An agro ecological approach for sustainable farming in langge sub-watershed, ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on developing sustainable farming in the dry land areas of Langge sub-watershed in Gorontalo Province, Indonesia using an agro-ecological approach. The study involved mapping land units based on geology, geomorphology, topography and land use. Twelve land units were identified. Suitability analysis found that 58 ha of land was highly suitable, 1,957 ha was moderately to marginally suitable, and 4,307 ha was not suitable for food crops and vegetables. The study also performed land optimization analysis using linear programming to identify 740.23 ha that could be optimized for food crops and vegetables. An analysis of farming feasibility based on production, revenue and costs found that rice and
Impact of crop rotation on mycorrhizal fungi in irrigated soils of the Doukka...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— This study has been conducted on the soils of irrigated perimeter of Doukkala. It is to assess the impact of the rotation of a species not mycotrophic (Beta vulgaris) with cereals on the natural resources of the mycorrhizal arbuscular fungi whose profits for the growth of plants are known. The results obtained show that this type of culture has a negative effect on the richness of the soil in spores and diversity of mycorrhizal fungi, and on the content of arbuscules which are the places of exchanges between the partners. The authors offer recommendations on cultivation practices which can be modulated in order to preserve this natural resource.
Effects of salinity stress on growth, Water use efficiency and biomass partit...Innspub Net
Future crop production is predicted to face significant challenges from salinity stress due to secondary salinization. Therefore future-proofing crop production in these conditions is an essential path towards addressing food security. We evaluated the effect of irrigation with water of 0, 4 and 8 ppt salinity on growth, biomass partitioning, WUE and chlorophyll fluorescence of Vernonia hymenolepis A.Rich as ameliorated by fertilization with three levels of NPK20:10:10. Data were analysed for variance using the General Linear Model ANOVA procedure, after positive tests for normality and homogeneity of variance. Means were separated through the Dunnett test. Pearson Correlation was done to determine relationship between variables and these were spatially projected using the Factor Analysis procedure, without rotation. Under fertilization at 8 g NPK20:10:10 per plant, growth was stimulated by salinity increase to 4 ppt (35.43cm) compared to 30.43cm for control plants. Fertilizer application significantly improved all the biomass fractions of plants irrigated with water of 4 ppt relative to the control, while root:shoot ratios were highest for unfertilized plants indicating resource re-allocation to roots for better foraging. Chlorophyll fluorescence ranged between 0.716 and 0.727 and did not differ significantly across treatments. These values indicate that all treatments were under stress, including control plants. Values of WUE and RGR indicate that fertilization of plants irrigated with water of 4ppt salinity enhances growth and Harvest Index of V. hymenolepis, in spite of the registered stress. This is significant to future food security.
Effect of partial rootzone drying technique on yield and yield components of ...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effects of partial rootzone drying (PRD) irrigation techniques on yield and yield components of sorghum grown on two soil types. PRD consisted of four irrigation regimes with varying levels of irrigation (100%, 75%, 50%, 25%). The study found that sorghum grown under 100% and 75% irrigation regimes had higher yields and yield components compared to the 50% and 25% regimes. Water use efficiency was also highest under the 100% regime. There were no significant differences between the soil types. Economically, the 100% and 75% irrigation regimes were more profitable due to higher yields. Therefore, the study concluded that PRD irrigation can optimize sorghum production in semi-arid regions
IRJET- Assessment of Farmers’ Perception Towards the Adoption of Soil and Wat...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on farmers' perceptions of soil and water conservation practices and soil quality in Kechabira Woreda, Ethiopia. Key findings include:
1) The most commonly used indigenous soil conservation practices by farmers were application of manure, indigenous tree planting, and crop rotation. Modern practices like grass strips and fanaya juu terraces were also widely adopted.
2) Farmers' adoption of conservation practices was influenced by demographic and farm characteristics.
3) Soil samples from plots using conservation practices for over 5 years had significantly higher moisture, organic carbon, nutrients compared to untreated plots, especially at lower slopes.
performance evaluation and characterization of wetted soil parameters of impr...IJEAB
Field study was conducted to evaluate the emission uniformity (EU), global coefficient of variation (CGv), emitter flow variation (Qvar) and distribution uniformity (DU), and determine the wetted radius (rw) on soil surface of improvised medi-emitters installed in a tomato field. Soil water content (SWC) at four layers was determined after different periods of irrigation. Radius of wetted soil surface was determined and predicted. Irrigation frequency had no significant effect on the average discharge rate of the medi-emitters throughout the growing cycle. Average Qvar and CGv were significantly (P=0.05) influenced by the frequency of application while the EU and DU did not significantly (P=0.05) differ among the treatments. There were significant differences in the average values of SWC in different soil layers under the different periods of irrigation. Both the observed and calculated rw on the soil surface were fitted with fourth order polynomial. The model performance parameters of MAE and RMSE between the calculated and observed radii were low, indicating good prediction. Medical infusion set can successfully replace the more expensive conventional emitters for drip irrigation system.
Water Requirement and Crop Coefficient of Onion (Red Bombay) in the Central R...paperpublications3
This document discusses a study on determining the crop coefficient (Kc) of Red Bombay onion in central Ethiopia. Researchers grew Red Bombay onion in lysimeters to directly measure crop evapotranspiration (ETc) over four years. They also calculated reference evapotranspiration (ETo) from weather data. The Kc was then determined as the ratio of ETc to ETo. Results showed Kc values of 0.34, 0.70, 1.01 and 0.68 for the initial, development, mid-season and late stages respectively. These locally determined Kc values can be used for irrigation planning and management in similar agroclimatic conditions.
Response of Maize (Zea mays L.) for Moisture Stress Condition at Different Gr...paperpublications3
Abstract: A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive seasons (2011/12 and 2012/13) at Koka Research Station of Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia8°26’ N latitude, 39°2’ E longitude and 1602masl altitude with the objective to identify maize growth stages sensitive to soil moisture stress, determine critical time for irrigation application for limited water resources and productivity of water. Fifteen treatments was used depriving irrigation on combination of four growth stages of maize (Zea maize L.) Variety Melkass-II. Randomized completely block design (RCBD) with three replication was used. Results indicated that both years plant height, 1000 seed weight, above ground biomass, grain yield and water use efficiency (WUE) were significantly (p<0.001)><0.01)><0.05).><0.001)><0.05) affected. The study had shown that during both the first and second year maximum grain yield (9253kg/ha and 11748kg/ha) was obtained due to stressing maize only at initial stage enhance grain yield which indicated that stressing moisture only at initial stage enhance grain yield. Moisture stress at mid-season should be avoided especially when combined with moisture stress at development stage. Moreover, moisture stress at initial and late seasons enhance water use efficiency without significantly reducing the yield from the higher yielding treatments.
Keywords: Depriving irrigation, growth stages, maize, moisture stress.
An agro ecological approach for sustainable farming in langge sub-watershed, ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on developing sustainable farming in the dry land areas of Langge sub-watershed in Gorontalo Province, Indonesia using an agro-ecological approach. The study involved mapping land units based on geology, geomorphology, topography and land use. Twelve land units were identified. Suitability analysis found that 58 ha of land was highly suitable, 1,957 ha was moderately to marginally suitable, and 4,307 ha was not suitable for food crops and vegetables. The study also performed land optimization analysis using linear programming to identify 740.23 ha that could be optimized for food crops and vegetables. An analysis of farming feasibility based on production, revenue and costs found that rice and
Impact of crop rotation on mycorrhizal fungi in irrigated soils of the Doukka...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— This study has been conducted on the soils of irrigated perimeter of Doukkala. It is to assess the impact of the rotation of a species not mycotrophic (Beta vulgaris) with cereals on the natural resources of the mycorrhizal arbuscular fungi whose profits for the growth of plants are known. The results obtained show that this type of culture has a negative effect on the richness of the soil in spores and diversity of mycorrhizal fungi, and on the content of arbuscules which are the places of exchanges between the partners. The authors offer recommendations on cultivation practices which can be modulated in order to preserve this natural resource.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Evapotranspiration partitioning components in an irrigated winter wheat field...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The arid and semi-arid regions constitute roughly one third of the total earth’s surface. In these regions water scarcity is one of the main limiting factors for economic growth. The impact of such water scarcity is amplified by inefficient irrigation practices, especially since about 85% of available water is used for irrigation in these regions. Therefore, a sound and efficient irrigation practice is an important step for achieving sustainable management of water resources in these regions. In this regard, a better understanding of the water balance is essential to explore water-saving techniques. In the context CRP project, experimental setups were conceived to monitor seasonal water consumption on the wheat crop irrigated by flood irrigation in Sidi Rahal station (middle of morocco. The partitioning of evapotranspiration compounds shows that transpiration dominates the evaporation about 68 % for three days (22, 23 and 24 February 2012). In addition the wheat absorbs the soil water from 10 cm to 20 cm (90%) at this growing stage according to the multiple-source mass balance assessment.
