A major challenge faced by diabetic patients is infected diabetic ulcers usually associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Worse issues arise from antibiotic resistant microorganisms. This study was conducted to determine the antibiogram of bacteria isolated from wounds of diabetic patients on hospital admission. Nine wound swab samples were collected from nine diabetic in-patients with ulcers. These were processed using standard protocols. Multi antibiotic sensitivity discs (Gram negative and Gram positive) containing ten antibiotics respectively were used. Total of 91 bacterial isolates were obtained belonging to five species. Staphylococcus aureus was most predominant (34.07%) and Proteus mirabilis was the least isolated (7.69%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed highest (100%) resistance to the antibiotics used, followed by Proteus mirabilis (90%), Staphylococcus aureus (80%) and Escherichia coli (30%). Klebsiella pneumoniae was 100% susceptible. Streptomycin was the most efficacious antibiotic while Ciprofloxacin and Augmentin were the least. The level of resistance exhibited by these clinical isolates is worrisome and likely to impede treatment outcomes. Streptomycin showed broad spectrum activity and may be the best drug of choice for treating wounds in diabetic patients however, there is need for antibiotic susceptibility testing and consideration of patient’s physiologic disposition before introducing antibiotic regimen.
Incidence rate of multidrug-resistant organisms in a tertiary care hospital, ...Apollo Hospitals
Antimicrobial resistance to microorganisms is a growing public health concern globally, especially in developing countries. This study was conducted to study the incidence rate of multidrug-resistant organisms with their antibiotic sensitivity pattern.
Characterization of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex Strains: A Multicenter...CrimsonpublishersCJMI
Characterization of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex Strains: A Multicenter Retrospective Greek Study by Lamprini Gkaravela in Cohesive Journal of Microbiology & Infectious Disease
Incidence rate of multidrug-resistant organisms in a tertiary care hospital, ...Apollo Hospitals
Antimicrobial resistance to microorganisms is a growing public health concern globally, especially in developing countries. This study was conducted to study the incidence rate of multidrug-resistant organisms with their antibiotic sensitivity pattern.
Characterization of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex Strains: A Multicenter...CrimsonpublishersCJMI
Characterization of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex Strains: A Multicenter Retrospective Greek Study by Lamprini Gkaravela in Cohesive Journal of Microbiology & Infectious Disease
Antifungal Strategies in the Intensive Care UnitsYazan Kherallah
Discuss the different anti-fungal treatment strategies for suspected systemic candidiasis in the intensive care units: prophylaxis, preemptive, empiric and definitive.
ABSTRACT- Diabetic foot infections are the most common problems in persons with diabetes. Among the 50 samples, 43 (86%) showed positive results of bacterial infection. Diabetic foot lesions are divided into six grades based on the depth of the wound and extent of the tissue necrosis. Inci-dences of bacteria were recorded as Staphylococcus aureus (31.37%) followed by Proteus mirabilis (21.05%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15.79%), Streptococcus pyogenes (14.04%), Escherichia coli (7.02%), Clostridium botulinum (5.26%), Peptococcus spp. (3.50%) and Salmonella typhimurium (1.75). The prevalence of diabetic foot infections varies according to sex, age, sugar level and economic status. Males were more susceptible to in-fection than females because of higher outdoor activities. Age groups of 40-50 years and fasting sugar levels of 100-150 mg/dl showed maximum incidence of bacterial infection in diabetic foot lesions. Maximum incidences of bacterial infection were found in patients of poor economic status followed by those of middle and high economic status respectively, due to lack of education about the disease and unhygienic surroundings. Except Peptococcus spp. the remaining isolates exhibited Multiple Drug Resistance (MDR). The selection of empiric antibiotic therapy depends on various factors such as infection severity, over all patient condition, medication allergies, previous antibiotic treatment, antibiotic activity, toxicity, excretion and glycemic control. Proper identification of causative agents, appropriate antibiotic therapy and management of complications of diabetic foot in-fections remain essential to the achievement of a successful outcome. Key words: Diabetic foot infection and Multiple Drug Resistance.