Does fertilization practices increase residual nitrate nitrogen in soil irrig...IJEAB
Treated wastewater has significantly improved DM yield compared to ground water. The form of nitrogen provided by the water was determinant in drawing yields. Irrigation with ground water (where nitrogen is as nitrate) induces a faster migration of nitrogen at depth. In contrast, using treated wastewater (where nitrogen is as ammonium), resulting in a relative distribution of the remaining nitric smaller in the lower profile and therefore higher in the surface, especially after the second year (2010). In addition, the relative distribution of nitrates in the soil surface is even more important in the presence of organic manure. All happens as if a certain amount of ammonium provided by treated wastewater is retained in the organic compounds of manure. Yields were significantly lower in irrigation with treated wastewater in the second year and especially when fertilization was given in additional. If the soil can be used for storage of the nitrogen supplied by the treated wastewater during the first year of irrigation (24 kg N-NO3/ha before irrigation to 115 kg N-NO3/ha after irrigation), to the second year the capacity drops (to 64 N-NO3/ha) and a significant increase in nitrate leaching occurs. Therefore, unlike the contribution of manure that seems enrich the topsoil nitrate nitrogen, at least during the first campaign, mineral fertilization unreasoning causes faster migration of nitrogen at depth.
Farmers’ perception of the impact of land degradation and soil and water cons...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study assessing farmers' perceptions of land degradation and soil conservation measures in Ethiopia. The key findings are:
1) Most farmers perceived soil erosion and declining soil fertility on their lands as severe problems. Over half believed these issues were reducing crop yields.
2) Nearly all farmers recognized the benefits of soil conservation for improving soil quality and production. However, many were still using traditional conservation methods.
3) Factors like labor requirements, maintenance needs, and reduced farm area discouraged some from adopting improved conservation techniques.
Development and rainfed paddy soils potency derived from lacustrine material ...NurdinUng
Rainfed paddy soils that are derived from lacustrine and include of E4 agroclimatic zone have many unique properties and potentially for paddy and corn plantations. This sreseach was aimed to: (1) study the soil development of
rainfed paddy soils derived from lacustrine and (2) evaluate rainfed paddy soils potency for paddy and corn in Paguyaman. Soil samples were taken from three profiles according to toposequent, and they were analyzed in laboratory. Data were analyzed with descriptive-quantitative analysis. Furthermore, assessment on rainfed paddy soils potency was conducted with land suitability analysis using parametric approach. Results indicate that all pedon had evolved with B horizons structurization. However, pedon located on the summit slope was more developed and intensely weathered than those of the shoulder and foot slopes.The main pedogenesis in all pedons were through
elluviation, illuviation, lessivage, pedoturbation, and gleization processes. The main factors of pedogenesis were climate, age (time) and topography factors. Therefore, P1 pedons are classified as Ustic Endoaquerts, fine, smectitic,
isohypertermic; P2 as Vertic Endoaquepts, fine, smectitic, isohypertermic; and P3 as Vertic Epiaquepts, fine, smectitic,
isohypertermic. Based on the potentials of the land, the highest of land suitability class (LSC) of land utilization type (LUT) local paddy was highly suitable (S1), while the lowest one was not suitable with nutrient availability as the limiting factor (Nna). The highest LCS of paddy-corn LUT was marginally suitable with water availability as the limiting factor (S3wa), while the lower LSC was not suitable with nutrient availabily as the limiting factor (Nna).
11.construction of soil conservation structures for improvement of crops and ...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses soil erosion and degradation problems in southern Ethiopia and efforts to address them through soil conservation structures.
2) A study constructed various soil conservation measures like soil bunds and fanya-juu on 544 hectares of land with farmer participation.
3) Implementation of these structures stabilized the soil, increased organic matter and fertility, and led to crop yield increases of 15-22% after one year and over 50% after three years.
Screening and Selection of Drought-Tolerant Groundnut Varieties Based on Yiel...Premier Publishers
Drought is the most important abiotic limitation to groundnut production in Northern Ghana. Drought, during the pod-filling stages is even more devastating. The current study was conducted to screen groundnut varieties, for drought-tolerance based on yield and other traits. Evaluation of groundnut genotypes was under two environments/water regimes; well-watered and water-stressed. ANOVA was run for Quantitative data. Means were separated by l.s.d. at 95% confidence level. Correlation analyses were performed using SPSS. Combined analysis of variance was computed for the groundnuts across water regimes. Dendrograms were generated using yield data and based on Euclidean distance. Scoring and ranking was used to assess disease incidence on a scale of 1-5. Results indicate that end-of-season drought caused pod yield reduction that varied across genotypes. The Drought Tolerance Index ranged from 0.53 (Kpanieli) to 2.40 (Agric-Manipinta). The highest yielding genotypes under water-stressed condition were Sinkara (582g/plot), Nkatie-sari (512g/plot), Ndogba (470g/plot), Chaco-pag (400g/plot) and Oboshie (381g/plot) and Chinese (local) (340g/plot). Farmers’ selected Sinkara, Ndogba, Chinese, Nkatie-sari, Agric-Manipinta and Chaco-pag based on pod yield and biomass production. Sinkara (0.8798), Sokan-donworor (0.8739), Kpach-Isah (0.8318) and Kpanieli (0.8016) recorded very high mean pod harvest index values, while Ndogba recorded the lowest (0.2252). Combined analysis of variance for pod yield among all the genotypes indicate that the groundnuts performed differently in both water regimes due to the significant interaction effect observed between water regimes and genotypes. Information generated from this study can be used to develop new groundnut varieties that combine higher yield and drought tolerant traits.
Spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) Response to Deficit Irrigationpaperpublications3
Abstract: An experiment was conducted with the objective to identify the level of deficit irrigation which allows achieving optimal yield and investigate the effect of deficit irrigation practice on spearmint (Mentha Spicata L.) yield and yield components. The experiment was conducted at Koka research station of Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia latitude 8O26’, longitude 39O2’ and altitude 1602masl for two years (2011/2012 and 2012/2013 dry season). Nine treatments three level of irrigation water amount percentage based on evapo-transpiration of the crop (ETc) (100%ETc, 75%ETc and 50%ETc) and three types of furrow irrigation water application method (alternate furrow, fixed furrow and conventional furrow) were used in randomized completely block design (RCBD) with three replications. The pooled mean of two year data showed different level of deficit irrigation had a significant effect (p<0.05)><0.01) variation among treatments due to deficit irrigation on dry biomass yield per hectare, dry leaf yield per hectare, essential oil yield per hectare and water use efficiency. However, different deficit irrigation level had no significant influence on wet harvesting index. The highest fresh biomass, dry biomass, fresh leaf, dry leaf and essential oil yield per harvesting cycle of 12093kg/ha, 3746kg/ha, 8133kg/ha, 2441.1kg/ha and 37.0kg/ha respectively was obtained due to 100%ETc with conventional furrow application method. Moreover, the highest water use efficiency of 16.3x10-3kg/m3 was achieved due to deficit irrigation to 50%ETc with alternate furrow irrigation water application method. The study showed that the best treatment is deficit irrigation to 50%ETc with conventional furrow application method which had no significant variation with treatments that showed higher yields of spearmint including water use efficiency.
Keywords: Alternate furrow, conventional furrow, deficit irrigation, fixed furrow, spearmint.
Impact of the use of inorganic fertilizers to the soils of the ebonyi state a...Alexander Decker
The study assessed the impact of long-term inorganic fertilizer use on soils in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Soil samples from 15 farms with over 20 years of inorganic fertilizer application were analyzed. The results showed that the soils were very strongly to strongly acidic, with very high exchangeable acidity. Nutrient levels like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were moderate to low. Long-term inorganic fertilizer use contributed to soil acidification and nutrient depletion. It was recommended to apply lime and use organic manures along with inorganic fertilizers to correct soil fertility issues and improve agricultural productivity in a sustainable manner.
Effect of Farmyard Manure and Mineral NP Fertilizers on Yield Related Traits ...Premier Publishers
Declining soil fertility is one of the major problems causing yield reduction in Ethiopia. Farmers at Areka apply both organic and inorganic fertilizers to overcome the problem and increase yield of potato. However, information on the application of farmyard manure and chemical fertilizer is inadequate to the area to increase the yield of potato crop. Therefore, an experiment was conducted at Areka, Southern Ethiopia during the 2016 cropping season with the objective of assessing the effect of farmyard manure and mineral NP fertilizers on yield related traits and yield of potato. There were twenty treatments comprising of four levels of FYM (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 t ha-1) with five levels of combined mineral NP fertilizers [0, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% of blanket recommended rates of NP (110 kg N ha-1 and 90 kg P2O5 ha-1)] in randomized complete block design in factorial arrangement with three replications. The results showed that the main effect of FYM and mineral NP fertilizers were significant (P<0.01) on tuber number per hill, tuber size category and tuber yield in tha-1. There was significant interaction effect of FYM and mineral NP fertilizers on days to 50% flowering, days to maturity and plant height. The maximum total and marketable tuber yields of 35.11t ha-1, and 33.97 t ha-1recorded at the rate of 7.5 t ha-1 FYM respectively while the maximum total and marketable tuber yield of 37.97 t ha-1and 36.78 t ha-1respectively were obtained in response to the application of 100% blanket recommended mineral NP fertilizer rate.
Drought-tolerant maize genotypes belonging to two different maturity (10 early and 10 intermediate) groups were
evaluated for yield and other related characters in the Southern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria for two years (2009 and
2010). The differences among genotypes between and within maturity groups differed significantly (P<0.01)><0.01) only for grain yield. The rainfall patterns were favourable in
both cropping years with comparable values of growth parameters. Intermediate maturing genotypes (TZL COMP1-
W C6 F2, SUWAN-1-SR-SYN, TZB-SR, OBA SUPER I, EV 8435-SR) out-yielded early maturing ones with yield
advantage of 34.29% and taller by 17.04% compared to early ones. However, early genotypes were early to
anthesis with 6.57% advantage over intermediate genotypes. Four early genotypes (DMR-ESR Y CIF2, AC 90
POOL 16 DT, STR, TZE-W DT STR C4 and ACR 95TZE COMP4 C3) were superior for grain yield withn a range of
4.39 to 4.68 t ha-1. These genotypes could be selected either as parental breeding cultivars to overcome the
problem of moisture stress during the later part of the cropping season or introgressed with favourable cultivars for
high yield adaptable to drought-prone areas in the SGS agro-ecology.
Effect application of sea sand, coconut and banana coir on the growth and yie...NurdinUng
The research was aimed to study effect application of sea sand (SS), coconut coir (CC) and banana coir (BC) on the growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) planted at Ustic Endoaquert soil. The pot experiment was carried out using a factorial design with 3 factors. The first factor was SS consisted of three levels i.e.: 0%, 25%, and 50%. The second and third factors were CC and BC, each consisted of three levels i.e.: 0, 10, and 20 Mg ha-1. Application of SS and BC significantly increased leaf length where the highest increasing percentage was 16.47% which was achieved at 25% SS application. Their effect on leaf numbers and tiller numbers were relatively not similar pattern where leaf number only increased about 65.52% by BC application, while tiller numbers only increased about 10.77% by SS application. Furthermore, the application of CC and BC significantly increased panicle numbers to 29.53% and 29.05%, respectively compared to control. All ameliorants significantly increased panicle numbers, but the best was CC with the increasing up to 46.49% at 20 Mg ha-1 CC compared to SS or BC application. However, only coconut coir significantly increased the rice grain numbers.
This document summarizes a study on the agronomic traits and physiology of maize under different water application levels. The study used two maize varieties - a hybrid variety and a composite variety - under four water treatments: no water, one application, two applications, and three applications. The results showed that more frequent water applications increased plant height, dry weight, and grain dry weight. Plants without water showed a 36% decrease in grain dry weight compared to those with three water applications. The hybrid variety performed best with three applications while the composite variety performed worst with no water. Water stress reduced the composite variety's production by 22% compared to the hybrid. Physiological analyses found the composite variety had higher intercellular CO2 but similar
Improving Fruit Quality and Nutritional Value of Deglet Nour dates subjected ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
A field study was carried out during the two consecutive years (2015-2016) in the region of Biskra, southern east of Algeria on date palms of Deglet-Nour variety, grown in a salty environment. To study the combined effect of salinity and phospho-potassium fertilization on the quality and nutritional value of dates, two sites of different salinity, occupied by 54 date palms variety Deglet-Nour has been selected. The palms were fertilized by receiving three doses of potassium (0, 2 and 3 kg / palm) as potassium sulphate K 2 SO 4 (50%) combined with three levels of phosphorus (0, 1 and 2 kg / palm) as superphosphate (TSP 46%). The results revealed that applying 2 kg of potassium/palm in an excessively salty environment and 3 kg/palm in a low or unsalted environment associated to 1 kg of phosphorus in the two different cases of salinity of the two sites S1 and S2 improving the fruit traits.
The effect of np fertlizer rates on the yield and yield components of ginger ...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effects of different rates of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers on the yield and yield components of ginger in Kindo-Koyisha Woreda, Ethiopia. The experiment used five levels of N (0-92 kg/ha) and four levels of P (0-30 kg/ha) in a randomized complete block design. Results showed that increasing the N level significantly increased various yield components. The P level also significantly affected plant height, leaf length, leaf area, and number of tillers and plants per plot. The interaction between N and P significantly impacted leaf area and number of plots per plot. The highest yields were obtained at 92kg/ha N and 30
Liming effects on yield and yield attributes of nitrogen fertilized and brady...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of lime, bradyrhizobia inoculation, and nitrogen fertilizer on the yield and yield attributes of soybean grown in acidic soil in Ethiopia. The main findings were:
1) Pod number, seed yield, seeds per pod, and hundred seed weight were significantly increased when lime and bradyrhizobia were used together, but nitrogen fertilizer did not significantly affect most yield attributes.
2) The highest seed yield was obtained with the combined application of lime, bradyrhizobia, and nitrogen fertilizer.
3) Using lime and bradyrhizobia together produced yields similar to applying nitrogen fertilizer,
Integrated Effect of Mulching Materials and Furrow Irrigation Methods on Yiel...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Werer, Middle Awash Valley during the dry season of the 2016-17, 2017-18 and 2018-19 to investigate the effects of mulching materials and furrow irrigation methods on onion yield and water productivity under semi-arid conditions. Split plot design with three replications, in which the irrigation methods (Conventional, Fixed and Alternate Furrow) were assigned to the main plot and the three mulching materials (no mulch, wheat straw and white plastic mulch), were to the sub-plot. Results indicate that marketable onion bulb yield and water use efficiency were affected by the main effect of furrow irrigation methods and mulching materials (p< 0.05). But the interaction of irrigation methods and mulch had no significant effect on marketable onion bulb yield and water use efficiency. The conventional furrow irrigation (10081.52kg ha-1) and wheat straw mulch (12121.63 kg ha-1) resulted in the maximum marketable bulb yield. The highest water use efficiency (3.27 kg/m3) was obtained from alternate furrow irrigation method with straw mulch. This suggests that under limited irrigation water, alternate furrow irrigation along with wheat straw mulch minimize evaporation loss; maximize water productivity and sustain onion production at Amibara and similar agro-ecology and soil type.
Soil fertility improvement by Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A Gray and its e...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers to increase yield o...Alexander Decker
1) The study investigated the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil properties and barley yield in Ethiopia.
2) It found that applying both organic (farm yard manure) and inorganic fertilizers (NP or NPK) led to the highest barley production, yielding over 49 quintals per hectare.
3) Applying only inorganic fertilizers or only organic fertilizers also increased yields compared to the control of no fertilizers, but the combination led to the greatest increases in soil fertility and barley production.
Spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) Response to Deficit Irrigationpaperpublications3
Abstract: An experiment was conducted with the objective to identify the level of deficit irrigation which allows achieving optimal yield and investigate the effect of deficit irrigation practice on spearmint (Mentha Spicata L.) yield and yield components. The experiment was conducted at Koka research station of Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia latitude 8O26’, longitude 39O2’ and altitude 1602masl for two years (2011/2012 and 2012/2013 dry season). Nine treatments three level of irrigation water amount percentage based on evapo-transpiration of the crop (ETc) (100%ETc, 75%ETc and 50%ETc) and three types of furrow irrigation water application method (alternate furrow, fixed furrow and conventional furrow) were used in randomized completely block design (RCBD) with three replications. The pooled mean of two year data showed different level of deficit irrigation had a significant effect (p<0.05)><0.01) variation among treatments due to deficit irrigation on dry biomass yield per hectare, dry leaf yield per hectare, essential oil yield per hectare and water use efficiency. However, different deficit irrigation level had no significant influence on wet harvesting index. The highest fresh biomass, dry biomass, fresh leaf, dry leaf and essential oil yield per harvesting cycle of 12093kg/ha, 3746kg/ha, 8133kg/ha, 2441.1kg/ha and 37.0kg/ha respectively was obtained due to 100%ETc with conventional furrow application method. Moreover, the highest water use efficiency of 16.3x10-3kg/m3 was achieved due to deficit irrigation to 50%ETc with alternate furrow irrigation water application method. The study showed that the best treatment is deficit irrigation to 50%ETc with conventional furrow application method which had no significant variation with treatments that showed higher yields of spearmint including water use efficiency.