In Vitro Combine Interactions of Antimicrobial Agents with Plant Extract agai...Premier Publishers
The in vitro interaction between n-hexane extract (nhexEXT) of root of Adiantum capillus-veneris and certain known antimicrobial drugs i.e. Oxacillin, Ceftazimide, Cefriaxone, Ofloxacin, Meropenem, Erythromycin, Cefuroxime, Cefoxitin, Cefotaxime and Ampicillin was evaluated. The study was carried out against ten bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, S.epidermidis, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shigella dysentriae, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Providencia species, Citrobacter freundii and Escherichia coli isolated from urine, pus and blood samples. Both disc diffusion and well diffusion methods were used to determine antimicrobial activity of plant extract in combination with antibiotics. Antimicrobial sensitivity indicated that Meropenem was the most effective antibiotic with zone of inhibition (ZI) of 25-33 mm among all tested antibiotics followed by Ofloxacin (10-26.5 mm), Ceftriaxone (8-20 mm), while Oxacillin showed no activity against almost all bacterial strains. The study showed that most bacterial strains were resistant to most of the antibiotics used, ranging from 20-60%. The methanolic extract (nhexEXT) of A. capillus-veneris used alone was active against most of the bacterial isolates with maximum activity against E. coli with 16 mm ZI. The study also indicated that there was an increased activity in case of combination of nhexEXT with antibiotics. The combined effects of plant extract with antibiotics were synergistic against most of the bacterial strains. The nhexEXT showed maximum synergistic effect with Ceftazimide with ZI of 42 mm followed by Meropenem (40 mm) and Ceftriaxone (28 mm) against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial strains. The data suggests that plant extract could be used as alternative to antibiotics. These results give scientific backing that combination between plant extract and antibiotics would be useful in fighting the emerging drug-resistant bacterial pathogens.
Antibiotic resistance is increasing in Gram Negative organisms. It is important to know the antibiogram of the hospital to start empirical therapy. It can serve as a reference to clinician looking for information on antibiotic resistance. A retrospective analysis of the isolates obtained from January 2016 to December 2016 was performed. Samples were processed as per CLSI guideline. A total of 718 isolates were obtained. These were analysed for the prevalence
of MDR/XDR/PDR. It was found that XDR isolates are prevalent in our teaching hospital. The study showed an emergence in pan drug resistant isolates. The knowledge of local antibiogram
along with strong antibiotic stewardship program can help in guiding antibiotic therapy.This reduces antibiotic pressure among organisms and hence development of resistance.
Clinical Manifestations of Plasmodium bergheiANKA Infection in Juvenile Mice:...AI Publications
Malaria is an important health and development challenge in Africa, Animalmodels most particularly mice, have long been employedto study malaria pathogenesis. Clinical manifestations due to Plasmodium bergheiANKA infection in juvenile mice as a model for understanding the complications ofcongenital malaria in neonates.Forty-five juvenile mice (5-7 days old) were acquired from University College Hospital, Ibadan and injected with 2 x 107 (0.2ml) Plasmodium berghei ANKA parasitized red blood cells (PRBCs). Mice were transported to the study site, kept in well ventilated cages and fed daily with a balanced ration. Every day after post-P. berghei infection, mice were monitored for mortality. Clinical manifestations ofexperimental cerebral malaria (ECM) was assessed and confirmed if at leastruffled fur, hunching, wobbly gait, limb paralysis, convulsions, or coma was observed. Each sign was given a score of 1. Animals with scores ≥4 were considered to have severe ECM.20 (44%) micewerelost due to natural cause (i.e. stress) at day 2 of the experiment. Between day 4 and 9, 25 (56%) of the studymice presented clinical signs of ECM which includes; ruffled fur 25(100%), hunching 21 (84%), wobbly gait 17 (68%), limb paralysis 20 (80%), convulsions 25 (100%) and subsequently died. Survival rate and severity of ECM in the mice differs, 22 (88.0%) had severe ECM and 3(12.0%) had mild ECM.This study has shown that parasite establishment and malaria complications can manifest as early as 4 days’postP. berghei infection in 5-7 days old mice.
Epidemiology of Onychomycosis in Pernambuco, Northeastern of Brazil: Results ...CrimsonpublishersCJMI
Epidemiology of Onychomycosis in Pernambuco, Northeastern of Brazil: Results of a Laboratory-Based Survey by Gonçalves de Lima Neto in Cohesive Journal of Microbiology & Infectious Disease
Antifungal Strategies in the Intensive Care UnitsYazan Kherallah
Discuss the different anti-fungal treatment strategies for suspected systemic candidiasis in the intensive care units: prophylaxis, preemptive, empiric and definitive.
ABSTRACT- Diabetic foot infections are the most common problems in persons with diabetes. Among the 50 samples, 43 (86%) showed positive results of bacterial infection. Diabetic foot lesions are divided into six grades based on the depth of the wound and extent of the tissue necrosis. Inci-dences of bacteria were recorded as Staphylococcus aureus (31.37%) followed by Proteus mirabilis (21.05%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15.79%), Streptococcus pyogenes (14.04%), Escherichia coli (7.02%), Clostridium botulinum (5.26%), Peptococcus spp. (3.50%) and Salmonella typhimurium (1.75). The prevalence of diabetic foot infections varies according to sex, age, sugar level and economic status. Males were more susceptible to in-fection than females because of higher outdoor activities. Age groups of 40-50 years and fasting sugar levels of 100-150 mg/dl showed maximum incidence of bacterial infection in diabetic foot lesions. Maximum incidences of bacterial infection were found in patients of poor economic status followed by those of middle and high economic status respectively, due to lack of education about the disease and unhygienic surroundings. Except Peptococcus spp. the remaining isolates exhibited Multiple Drug Resistance (MDR). The selection of empiric antibiotic therapy depends on various factors such as infection severity, over all patient condition, medication allergies, previous antibiotic treatment, antibiotic activity, toxicity, excretion and glycemic control. Proper identification of causative agents, appropriate antibiotic therapy and management of complications of diabetic foot in-fections remain essential to the achievement of a successful outcome. Key words: Diabetic foot infection and Multiple Drug Resistance.