Effect of Magnetic Treatment of Water on Evapotranspiration of TomatoAZOJETE UNIMAID
This document discusses a study on the effect of magnetic treatment of water on evapotranspiration of tomato plants. Three magnetic flux densities were used to treat water for tomato irrigation, along with a control of non-treated water. The amount of water lost daily from buckets containing tomato plants due to evapotranspiration was measured. Plants irrigated with magnetically treated water had higher daily evapotranspiration rates compared to the control, indicating treated water allowed easier water absorption and faster plant growth despite equal water quantities.
IRJET- Evaluation of Irrigation Regime on Tomato in Mareko Woreda, Gurage Zon...IRJET Journal
This study evaluated the effects of different irrigation regimes on tomato yield in Mareko Woreda, Ethiopia. Four irrigation treatments were tested: 125% of management allowed depletion (MAD), 100% MAD, 75% MAD, and farmer practice. The combined yield results over two years showed no significant differences in non-marketable, marketable, or total yields between treatments. Maximum water productivity of 4.9 kg/m3 was obtained with 100% MAD, while minimum productivity of 4 kg/m3 was from 125% MAD. It is concluded that applying irrigation at 100% MAD provides better yield and water productivity while minimizing irrigation frequency and labor costs.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Evapotranspiration partitioning components in an irrigated winter wheat field...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The arid and semi-arid regions constitute roughly one third of the total earth’s surface. In these regions water scarcity is one of the main limiting factors for economic growth. The impact of such water scarcity is amplified by inefficient irrigation practices, especially since about 85% of available water is used for irrigation in these regions. Therefore, a sound and efficient irrigation practice is an important step for achieving sustainable management of water resources in these regions. In this regard, a better understanding of the water balance is essential to explore water-saving techniques. In the context CRP project, experimental setups were conceived to monitor seasonal water consumption on the wheat crop irrigated by flood irrigation in Sidi Rahal station (middle of morocco. The partitioning of evapotranspiration compounds shows that transpiration dominates the evaporation about 68 % for three days (22, 23 and 24 February 2012). In addition the wheat absorbs the soil water from 10 cm to 20 cm (90%) at this growing stage according to the multiple-source mass balance assessment.
Does fertilization practices increase residual nitrate nitrogen in soil irrig...IJEAB
Treated wastewater has significantly improved DM yield compared to ground water. The form of nitrogen provided by the water was determinant in drawing yields. Irrigation with ground water (where nitrogen is as nitrate) induces a faster migration of nitrogen at depth. In contrast, using treated wastewater (where nitrogen is as ammonium), resulting in a relative distribution of the remaining nitric smaller in the lower profile and therefore higher in the surface, especially after the second year (2010). In addition, the relative distribution of nitrates in the soil surface is even more important in the presence of organic manure. All happens as if a certain amount of ammonium provided by treated wastewater is retained in the organic compounds of manure. Yields were significantly lower in irrigation with treated wastewater in the second year and especially when fertilization was given in additional. If the soil can be used for storage of the nitrogen supplied by the treated wastewater during the first year of irrigation (24 kg N-NO3/ha before irrigation to 115 kg N-NO3/ha after irrigation), to the second year the capacity drops (to 64 N-NO3/ha) and a significant increase in nitrate leaching occurs. Therefore, unlike the contribution of manure that seems enrich the topsoil nitrate nitrogen, at least during the first campaign, mineral fertilization unreasoning causes faster migration of nitrogen at depth.
Farmers’ perception of the impact of land degradation and soil and water cons...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study assessing farmers' perceptions of land degradation and soil conservation measures in Ethiopia. The key findings are:
1) Most farmers perceived soil erosion and declining soil fertility on their lands as severe problems. Over half believed these issues were reducing crop yields.
2) Nearly all farmers recognized the benefits of soil conservation for improving soil quality and production. However, many were still using traditional conservation methods.
3) Factors like labor requirements, maintenance needs, and reduced farm area discouraged some from adopting improved conservation techniques.
Development and rainfed paddy soils potency derived from lacustrine material ...NurdinUng
Rainfed paddy soils that are derived from lacustrine and include of E4 agroclimatic zone have many unique properties and potentially for paddy and corn plantations. This sreseach was aimed to: (1) study the soil development of
rainfed paddy soils derived from lacustrine and (2) evaluate rainfed paddy soils potency for paddy and corn in Paguyaman. Soil samples were taken from three profiles according to toposequent, and they were analyzed in laboratory. Data were analyzed with descriptive-quantitative analysis. Furthermore, assessment on rainfed paddy soils potency was conducted with land suitability analysis using parametric approach. Results indicate that all pedon had evolved with B horizons structurization. However, pedon located on the summit slope was more developed and intensely weathered than those of the shoulder and foot slopes.The main pedogenesis in all pedons were through
elluviation, illuviation, lessivage, pedoturbation, and gleization processes. The main factors of pedogenesis were climate, age (time) and topography factors. Therefore, P1 pedons are classified as Ustic Endoaquerts, fine, smectitic,
isohypertermic; P2 as Vertic Endoaquepts, fine, smectitic, isohypertermic; and P3 as Vertic Epiaquepts, fine, smectitic,
isohypertermic. Based on the potentials of the land, the highest of land suitability class (LSC) of land utilization type (LUT) local paddy was highly suitable (S1), while the lowest one was not suitable with nutrient availability as the limiting factor (Nna). The highest LCS of paddy-corn LUT was marginally suitable with water availability as the limiting factor (S3wa), while the lower LSC was not suitable with nutrient availabily as the limiting factor (Nna).
11.construction of soil conservation structures for improvement of crops and ...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses soil erosion and degradation problems in southern Ethiopia and efforts to address them through soil conservation structures.
2) A study constructed various soil conservation measures like soil bunds and fanya-juu on 544 hectares of land with farmer participation.
3) Implementation of these structures stabilized the soil, increased organic matter and fertility, and led to crop yield increases of 15-22% after one year and over 50% after three years.
Screening and Selection of Drought-Tolerant Groundnut Varieties Based on Yiel...Premier Publishers
Drought is the most important abiotic limitation to groundnut production in Northern Ghana. Drought, during the pod-filling stages is even more devastating. The current study was conducted to screen groundnut varieties, for drought-tolerance based on yield and other traits. Evaluation of groundnut genotypes was under two environments/water regimes; well-watered and water-stressed. ANOVA was run for Quantitative data. Means were separated by l.s.d. at 95% confidence level. Correlation analyses were performed using SPSS. Combined analysis of variance was computed for the groundnuts across water regimes. Dendrograms were generated using yield data and based on Euclidean distance. Scoring and ranking was used to assess disease incidence on a scale of 1-5. Results indicate that end-of-season drought caused pod yield reduction that varied across genotypes. The Drought Tolerance Index ranged from 0.53 (Kpanieli) to 2.40 (Agric-Manipinta). The highest yielding genotypes under water-stressed condition were Sinkara (582g/plot), Nkatie-sari (512g/plot), Ndogba (470g/plot), Chaco-pag (400g/plot) and Oboshie (381g/plot) and Chinese (local) (340g/plot). Farmers’ selected Sinkara, Ndogba, Chinese, Nkatie-sari, Agric-Manipinta and Chaco-pag based on pod yield and biomass production. Sinkara (0.8798), Sokan-donworor (0.8739), Kpach-Isah (0.8318) and Kpanieli (0.8016) recorded very high mean pod harvest index values, while Ndogba recorded the lowest (0.2252). Combined analysis of variance for pod yield among all the genotypes indicate that the groundnuts performed differently in both water regimes due to the significant interaction effect observed between water regimes and genotypes. Information generated from this study can be used to develop new groundnut varieties that combine higher yield and drought tolerant traits.
Spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) Response to Deficit Irrigationpaperpublications3
Abstract: An experiment was conducted with the objective to identify the level of deficit irrigation which allows achieving optimal yield and investigate the effect of deficit irrigation practice on spearmint (Mentha Spicata L.) yield and yield components. The experiment was conducted at Koka research station of Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia latitude 8O26’, longitude 39O2’ and altitude 1602masl for two years (2011/2012 and 2012/2013 dry season). Nine treatments three level of irrigation water amount percentage based on evapo-transpiration of the crop (ETc) (100%ETc, 75%ETc and 50%ETc) and three types of furrow irrigation water application method (alternate furrow, fixed furrow and conventional furrow) were used in randomized completely block design (RCBD) with three replications. The pooled mean of two year data showed different level of deficit irrigation had a significant effect (p<0.05)><0.01) variation among treatments due to deficit irrigation on dry biomass yield per hectare, dry leaf yield per hectare, essential oil yield per hectare and water use efficiency. However, different deficit irrigation level had no significant influence on wet harvesting index. The highest fresh biomass, dry biomass, fresh leaf, dry leaf and essential oil yield per harvesting cycle of 12093kg/ha, 3746kg/ha, 8133kg/ha, 2441.1kg/ha and 37.0kg/ha respectively was obtained due to 100%ETc with conventional furrow application method. Moreover, the highest water use efficiency of 16.3x10-3kg/m3 was achieved due to deficit irrigation to 50%ETc with alternate furrow irrigation water application method. The study showed that the best treatment is deficit irrigation to 50%ETc with conventional furrow application method which had no significant variation with treatments that showed higher yields of spearmint including water use efficiency.
Keywords: Alternate furrow, conventional furrow, deficit irrigation, fixed furrow, spearmint.
Impact of the use of inorganic fertilizers to the soils of the ebonyi state a...Alexander Decker
The study assessed the impact of long-term inorganic fertilizer use on soils in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Soil samples from 15 farms with over 20 years of inorganic fertilizer application were analyzed. The results showed that the soils were very strongly to strongly acidic, with very high exchangeable acidity. Nutrient levels like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were moderate to low. Long-term inorganic fertilizer use contributed to soil acidification and nutrient depletion. It was recommended to apply lime and use organic manures along with inorganic fertilizers to correct soil fertility issues and improve agricultural productivity in a sustainable manner.
Effect of Farmyard Manure and Mineral NP Fertilizers on Yield Related Traits ...Premier Publishers
Declining soil fertility is one of the major problems causing yield reduction in Ethiopia. Farmers at Areka apply both organic and inorganic fertilizers to overcome the problem and increase yield of potato. However, information on the application of farmyard manure and chemical fertilizer is inadequate to the area to increase the yield of potato crop. Therefore, an experiment was conducted at Areka, Southern Ethiopia during the 2016 cropping season with the objective of assessing the effect of farmyard manure and mineral NP fertilizers on yield related traits and yield of potato. There were twenty treatments comprising of four levels of FYM (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 t ha-1) with five levels of combined mineral NP fertilizers [0, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% of blanket recommended rates of NP (110 kg N ha-1 and 90 kg P2O5 ha-1)] in randomized complete block design in factorial arrangement with three replications. The results showed that the main effect of FYM and mineral NP fertilizers were significant (P<0.01) on tuber number per hill, tuber size category and tuber yield in tha-1. There was significant interaction effect of FYM and mineral NP fertilizers on days to 50% flowering, days to maturity and plant height. The maximum total and marketable tuber yields of 35.11t ha-1, and 33.97 t ha-1recorded at the rate of 7.5 t ha-1 FYM respectively while the maximum total and marketable tuber yield of 37.97 t ha-1and 36.78 t ha-1respectively were obtained in response to the application of 100% blanket recommended mineral NP fertilizer rate.
Drought-tolerant maize genotypes belonging to two different maturity (10 early and 10 intermediate) groups were
evaluated for yield and other related characters in the Southern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria for two years (2009 and
2010). The differences among genotypes between and within maturity groups differed significantly (P<0.01)><0.01) only for grain yield. The rainfall patterns were favourable in
both cropping years with comparable values of growth parameters. Intermediate maturing genotypes (TZL COMP1-
W C6 F2, SUWAN-1-SR-SYN, TZB-SR, OBA SUPER I, EV 8435-SR) out-yielded early maturing ones with yield
advantage of 34.29% and taller by 17.04% compared to early ones. However, early genotypes were early to
anthesis with 6.57% advantage over intermediate genotypes. Four early genotypes (DMR-ESR Y CIF2, AC 90
POOL 16 DT, STR, TZE-W DT STR C4 and ACR 95TZE COMP4 C3) were superior for grain yield withn a range of
4.39 to 4.68 t ha-1. These genotypes could be selected either as parental breeding cultivars to overcome the
problem of moisture stress during the later part of the cropping season or introgressed with favourable cultivars for
high yield adaptable to drought-prone areas in the SGS agro-ecology.
Effect application of sea sand, coconut and banana coir on the growth and yie...NurdinUng
The research was aimed to study effect application of sea sand (SS), coconut coir (CC) and banana coir (BC) on the growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) planted at Ustic Endoaquert soil. The pot experiment was carried out using a factorial design with 3 factors. The first factor was SS consisted of three levels i.e.: 0%, 25%, and 50%. The second and third factors were CC and BC, each consisted of three levels i.e.: 0, 10, and 20 Mg ha-1. Application of SS and BC significantly increased leaf length where the highest increasing percentage was 16.47% which was achieved at 25% SS application. Their effect on leaf numbers and tiller numbers were relatively not similar pattern where leaf number only increased about 65.52% by BC application, while tiller numbers only increased about 10.77% by SS application. Furthermore, the application of CC and BC significantly increased panicle numbers to 29.53% and 29.05%, respectively compared to control. All ameliorants significantly increased panicle numbers, but the best was CC with the increasing up to 46.49% at 20 Mg ha-1 CC compared to SS or BC application. However, only coconut coir significantly increased the rice grain numbers.
This document summarizes a study on the agronomic traits and physiology of maize under different water application levels. The study used two maize varieties - a hybrid variety and a composite variety - under four water treatments: no water, one application, two applications, and three applications. The results showed that more frequent water applications increased plant height, dry weight, and grain dry weight. Plants without water showed a 36% decrease in grain dry weight compared to those with three water applications. The hybrid variety performed best with three applications while the composite variety performed worst with no water. Water stress reduced the composite variety's production by 22% compared to the hybrid. Physiological analyses found the composite variety had higher intercellular CO2 but similar
Improving Fruit Quality and Nutritional Value of Deglet Nour dates subjected ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
A field study was carried out during the two consecutive years (2015-2016) in the region of Biskra, southern east of Algeria on date palms of Deglet-Nour variety, grown in a salty environment. To study the combined effect of salinity and phospho-potassium fertilization on the quality and nutritional value of dates, two sites of different salinity, occupied by 54 date palms variety Deglet-Nour has been selected. The palms were fertilized by receiving three doses of potassium (0, 2 and 3 kg / palm) as potassium sulphate K 2 SO 4 (50%) combined with three levels of phosphorus (0, 1 and 2 kg / palm) as superphosphate (TSP 46%). The results revealed that applying 2 kg of potassium/palm in an excessively salty environment and 3 kg/palm in a low or unsalted environment associated to 1 kg of phosphorus in the two different cases of salinity of the two sites S1 and S2 improving the fruit traits.
The effect of np fertlizer rates on the yield and yield components of ginger ...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effects of different rates of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers on the yield and yield components of ginger in Kindo-Koyisha Woreda, Ethiopia. The experiment used five levels of N (0-92 kg/ha) and four levels of P (0-30 kg/ha) in a randomized complete block design. Results showed that increasing the N level significantly increased various yield components. The P level also significantly affected plant height, leaf length, leaf area, and number of tillers and plants per plot. The interaction between N and P significantly impacted leaf area and number of plots per plot. The highest yields were obtained at 92kg/ha N and 30
Liming effects on yield and yield attributes of nitrogen fertilized and brady...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of lime, bradyrhizobia inoculation, and nitrogen fertilizer on the yield and yield attributes of soybean grown in acidic soil in Ethiopia. The main findings were:
1) Pod number, seed yield, seeds per pod, and hundred seed weight were significantly increased when lime and bradyrhizobia were used together, but nitrogen fertilizer did not significantly affect most yield attributes.
2) The highest seed yield was obtained with the combined application of lime, bradyrhizobia, and nitrogen fertilizer.
3) Using lime and bradyrhizobia together produced yields similar to applying nitrogen fertilizer,
Integrated Effect of Mulching Materials and Furrow Irrigation Methods on Yiel...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Werer, Middle Awash Valley during the dry season of the 2016-17, 2017-18 and 2018-19 to investigate the effects of mulching materials and furrow irrigation methods on onion yield and water productivity under semi-arid conditions. Split plot design with three replications, in which the irrigation methods (Conventional, Fixed and Alternate Furrow) were assigned to the main plot and the three mulching materials (no mulch, wheat straw and white plastic mulch), were to the sub-plot. Results indicate that marketable onion bulb yield and water use efficiency were affected by the main effect of furrow irrigation methods and mulching materials (p< 0.05). But the interaction of irrigation methods and mulch had no significant effect on marketable onion bulb yield and water use efficiency. The conventional furrow irrigation (10081.52kg ha-1) and wheat straw mulch (12121.63 kg ha-1) resulted in the maximum marketable bulb yield. The highest water use efficiency (3.27 kg/m3) was obtained from alternate furrow irrigation method with straw mulch. This suggests that under limited irrigation water, alternate furrow irrigation along with wheat straw mulch minimize evaporation loss; maximize water productivity and sustain onion production at Amibara and similar agro-ecology and soil type.