In Vitro Combine Interactions of Antimicrobial Agents with Plant Extract agai...Premier Publishers
The in vitro interaction between n-hexane extract (nhexEXT) of root of Adiantum capillus-veneris and certain known antimicrobial drugs i.e. Oxacillin, Ceftazimide, Cefriaxone, Ofloxacin, Meropenem, Erythromycin, Cefuroxime, Cefoxitin, Cefotaxime and Ampicillin was evaluated. The study was carried out against ten bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, S.epidermidis, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shigella dysentriae, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Providencia species, Citrobacter freundii and Escherichia coli isolated from urine, pus and blood samples. Both disc diffusion and well diffusion methods were used to determine antimicrobial activity of plant extract in combination with antibiotics. Antimicrobial sensitivity indicated that Meropenem was the most effective antibiotic with zone of inhibition (ZI) of 25-33 mm among all tested antibiotics followed by Ofloxacin (10-26.5 mm), Ceftriaxone (8-20 mm), while Oxacillin showed no activity against almost all bacterial strains. The study showed that most bacterial strains were resistant to most of the antibiotics used, ranging from 20-60%. The methanolic extract (nhexEXT) of A. capillus-veneris used alone was active against most of the bacterial isolates with maximum activity against E. coli with 16 mm ZI. The study also indicated that there was an increased activity in case of combination of nhexEXT with antibiotics. The combined effects of plant extract with antibiotics were synergistic against most of the bacterial strains. The nhexEXT showed maximum synergistic effect with Ceftazimide with ZI of 42 mm followed by Meropenem (40 mm) and Ceftriaxone (28 mm) against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial strains. The data suggests that plant extract could be used as alternative to antibiotics. These results give scientific backing that combination between plant extract and antibiotics would be useful in fighting the emerging drug-resistant bacterial pathogens.
Antibiotic resistance is increasing in Gram Negative organisms. It is important to know the antibiogram of the hospital to start empirical therapy. It can serve as a reference to clinician looking for information on antibiotic resistance. A retrospective analysis of the isolates obtained from January 2016 to December 2016 was performed. Samples were processed as per CLSI guideline. A total of 718 isolates were obtained. These were analysed for the prevalence
of MDR/XDR/PDR. It was found that XDR isolates are prevalent in our teaching hospital. The study showed an emergence in pan drug resistant isolates. The knowledge of local antibiogram
along with strong antibiotic stewardship program can help in guiding antibiotic therapy.This reduces antibiotic pressure among organisms and hence development of resistance.
Clinical Manifestations of Plasmodium bergheiANKA Infection in Juvenile Mice:...AI Publications
Malaria is an important health and development challenge in Africa, Animalmodels most particularly mice, have long been employedto study malaria pathogenesis. Clinical manifestations due to Plasmodium bergheiANKA infection in juvenile mice as a model for understanding the complications ofcongenital malaria in neonates.Forty-five juvenile mice (5-7 days old) were acquired from University College Hospital, Ibadan and injected with 2 x 107 (0.2ml) Plasmodium berghei ANKA parasitized red blood cells (PRBCs). Mice were transported to the study site, kept in well ventilated cages and fed daily with a balanced ration. Every day after post-P. berghei infection, mice were monitored for mortality. Clinical manifestations ofexperimental cerebral malaria (ECM) was assessed and confirmed if at leastruffled fur, hunching, wobbly gait, limb paralysis, convulsions, or coma was observed. Each sign was given a score of 1. Animals with scores ≥4 were considered to have severe ECM.20 (44%) micewerelost due to natural cause (i.e. stress) at day 2 of the experiment. Between day 4 and 9, 25 (56%) of the studymice presented clinical signs of ECM which includes; ruffled fur 25(100%), hunching 21 (84%), wobbly gait 17 (68%), limb paralysis 20 (80%), convulsions 25 (100%) and subsequently died. Survival rate and severity of ECM in the mice differs, 22 (88.0%) had severe ECM and 3(12.0%) had mild ECM.This study has shown that parasite establishment and malaria complications can manifest as early as 4 days’postP. berghei infection in 5-7 days old mice.
Epidemiology of Onychomycosis in Pernambuco, Northeastern of Brazil: Results ...CrimsonpublishersCJMI
Epidemiology of Onychomycosis in Pernambuco, Northeastern of Brazil: Results of a Laboratory-Based Survey by Gonçalves de Lima Neto in Cohesive Journal of Microbiology & Infectious Disease
Comparative Study of the Prevalence and Antibiogram of Bacterial Isolates fro...iosrjce
The study compared the prevalence and antibiogram of bacterial isolates from the urinary and
genital tracts of pregnant women attending ante-natal clinics in Imo State. Urine and High vaginal swab (HVS)
samples were collected from across the three geopolitical zones of Imo State (Owerri, Orlu and Okigwe).
Federal Medical Centre (FMC) Owerri, Imo State University Teaching Hospital (IMSUTH) Orlu and General
Hospital Okigwe (GHO) were used as focal points. A total of 1197 samples were obtained from women and
used. Infection was significantly more with the urine samples than the HVS samples (P < 0.05) while
polymicrobial growth was more observed with the HVS samples. Escherichia coli was the predominantly
isolated organism (38.3%) from the urine samples while Staphylococcus aureus (29.1%) was the predominant
bacterial isolates in HVS. Other commonly isolated bacterial species include; Enterococcus faecalis and
Staphylococcus epidermidis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis and Bacteriodes were solely isolated
from urine while Lactobacillus was solely isolated from HVS. Overall antibiogram showed ciprofloxacin to be
the most effective antibiotic followed by nalidixic acid and pefloxac in for both specimens. Generally, multidrug
resistance was more in urine isolates (55.7%) than vaginal isolates (53.6%) with many showing the same
resistance patterns. The rate of multi/drug resistance in both samples is high (>50%) and worrisome. These call
for routine HVS as well as urine culture to be carried out on all antenatal women to ensure holistic antenatal care/ management.
Multidrug Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates in Maiduguri ...Scientific Review SR
Multi drug-resistant (MDR) isolates of Staphylococcus aureus are on rise and are becoming a
challenge for timely and appropriate treatment. The present study was carried out with an objective to isolate
Staphylococcus aureus from clinical samples and determine their sensitivity. Out of 110 samples collected, 44
were shown to contained S. aureus. The isolates were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity tests using 10 different
and commonly used antibiotics by modified Kirby- Bauer disc diffusion technique. Out of the total isolates (42)
tested, only 7.1% were susceptible to all the antibiotics. Multiple resistance was eminent in over 92% with
highest occurrence in 4.8% where the entire antibiotics were resisted. Multiple antibiotic resistance indixes
(MAR index) indicated that 0.6 index occurred most (23.8%) followed by 0.5 (19.0%). On the other hand, 0.1
and 0.8 indexes were the lowest with 0.0% and 1.0% occurrence respectively. Ciprofloxacin was resisted by
most of the organisms (64.3%) while amoxicillin (64.3%) and streptomycin (61.9%) were most efficacious. With
over 90% isolate having MAR index ≥ 0.2, the multiple drug resistance by the S. aureus is quite alarming and
might suggest inappropriate antibiotic usage by the sampled population. Therefore, the need to strategize the
nature of antibiotic treatment against S. aureus and massive campaign on indiscriminate antibiotic use is urgent.
Multidrug Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates in Maiduguri M...Scientific Review
Multi drug-resistant (MDR) isolates of Staphylococcus aureus are on rise and are becoming a challenge for timely and appropriate treatment. The present study was carried out with an objective to isolate Staphylococcus aureus from clinical samples and determine their sensitivity. Out of 110 samples collected, 44 were shown to contained S. aureus. The isolates were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity tests using 10 different and commonly used antibiotics by modified Kirby- Bauer disc diffusion technique. Out of the total isolates (42) tested, only 7.1% were susceptible to all the antibiotics. Multiple resistance was eminent in over 92% with highest occurrence in 4.8% where the entire antibiotics were resisted. Multiple antibiotic resistance indixes (MAR index) indicated that 0.6 index occurred most (23.8%) followed by 0.5 (19.0%). On the other hand, 0.1 and 0.8 indexes were the lowest with 0.0% and 1.0% occurrence respectively. Ciprofloxacin was resisted by most of the organisms (64.3%) while amoxicillin (64.3%) and streptomycin (61.9%) were most efficacious. With over 90% isolate having MAR index ≥ 0.2, the multiple drug resistance by the S. aureus is quite alarming and might suggest inappropriate antibiotic usage by the sampled population. Therefore, the need to strategize the nature of antibiotic treatment against S. aureus and massive campaign on indiscriminate antibiotic use is urgent.
The prevalence of extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) among Escherichia...Open Access Research Paper
The prevalence of extended spectrum β-lactamases among 246 clinical isolates from Abia State University teaching Hospital patients was investigated. The isolates were made up of 134 Escherichia coli and 112 Klebsiella species. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates was determined by the disc diffusion method. ESBL phenotypes were determined by the double disc synergy method using ceftazidime, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone and co-amoxiclav. Out of the 246 isolates, 125 (50.8%) were ESBL producers, made up of 62(50.8%) E. coli and 63 (50.4%) Klebsiella isolates. Seventeen (54.8%) of the ESBL producing E. coli isolates were from in-patients while 45 (47.9%) were from out-patients. For the ESBL positive Klebsiella spp., 14 (45.2%) and 49 (52.1%) were from in-patients and out-patients respectively. ESBL producing isolates were also found to be more prevalent among the female patients (72.8%) than among the male patients (27.2%). The isolates also expressed high rates of resistance to other classes of antibiotics tested. However, Amikacin was found to have excellent performance against the urinary isolates tested and therefore is recommended for the treatment of infections caused by Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species. This study shows high prevalence of ESBL producing E. coli and Klebsiella isolates clinical samples of patients attending the Abia State University Teaching Hospital Aba, Abia State Nigeria.