Soil fertility improvement by Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A Gray and its e...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers to increase yield o...Alexander Decker
1) The study investigated the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil properties and barley yield in Ethiopia.
2) It found that applying both organic (farm yard manure) and inorganic fertilizers (NP or NPK) led to the highest barley production, yielding over 49 quintals per hectare.
3) Applying only inorganic fertilizers or only organic fertilizers also increased yields compared to the control of no fertilizers, but the combination led to the greatest increases in soil fertility and barley production.
Spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) Response to Deficit Irrigationpaperpublications3
Abstract: An experiment was conducted with the objective to identify the level of deficit irrigation which allows achieving optimal yield and investigate the effect of deficit irrigation practice on spearmint (Mentha Spicata L.) yield and yield components. The experiment was conducted at Koka research station of Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia latitude 8O26’, longitude 39O2’ and altitude 1602masl for two years (2011/2012 and 2012/2013 dry season). Nine treatments three level of irrigation water amount percentage based on evapo-transpiration of the crop (ETc) (100%ETc, 75%ETc and 50%ETc) and three types of furrow irrigation water application method (alternate furrow, fixed furrow and conventional furrow) were used in randomized completely block design (RCBD) with three replications. The pooled mean of two year data showed different level of deficit irrigation had a significant effect (p<0.05)><0.01) variation among treatments due to deficit irrigation on dry biomass yield per hectare, dry leaf yield per hectare, essential oil yield per hectare and water use efficiency. However, different deficit irrigation level had no significant influence on wet harvesting index. The highest fresh biomass, dry biomass, fresh leaf, dry leaf and essential oil yield per harvesting cycle of 12093kg/ha, 3746kg/ha, 8133kg/ha, 2441.1kg/ha and 37.0kg/ha respectively was obtained due to 100%ETc with conventional furrow application method. Moreover, the highest water use efficiency of 16.3x10-3kg/m3 was achieved due to deficit irrigation to 50%ETc with alternate furrow irrigation water application method. The study showed that the best treatment is deficit irrigation to 50%ETc with conventional furrow application method which had no significant variation with treatments that showed higher yields of spearmint including water use efficiency.
Effect of Magnetic Treatment of Water on Evapotranspiration of TomatoAZOJETE UNIMAID
This document discusses a study on the effect of magnetic treatment of water on evapotranspiration of tomato plants. Three magnetic flux densities were used to treat water for tomato irrigation, along with a control of non-treated water. The amount of water lost daily from buckets containing tomato plants due to evapotranspiration was measured. Plants irrigated with magnetically treated water had higher daily evapotranspiration rates compared to the control, indicating treated water allowed easier water absorption and faster plant growth despite equal water quantities.
IRJET- Evaluation of Irrigation Regime on Tomato in Mareko Woreda, Gurage Zon...IRJET Journal
This study evaluated the effects of different irrigation regimes on tomato yield in Mareko Woreda, Ethiopia. Four irrigation treatments were tested: 125% of management allowed depletion (MAD), 100% MAD, 75% MAD, and farmer practice. The combined yield results over two years showed no significant differences in non-marketable, marketable, or total yields between treatments. Maximum water productivity of 4.9 kg/m3 was obtained with 100% MAD, while minimum productivity of 4 kg/m3 was from 125% MAD. It is concluded that applying irrigation at 100% MAD provides better yield and water productivity while minimizing irrigation frequency and labor costs.
Response of Hot Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) to Deficit Irrigation in Bennatse...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted at Enchete kebele in Benna-Tsemay Woreda, South Omo Zone to evaluate the response of hot pepper to deficit irrigation on yield and water productivity under furrow irrigation system. The experiment comprised four treatments (100 % of ETc, 85% of ETc, 70 % of ETc and 50% of ETc), respectively. The experiment was laid out in RCBD and replicated four times. The two years combined yield results indicated that, the maximum total yield (20.38 t/ha) was obtained from 100% ETc while minimum yield (12.92 t/ha) was obtained from 50% of ETc deficit irrigation level. The highest WUE 5.22 kg/ha mm-1 was obtained from 50% of ETc. Treatment of 100% ETc irrigation application had highest benefit cost ratio (4.5) than all others treatments. Applying 50% of ETc reduce the yield by 37% when compared to 100 % ETc. Accordingly, to achieve maximum hot pepper yield in areas where water is not scarce, applying 100% ETc irrigation water application level throughout whole growing season under furrow irrigation system is recommended. But, in the study area water scarcity is the major limiting factor for crop production. So, it is possible to get better yield and water productivity of hot pepper when we apply 85% ETc irrigation water throughout growing season under furrow irrigation system.
Effect of conservation agriculture on soil moisture content and biomass water...Innspub Net
One of the important principles of Conservation Agriculture is the permanent soil cover with crop residues which enhances soil and water productivity that leads to improved agricultural productivity. The effect of crop residues on soil moisture content, relative growth rate and biomass water productivity were examined in a completely randomized design at the University of Reading, Berkshire district, England. Straw treatment was significant on moisture content and water use efficiency at (p< 0.01) respectively while there is no significant difference on mean relative growth rate and dry final biomass weights. The study concluded that soil moisture content is conserved with increased use of crop residues as soil cover. The study therefore recommended that project based research on Conservation Agriculture should be carried out by governments and NGO’s that will involve farmers; also they should provide support for the knowledge diffusion of Conservation Agriculture to local farmers since it will improve yield and productivity. Extension agents and other agencies that work with farmers should also be properly trained to be able to disseminate this technology to farmers.
Effect of partial rootzone drying technique on growth performance of sorghumAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of partial rootzone drying (PRD) irrigation techniques on the growth performance of sorghum. The study found that sorghum grown under PRD techniques performed better than those under full irrigation. Specifically, irrigation regimes with 75% and 100% of full irrigation water produced better growth parameters, crop water use efficiency, and yields compared to regimes with 50% and 25% irrigation. The study also found interactions between the PRD irrigation techniques and two different soil types (Rengam soil series and Rhu Tapai soil series) for some growth parameters. Overall, the study concluded that using PRD irrigation can optimize sorghum production in water-limited conditions.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.3.14
ABSTRACT- The physico-chemical properties of four lands use types in Akokwa of Ideato North, Imo State, Nigeria
were determined. The land use patterns were fallow land (FL), cassava continuously cultivated land (CL), Oil palm
plantation (OPL) and Yam plot (YL). Composite samples were collected from various depths (0 -15 cm, 15 – 30 cm,
30 – 45 cm) across these land use patterns and analyzed in the laboratory. Data generated were subjected to analysis of
variance. Results obtained showed significant difference (P≤0.05) in soil bulk density, organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen
(TN), available phosphorus (Av. P) and ECEC across the four land use types. The bulk density value was highest at
30 – 45 cm depth by CL (1.93 g/cm3), followed by YL (1.89 g/cm3), OPL (1.70 g/cm3) and FL (1.68 g/cm3). The TN
content of the soil was highest in the FL at 0 – 15 cm depth (0.25%) while the lowest was found in the CL plot (0.03%).
The soil Av. P content was highest in the FL at 0 – 15 cm depth (9.63 mg/kg) while the lowest value was obtained in CL
plot (1.16 mg/kg). The values of OC at the depths of 0 – 15 cm, 15 – 30 cm and 30 – 45 cm in the FL (1.03%, 0.49%.
0.45%) were found to be significantly different (P≤0.05) from the CL (0.39%, 0.15%, 0.13%) land use type. Results
obtained showed that different land use types have varying effects on soil physical and chemical properties. The fallow
land had on the surface (0 – 15 cm) the highest content of soil chemical properties and lowest bulk density. Therefore,
farmers may periodically fallow their lands to build up organic matter, stabilize soil aggregates, improves nutrient cycles
for sustainable productivity.