Bacteria Isolated From the Cerebrio-Spinal Fluid (Csf) of Suspected Cases of ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care. Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice. The journal publishes original papers, reviews, special and general articles, case management etc.
ISOLATION, IDENTIFICATION, AND DETERMINATION OF THE ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY...Raphael Mwalimu
This study involved isolating, identifying, and determining the susceptibility patterns of bacteria from diabetic patients who were hospitalized for diabetic foot ulcers.
Methods: The specimen was collected using a deep swabbing approach from the feet of forty hospitalized patients with diabetes. The two sample swabs were delivered to the microbiology laboratory as soon as they were collected. One swab was used for microscopic examinations, and the other was utilized for culture. Three aseptically prepared agars – chocolate, MacConkey, and sheep blood were used for culture. In accordance with accepted clinical standards, the pathogens were identified. By performing the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method on Mueller–Hinton Agar medium, the isolates’ antibiotic sensitivity patterns were examined.
Results: Twenty-five patients had microorganisms in their foot ulcers, whereas 15 patients had sterile samples (no pathological growth). Gram-negative (10) and positive (15) bacteria were recovered, with some patients having both types. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (32%), Klebsiella species (8%), and methicillin-resistant (10), sensitive (2), and coagulase-negative (3) strains of Staphylococcus aureus were identified.
Conclusion: Imipenem was the antibiotic most sensitive to almost all of the isolates, whereas Penicillin G had more resistance to all of the isolates, and the other antibiotics had more variation. Our findings lead us to recommend that patients with diabetes be empirically given imipenem.
Evaluation of resistance profile of pseudomonas aeruginosa with reference to ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Study of Bacterial Isolates and their Susceptibility Pattern in Chronic Suppu...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Occurrence and antibiotic susceptibility of Streptococcus pyogenes isolated f...Premier Publishers
A total of 24 throat samples were collected from Patients in Federal Medical Centre Umuahia, Abia State, to evaluate the prevalence of S. pyogenes and its antibiotic sensitivity. 17(70.8%) samples yielded Streptococcus pyogenes which was identified following some identification test. The incident rate was higher among those within the age of 5-25 years (53%). 58% of the isolate were from females. S. pyogenens showed 100% sensitivity to levofloxacin, vancomycin, penicillin G and amoxicillin and was resistant to tetracycline (58.8%). Penicillin, amoxicillin, levofloxacin and vancomycin could serve at first line drug of choice for the treatment of S. pyogenes infection.
Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pe...Premier Publishers
In Benin, chilli pepper is a widely consumed as vegetable whose production requires the use of performant varieties. This work assessed, at Parakou and Malanville, the performance of six F1 hybrids of chilli including five imported (Laali, Laser, Nandi, Kranti, Nandita) and one local (De cayenne), in completely randomized block design at four replications and 15 plants per elementary plot. Agro-morphological data were collected and submitted to analysis of variance and factor analysis of mixed data. The results showed the effects of variety, location and their interactions were highly significant for most of the growth, earliness and yield traits. Imported hybrid varieties showed the best performances compared to the local one. Multivariate analysis revealed that 'De cayenne' was earlier, short in size, thin-stemmed, red fruits and less yielding (≈ 1 t.ha-1). The imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1 were of strong vegetative vigor, more yielding (> 6 t.ha-1) by developing larger, long and hard fruits. Other hybrids showed intermediate performances. This study highlighted the importance of imported hybrids in improving yield and preservation of chili fruits. However, stability and adaptation analyses to local conditions are necessary for their adoption.
An Empirical Approach for the Variation in Capital Market Price Changes Premier Publishers
The chances of an investor in the stock market depends mainly on some certain decisions in respect to equilibrium prices, which is the condition of a system competing favorably and effectively. This paper considered a stochastic model which was latter transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equation where stock volatility was used as a key parameter. The analytical solution was obtained which determined the equilibrium prices. A theorem was developed and proved to show that the proposed mathematical model follows a normal distribution since it has a symmetric property. Finally, graphical results were presented and the effects of the relevant parameters were discussed.
Influence of Nitrogen and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Chia (Salvia hispani...Premier Publishers
Chia is an emerging cash crop in Kenya and its production is inhibited by lack of agronomic management information. A field experiment was conducted in February-June and May-August 2021, to determine the influence of nitrogen and spacing on growth and yield of Chia. A randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement was used with four nitrogen rates as the main plots (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha-1) and three spacing (30 cm x 15 cm (s1), 30 cm x 30 cm (s2), 50 cm x 50 cm (s3)). Application of 120 kg N ha-1 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth and seed yield of Chia. Stem height, branches, stem diameter and leaves increased by 23-28%, 11-13%, 43-55% and 59-88% respectively. Spacing s3 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth. An increase of 27-74%, 36-45% and 73-107% was recorded in number of leaves, stem diameter and dry weight, respectively. Chia yield per plant was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in s3. However, when expressed per unit area, s1 significantly produced higher yields. The study recommends 120 kg N ha-1 or higher nitrogen rates and a closer spacing of 15 cm x 30 cm as the best option for Chia production in Kenya.
Enhancing Social Capital During the Pandemic: A Case of the Rural Women in Bu...Premier Publishers
Social capital plays an essential role in empowering people for social and economic change even during the pandemic. A livelihood project of the government was implemented among the members of a women’s association of a disadvantaged upland community in Bukidnon province, Southern Philippines for inclusive development. This study was conducted to determine the influence of some socio-economic attributes and the change in the knowledge level on the social capital of the rural women amidst the pandemic. The activities of the project were implemented considering the health protocols imposed by the government during the health crisis. The findings revealed that the trainings conducted resulted to a positive change in the knowledge level among the rural women. This facilitated the production of vegetables for their households and generated additional income very necessary during the pandemic especially that other economic activities were hindered. Similarly, there was a significant increase in the social capital of the rural women during the last two years. The main occupation, sources of income and their ethnicity significantly influenced the social capital of the rural women. The rural development workers and policymakers must consider the social capital of the group in the implementation of poverty alleviation programs.
Impact of Provision of Litigation Supports through Forensic Investigations on...Premier Publishers
This paper presents an argument through the fraud triangle theory that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases is adequate for effective prosecution of perpetrators as well as corporate fraud prevention. To support this argument, this study operationalized provision of litigation supports through forensic audit and investigations, data mining for trends and patterns, and fraud data collection and preparation. A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the population of professional accountants and legal practitioners in Nigeria. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection and this was mailed to the respective respondents. Resulting responses were analyzed using the OLS multiple regression techniques via the SPSS statistical software. The results reveal that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations, fraud data mining for trends and patterns and fraud data collection and preparation for court proceedings have a positive and significant impact on corporate fraud prevention in Nigeria. This study therefore recommends that regulators should promote the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases in publicly listed firms in Nigeria, as this will help provide reports that are acceptable in court proceedings.
Improving the Efficiency of Ratio Estimators by Calibration WeightingsPremier Publishers
It is observed that the performances of most improved ratio estimators depend on some optimality conditions that need to be satisfied to guarantee better estimator. This paper develops a new approach to ratio estimation that produces a more efficient class of ratio estimators that do not depend on any optimality conditions for optimum performance using calibration weightings. The relative performances of the proposed calibration ratio estimators are compared with a corresponding global [Generalized Regression (GREG)] estimator. Results of analysis showed that the proposed calibration ratio estimators are substantially superior to the traditional GREG-estimator with relatively small bias, mean square error, average length of confidence interval and coverage probability. In general, the proposed calibration ratio estimators are more efficient than all existing estimators considered in the study.
Urban Liveability in the Context of Sustainable Development: A Perspective fr...Premier Publishers
Urbanization and quality of urban life are mutually related and however it varies geographically and regionally. With unprecedented growth of urban centres, challenge against urban development is more in terms of how to enhance quality of urban life and liveability. Making sense of and measuring urban liveability of urban places has become a crucial step in the context of sustainable development paradigm. Geographical regions depict variations in nature of urban development and consequently level of urban liveability. The coastal regain of West Bengal faces unusual challenges caused by increasing urbanization, uncontrolled growth, and expansion of economic activities like tourism and changing environmental quality. The present study offers a perspective on urban liveability of urban places located in coastal region comprising of Purba Medinipur and South 24 Parganas districts. The study uses the liveability standards covering four major pillars- institutional, social, economic and physical and their indicators. This leads to develop a City Liveability Index to rank urban places of the region, higher the index values better the urban liveability. The data for the purpose is collected from various secondary sources. Study finds that the eastern coastal region of the country covering state of West Bengal depicts variations in index of liveability determined by physical, economic, social and institutional indicators.