Key-words- Land use, Soil chemical properties, Bulk density, Fallow land, Cassava land, Yam land, Oil palm land
This document summarizes the design and evaluation of a gravity-fed, perforated tube drip irrigation system for citrus sinensis (sweet orange) trees during the dry season in Uyo, Nigeria. The goal was to utilize limited water supplies more efficiently for root zone irrigation. Key aspects of the design included computing the size of the surface water tank, orifice discharge rates, number of drip pipes, flow rates, and root zone water volumes. A pilot test of the drip system achieved very high water use and application efficiencies of 95%. Soil moisture analysis and growth rate predictive functions also indicated the system adequately distributed moisture in the root zone. The study aimed to sustain citrus growth, yield, and quality
Effect of regulated deficit irrigation on growth and yield of sorghumAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the effects of regulated deficit irrigation on the growth and yield of sorghum. The study consisted of different irrigation regimes (100%, 75%, 50%, 25% of full irrigation) applied to two soil types and measured various growth parameters. The results showed that irrigation regimes of 100% and 75% performed better in terms of growth, water use efficiency, and economic returns compared to 50% and 25% deficit irrigation. Additionally, there were some interaction effects observed between deficit irrigation and soil type. Overall, the study recommends the use of 75% regulated deficit irrigation for optimizing sorghum growth in this agricultural zone.
Impact of long term application of agrochemicals on the agro-ecology of the l...Alexander Decker
This study assessed the impact of long-term agrochemical use on soil and water quality in the lower Anambra River Basin in Nigeria. Samples were analyzed for heavy metal content and microbial load. Results found heavy metal levels in soil and runoff water exceeded standards for agriculture and domestic use. Microbial loads in soil samples were also reduced compared to standards. Long-term application of agrochemicals like fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides introduced heavy metals into the soil and water that harmed microbial life and contaminated the environment. Countermeasures like adding organic manure were recommended to remediate soils and improve quality.
Water Requirement and Crop Coefficient of Onion (Red Bombay) in the Central R...paperpublications3
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Effects of drip irrigation frequency and depth on soil hydro-physical properties of a tomato field
1. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726
www.ijesi.org ||Volume 4 Issue 6|| June 2015 || PP.01-06
www.ijesi.org 1 | Page
Effects of drip irrigation frequency and depth on soil hydro-
physical properties of a tomato field
Oke, A. M.1
, Ojediran, J. O.2
1
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Adeleke University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
2
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State,
Nigeria
ABSTRACT: A major challenge facing vegetable crop production globally is water scarcity. There is need to
encourage tomato production in the Southern parts of Nigeria, particularly during the period of scarcity to
bridge the production deficit gap, increase availability and improve the supply, the main objective of this study
is to determine effect of irrigation frequency and depth of a tomato field on soil hydro-physical properties. The
study was conducted at the drip irrigation research plot of Agricultural Engineering Department of Ladoke
Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria. The experiment was a two factor experiment. The
factors were frequency of water application [7 days (F1), 5 days (F2) and 3 days (F3)], as the main plot and
depth of application as subplots. The depth of application was taken as 100, 75 and 50% of the crop water need
(ETc) designated as D1, D2 and D3 respectively. The experimental layout is a randomized complete block design
(RCBD) with three replicates. Thus, the experiment was arranged in a 3 x 3 x 3 experiment with an area of each
plot being 4m2
.
KEYWORDS: irrigation frequency and depth, soil hydro-physical properties, tomato field
I. INTRODUCTION
Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) is one of the most important vegetables grown in the world,
and it’s cultivated in both tropic and temperate zones for fresh and processed products (Opiyo and Ying, 2005).
The general popularity and health benefits associated with this vegetable crop make it one of the most
commercially viable of all agricultural commodities (Agarwal and Rao, 2000)). Tomatoes are consumed fresh,
cooked or processed into various products and it is composed mainly of water (approximately 90%), soluble and
insoluble solids (5-7%), citric and other organic acids, and vitamins and minerals (Pedro and Ferreira, 2007).
Ripe tomatoes are also known to have a high content of the antioxidant lycopene and carotene, which plays
important roles in the prevention of certain forms of cancer (Agarwal and Rao, 2000; Pedro and Ferreira, 2007).
Cultivation of this high yielding, short duration crop is increasing worldwide. It is grown in different parts of the
world where the annual rainfall ranges between 300- 600mm (Schwab et al., 1993). Approximately 160 million
tons of tomato is produced annually on 4.7 million hectares (FAOSTAT, 2011). However, earlier reports
(Okunoya, 1996 and FAO, 2008) indicated that Africa produces about 79% of the total world production of
tomato, and Egypt is the leading producer of the crop with an annual production of (1.51 million metric tons
with a cultivated area of 254, 430 hectares per annum) which amount to about 65% of the total world production
while Nigeria features as the second to Egypt in terms of production with 0.25 million metric tons per annum.
In Nigeria, almost all the parts of the country produce tomato but it is predominantly produced in the North,
particularly during the dry season via irrigation (Ramalan, 1994). Observably during the months of November to
March, tomato is very scarce in the Southwestern parts of the country and the product has to be transported from
the North. However, due to long distance and its high perish ability, the products become very scarce and
expensive (Okunoya, 1996). Despite the importance of tomato in the nutrition of people, its production is very
low as most farmers depend mainly on natural fertility of the soil and in addition invest considerable labour in
land preparation and weed control, so as to achieve a reasonable yield. This is in contrast to the situation in
developed countries where considerable inputs such as fertilizers, pesticides and irrigation are used (Akemo et
al., 2000). A major challenge facing agricultural production globally which also serves as the main causes of
shortage of tomato and other vegetable crops production is water scarcity. This is a critical constraint to farming
in many parts of the world. With regards to agriculture, the World Bank targets food production and irrigation
water management as an increasing global issue that is fostering a growing debate. It was stated that arid regions
frequently suffer from physical water scarcity and this occurs where water seems abundant but where resources
are over- committed. This can happen where there is over development of hydraulic infrastructure, usually for
irrigation (Broner and Schneekloth 2003). The physical water scarcity and economic scarcity according to
2. Effects of drip irrigation frequency and depth on soil hydro-physical properties of a tomato field
www.ijesi.org 2 | Page
Broner and Schneekloth, (2003), is usually caused by an environmental degradation, declining of groundwater
and by a lack of investment in water or insufficient human capacity to satisfy the demand for its use. Therefore,
there is need to encourage tomato production in the Southern parts of Nigeria, particularly during the period of
scarcity to bridge the production deficit gap, increase availability and improve the supply.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Materials
The materials used for the research include soil core samplers, hand trowel, sieve mesh, pressure plates,
core cutter, digital weighing balance, constant head permeameter, metal cylinders, flexible measuring tape,
vernier caliper, AccuPAR LP-80 ceptometer and digital camera.
2.2 Description of the Study Areas
The study area is the drip irrigation research plot of Agricultural Engineering Department of Ladoke
Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso. Ogbomoso lies between Longitudes 4o
101
and 4o
141
E of the
Greenwich Meridian and Latitudes 8o
081
and 10o
101
N of the Equator. The climatic condition of Ogbomoso is
mostly influenced by the North east and southwest trade wind with a maximum temperature of 33o
C and a
minimum temperature of 28o
C. It is sometimes cold with drying effect which normally starts from November to
March while the later is warm and very moist which is between the months of April and October (Olaniyi et al.,
2009). The relative humidity of this area is about 74% all year round except in the month of December to
February where relative humidity is low when the dry wind blows from the north Olaniyi (2009). The average
annual rainfall is about 1000 mm. The soil type is general broad alfisol. The soil in this area had been used in
the past for maize cropping and later lies fallow until the period it is used for this experiment and that makes the
soil to be highly rich in organic contents.
2.3 Experimental Design, Plot Layout and Management
The experiment was a two factor experiment. The factors were frequency of water application [7 days
(F1), 5 days (F2) and 3 days (F3)] and depth of application (100, 75 and 50% of the crop water need (ETc)
designated as D1, D2 and D3 respectively). The experimental layout is a randomized complete block design
(RCBD) with three replicates. Thus, the experiment was arranged in a 3x3x3 experiment with an area of each
plot being 4m2
as shown in Figure 3.1.
Figure 3.1: Experimental Field Layout of Irrigation Scheduling According to Frequencies and Depth of
Applications
2.4 Irrigation Scheduling
The irrigation scheduling was determined as a function of ETc. Three depths of application (D1, D2 and
D3) were used as 100% ETc, 75% ETc and 50% ETc (ETc, 0.75 ETc and 0.5ETc). Three frequencies (F1, F2 and
F3) were used at every 7, 5, and 3 days respectively. The depths of application and frequencies were arranged
according to 3 x 3 x 3 RCBD. The volume of application for the desired depth was determined by multiplying
the depth by the crop area as
(1)
Where: av is the volume of application (m3
or L), is the irrigation depth (m) and is the crop area (m2
)
The drippers were calibrated to have a discharge . The time required for applying the desired volume was
calculated using the relation
= (2)
Where: is the time required (hr), is the discharge (L/hr)
3. Effects of drip irrigation frequency and depth on soil hydro-physical properties of a tomato field
www.ijesi.org 3 | Page
Each sub-plot is 2 x 2 square meters which contained 15 stands of tomato at 0.5m spacing within row
and 1m between rows. The three main plots were separated from the other by a space of 1 m. It is located in the
savanna zone of area 187.5 m2
. Weeding of the plots was done manually at four (4) weeks interval. The first
weeding was done four weeks after transplanting (WATP). Fertilizer application was done according to the
standard recommended dosage for tomato using N.P.K (15-15-15) at the rate of 10g/0.26m2
at the crop initial
stage growth.