Transcript Level of Genes Involved in “Rebaudioside A” Biosynthesis Pathway u...Premier Publishers
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant which has recently been used widely as a sweetener. This medicinal plant has some components such as diterpenoid glycosides called steviol glycosides [SGs]. Rebaudioside A is a diterpenoid steviol glycoside which is 300 times sweeter than table sugar. This study was done to investigate the effect of GA3 (50 mg/L) on the expression of 14 genes involved in Rebaudioside A biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro conditions. The expression of DXS remarkably decreased by day 3. Also, probably because of the negative feedback of GA3 on MEP-drived isoprenes, GGDS transcript level reached its lowest amount after GA3 treatment. The abundance of DXR, CMS, CMK, MCS, and CDPS transcripts showed a significant increase at various days after this treatment. A significant drop in the expression levels of KS and UGT85C2 is detected during the first day. However, expression changes of HDR and KD were not remarkable. Results revealed that the level of transcript of UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 up regulated significantly 4 and 2 times higher than control, respectively. However, more research needs to shed more light on the mechanism of GA3 on gene expression of MEP pathway.
Multivariate Analysis of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones on Mor...Premier Publishers
Information on genetic variability for biochemical characters is a prerequisite for improvement of tea quality. Thirteen introduced tea clones characterized with objective; assessing tea clones based on morphological characters at Melko and Gera research stations. The study was conducted during 2017/18 cropping season on experimental plots in RCBD with three replications. Data recorded on morphological traits like days from pruning to harvest, height to first branch, stem diameter, leaf serration density, leaf length, leaf width, leaf size, petiole length, leaf ratio, internode length, shoot length, number of shoot, canopy diameter, hundred shoot weight, fresh leaf yield per tree. Cluster analysis of morphological trait grouped into four clusters indicated, the existence of divergence among the tested clones. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters I and IV (35.27) while the minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (7.8).Principal components analysis showed that the first five principal components with eigenvalues greater than one accounted 86.45% for 15 morphological traits. Generally, the study indicated presence of variability for several morphological traits. However, high morphological variation between clones is not a guarantee for a high genetic variation; therefore, molecular studies need to be considered as complementary to biochemical studies.
Causes, Consequences and Remedies of Juvenile Delinquency in the Context of S...Premier Publishers
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2. Antibiogram of Bacteria Isolated from Wounds of Diabetic Patients on Admission at Federal Medical Centre, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
Anyadoh-Nwadike et al. 173
and impaired body defense mechanisms can make it
spread to other subcutaneous tissues and deeper
structures leading to dangerous complications such as
amputations (Hefni et al., 2013).
Diabetic foot infections are mostly polymicrobial. Many
microorganisms singly or in association with others are
frequently encountered in such wounds but the most
common seems to be the Gram positive cocci;
Staphylococci sp. (Vasanthan et al., 2018). Other common
microorganisms found in such wounds according to
Gadepalli et al., (2006) are: Escherichia coli, Proteus sp.,
Enterococcus sp. and Pseudomonas sp.
Microbial infections pose great risks to diabetic patients
but worse still with antibiotic resistant strains (Anyadoh et
al., 2011). Long ago, antibiotics were successfully used to
treat bacterial infections and diseases until, gradually the
issue of antibiotic resistance started becoming a very
alarming clinical crisis. With antibiotic resistance, an
antibiotic that was once used to treat a disease is no longer
effective against such disease, making it very difficult to
treat. This places a heavy burden on treatment/
management of the infected wounds. Production of a
variety of beta-lactamases, alterations in the antibiotic-
binding proteins/modification of target sites (Anyadoh-
Nwadike et al., 2018; Todar, 2020) and even increased
outer membrane permeability (Todar, 2020) are some of
the mechanisms by which microorganisms become
antibiotic resistant.
The aim of this study was to determine the antibiogram of
bacteria associated with diabetic wounds/ulcers of in-
patients at Federal Medical Center, Owerri, Imo State,
Nigeria during the study period. This aim was with a view
of providing baseline data for effective treatment/
management of the ulcers.
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Ethical Approval and Informed consent
Prior to sample collection, ethical approval was sought and
obtained from the institutional ethical review committee of
Federal Medical Center Owerri, Imo State with Reference
number; FMC/OW/AD.535/VOL.XII/Pg.234. The patients
were properly informed about the research and their
consent obtained before being recruited for the study.
Study subjects and sample collection
This study was done using nine (9) diabetic patients with
wounds who were on admission at the Federal Medical
Center, Owerri during the time of study. Pus
samples/specimen from wounds of the diabetic patients
were aseptically collected for this study and appropriately
labelled A to I (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I) according to the
nine subjects. Surroundings of the wounds were first
disinfected with alcohol pads. Then the wound was
thoroughly cleaned with 100 ml sterile normal saline prior
to sample collection to avoid contamination of the swab
with normal skin flora after which the pus was collected
with sterile cotton swabs. The samples were labelled
appropriately and taken to the laboratory for analysis
within 30 minutes of collection.
Isolation and identification of bacteria
The pus swabs were streaked on Blood Agar, Nutrient
Agar and MacConkey Agar plates and incubated
aerobically for 24 h at 37oC. The observed bacterial
colonies were isolated in pure cultures and identified
morphologically, microscopically, and biochemically using
the methods of Sharma (2008). Gram staining was done
to differentiate between Gram positive and Gram negative
bacteria. The biochemical tests carried out to identify the
isolated bacteria include: catalase test, oxidase test,
citrate test, coagulase test, indole test and motility test.