2.5 Preliminary Soil Investigation
Undisturbed and disturbed soil samples were collected from two alternating edges of the experimental
site. The undisturbed samples were collected by digging soil profile of about 1x1x1m at the two edges. Soil core
samplers of diameter 58 mm and height 40 mm was used to collect the samples at the depths of 0-5, 5-10, 10-20
and 20-30cm. The collected samples were kept in separate black polythene bags to prevent moisture loss before
transporting to the laboratory. Disturbed samples were collected at the same depths with the aid of a hand
trowel. The samples was air-dried at 105o
C for 48 hours and sieved with a 2 mm sieve mesh.
out the experiment are as detailed below.
2.6 Planting of tomato
Tomato seeds were planted on a nursery bed. The seedling was nursed for about four weeks after they
were transplanted to the field. The seedlings were planted at a spacing of 0.5m within row and 1m between
rows. This implies that each 2 x 2 m sub–plot had 15 tomato stands. Each tomato stands occupied an average
area of 0.33 m2
.
2.7 Determination of Soil Hydro-physical Properties
The initial soil hydro-physical properties of the experimental site were determined. The undisturbed
soil samples was used to determine the soil field capacity (FC) and permanent wilting point (PWP) using
pressure plates. The FC and PWP was used to calculate the soil available water (AW) as
. (3)
The physical properties that were determined from the undisturbed soil samples include; Bulk density,
saturated hydraulic conductivity, total porosity, macro-porosity, micro-porosity, field capacity, permanent
wilting point, available water, soil organic carbon and water holding capacity.
i. Bulk Density (BD): The bulk density of the soil was calculated by determining the mass of soil and
volume of core cutter. The soil samples were collected from the field at different locations after which the
samples collected was transferred to the laboratory in order to know the weight of the soil and core cutter
using a digital weighing balance (0.001g).
The bulk density ( ), given by the equation
(4)
Where: is the bulk density, (gcm-3
), is the mass of soil (g), is the total soil volume (cm3
)
ii. Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity (Ksat): The saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) was
determined using the constant–head permeameter, using undisturbed soil samples collected in metal
cylinders after saturation by capillary in a water bath for 48 hours. The determination of Ksat was
performed by collecting and measuring the amount of water that percolates through the soil sample
under a constant hydraulic head of 3cm in water column according to methodology described by Pedro
and Ferreira (2007). From the data, Ksat was calculated according to the equation:
(5)
Where: Ksat is the hydraulic conductivity in (cm/hr), Q is the volume of water that flow through
the soil column in a given time (cm3
), L is the length of the soil column (cm), H is the water head above the soil
column (cm), A is the area of soil column (cm2
) and t is the time (hr).
iii. Total Porosity, Macro-porosity and Micro-porosity (Pt, Ma and Mi): the total porosity ( )
corresponds to the volumetric water content at saturation; micro-porosity ( ) is the volumetric water
content at 6 water tension while macro-porosity ( ) is the difference between the total porosity
and micro-porosity
4. Effects of drip irrigation frequency and depth on soil hydro-physical properties of a tomato field
www.ijesi.org 4 | Page
(6)
iv. Field Capacity, Permanent Wilting Point and Available Water (Fc, PWP and AW): the field
capacity was determined and the water content at FC corresponds to the volumetric water content - at
10 kPa water tensions while the permanent wilting point is the moisture content at 1500 kPa and the
available water was determined by finding the difference between the FC and the PWP.
The available water (AW) in each soil layer was computed as:
(7)
Where: FC is the moisture content at field capacity, (cm3
cm-3
), PWP is the moisture content at
permanent wilting point (cm3
cm-3
).
v. Water Holding Capacity: the water holding capacity for each soil depth was computed as:
(8)
Where: is the water holding capacity (mm), is the soil depth of ith
layer (mm),
For each treatment, water holding capacity is given as
(10)
Where: is the the total water holding capacity for a given treatment, is the available
water in a particular soil layer, i is a given soil layer.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The effect of drip irrigation frequencies and water regimes on soil hydro-physical conditions, growth
and yield of tomato was investigated. The results obtained are presented in subsequent sections
Soil Hydro-physical Properties
The hydro-physical properties of the soil determined include saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat),
bulk density (BD), total porosity (Pt), macro-porosity (Ma), micro-porosity (Mi), field capacity (Fc), permanent
wilting point (PWP) and available water (Aw). The correlation between these hydro-physical properties of the
soil at 0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-30, and 0 -30 cm surface layer of tomato drip irrigated field is presented in Tables 1 -
5 respectively.
Table 4.1: Correlation between the soil physical properties of the 0-5 cm surface layer of the tomato drip
irrigated field.
Ksat BD Pt Mi Ma FC PWP AW
Ksat 1
BD -0.04 1.00
Pt -0.16 -0.54**
1.00
Mi 0.00 0.02 0.17 1.00
Ma -0.14 -0.49**
0.77**
-0.50**
1.00
FC -0.06 0.19 0.10 0.85**
-0.46*
1.00
PWP -0.21 0.17 -0.13 0.67**
-0.55**
0.78**
1.00
AW 0.25 -0.02 0.35 0.06 0.27 0.07 -0.57**
1
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
5. Effects of drip irrigation frequency and depth on soil hydro-physical properties of a tomato field
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Table 4.2: Correlation between the soil physical properties of the 5-10 cm surface layer of the tomato drip irrigated
field.
Ksat BD Pt Mi Ma FC PWP AW
Ksat 1
BD -0.137 1
Pt -0.157 0.074 1
Mi 0.130 -0.032 0.131 1
Ma -0.177 0.080 0.989**
-0.017 1
FC -0.039 -0.050 0.037 0.784**
-0.080 1
PWP -0.035 0.236 0.162 0.709**
0.057 0.495**
1
AW -0.002 -0.288 -0.129 0.040 -0.136 0.467*
-0.537**
1
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
Table 4.3: Correlation between the soil physical properties of 10-20 cm surface layer of the tomato drip irrigated
field.
Ksat BD Pt Mi Ma FC PWP AW
Ksat 1
BD -0.644**
1
Pt 0.092 0.184 1
Mi 0.221 0.007 0.674**
1
Ma -0.130 0.233 0.544**
-0.253 1
FC -0.187 0.317 0.620**
0.860**
-0.165 1
PWP -0.025 0.053 -0.053 0.241 -0.342 0.346 1
AW 0.011 -0.053 0.034 -0.270 0.350 -0.357 -0.989**
1
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Table 4.4: Correlation between the soil physical properties of the 20-30 cm surface layer of the tomato drip irrigated
field.
Ksat BD Pt Mi Ma FC PWP AW
Ksat 1
BD 0.032 1
Pt -0.191 0.190 1
Mi -0.048 -0.155 -0.040 1
Ma -0.041 0.219 0.473*
-0.899**
1
FC 0.072 0.086 0.265 0.267 -0.120 1
PWP 0.404*
0.184 0.179 -0.223 0.275 0.178 1
AW -0.090 -0.262 -0.370 0.081 -0.233 -0.160 -0.577**
1
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Table 4.5: Correlation between the soil physical properties of the 0-30 cm surface layer of the tomato drip
irrigated field.
Ksat BD Pt Mi Ma FC PWP AW
Ksat 1
BD -0.328**
1
Pt -0.029 -0.016 1
Mi 0.019 -0.061 0.031 1
Ma -0.035 0.025 0.778**
-0.604**
1
FC -0.064 -0.032 0.189 0.297**
-0.036 1
PWP 0.003 0.004 0.136 0.011 0.102 0.504**
1
AW -0.030 0.184 -0.179 0.024 -0.158 -0.351**
-0.668**
1
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
6. Effects of drip irrigation frequency and depth on soil hydro-physical properties of a tomato field
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IV. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The effect of irrigation frequency and depth on soil hydro-physical properties of a tomato field was
determined, it was obtained that irrigation frequency and regimes have significant effects on the hydro-physical
properties of the soil including water holding capacity, saturated hydraulic conductivity, bulk density, total
porosity, macro-porosity, micro-porosity, field capacity, permanent wilting point and available water (Aw)
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