Antibiotic Susceptibility testing / Antibiogram
Antibiotic susceptibility test was carried out using Kirby-
Bauer disc diffusion method on Muller Hinton Agar plates
using the modified method of Cheesbrough (2010). For
the Gram negative isolates, Gram-negative multi antibiotic
sensitive disc was used which contained the following
antibiotics: Ampicillin, Septrin, Peflacin, Ciprofloxacin,
Augmentin, Gentamycin, Tarivid, Ceporex, Nalidixic acid
and Streptomycin. For the Gram positive isolates,
commercial Gram positive multi antibiotic sensitivity disc
was used which contained the following antibiotics:
Norfloxacin, Chloramphenicol, Erythromycin, Ampiclox,
Ciprofloxacin, Gentamycin, Levofloxacin, Streptomycin
and Amoxicillin. The antibiotic discs were placed at equal
distance from the center of the plates and pressed gently
with forceps. The diameter of zones of inhibition were read
and recorded after incubation of 24 hours at 37oC with ruler
in mm and matched correctly with standard zone of
inhibition charts according to Clinical and Laboratory
Standards Institute (CLSI) (2017).
RESULTS
The results of the study are shown in Tables 1 to 5 below.
Isolation and identification of bacteria
A total of 91 bacterial isolates were obtained from the
wound swabs of the 9 patients. All specimen showed
polybacterial growth except specimen H (Table 1).
Characterization differentiated the isolates into 5 species
with one species being Gram positive and others Gram
negative (Tables 1 & 2).
3. Antibiogram of Bacteria Isolated from Wounds of Diabetic Patients on Admission at Federal Medical Centre, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
World J. Microbiol. 174
Table 1: Characterization / Identification of pure cultures isolated from wound swabs from diabetic patients
Sample
Isolate
ID
(No)
Morphology
Gram
reaction
Catalase
Motility
Citrate
Oxidase
Indole
Coagulase
Probable
Organism
A
A1
(3)
Large, mucuoid, colourless and stringy
colonies
-ve rod in
capsule
+ - + - - - Klebsiella sp
A2
(5)
Smooth, mucoid colonies with blue-green
pigmentation
-ve rod + + + + + - Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
A3
(7)
Small, round, smooth, raised, and glistening
deep golden yellow colonies with beta
haemolysis on blood agar
+ve cocci + - + - - + Staphylococcus
aureus
B
B1
(5)
Smooth, raised, mucoid, pink coloured
colonies on MacConkey agar
-ve rod + + - - + - Escherichia coli
B2
(2)
Flat, swarming, colourless colonies with
rough edges on blood agar
-ve large
rod
+ + + - - - Proteus mirabilis
B3
(5)
Smooth, mucoid colonies with blue-green
pigmentation
-ve rod + + + + + - Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
C
C1
(2)
Large , mucuoid, colourless and stringy
colonies
-ve rod in
capsule
+ - + - - - Klebsiella sp
C2
(6)
Smooth, mucoid colonies with blue-green
pigmentation
-ve rod + + + + + - Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
C3
(6)
Small, round, smooth, raised, and glistening
deep golden yellow colonies with beta
haemolysis on blood agar
+ve cocci + - + - - + Staphylococcus
aureus
D
D1
(3)
Smooth, raised, mucoid, pink coloured
colonies on MacConkey agar
-ve rod + + - - + - Escherichia coli
D2
(7)
Smooth, mucoid colonies with blue-green
pigmentation
-ve rod + + + + + - Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
E E1
(6)
Smooth, raised, mucoid, pink coloured
colonies on MacConkey agar
-ve rod + + - - + - Escherichia coli
E2
(8)
Small, round, smooth, raised, and glistening
deep golden yellow colonies with beta
haemolysis on blood agar
+ve cocci + - + - - + Staphylococcus
aureus
F
F1 (1) Large, mucuoid, colourless and stringy
colonies
-ve rod in
capsule
+ - + - - - Klebsiella sp
F2 (2) Smooth, mucoid colonies with blue-green
pigmentation
-ve rod + + + + + - Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
F3 (4) Small, round, smooth, raised, and glistening
deep golden yellow colonies with beta
haemolysis on blood agar
+ve cocci + - + - - + Staphylococcus
aureus
G G1
(2)
Flat, swarming, colourless colonies with
rough edges on blood agar
-ve large
rod
+ + + - - - Proteus mirabilis
G2
(6)
Small, round, smooth, raised, and glistening
cream colonies with beta haemolysis on
blood agar
+ve cocci + - + - - + Staphylococcus
aureus
H H (2) Large , mucuoid, colourless and stringy
colonies
-ve rod in
capsule
+ - + - - - Klebsiella sp
I I (3) Large, swarming colonies -ve rod + + + - - - Proteus mirabilis
I2 (6) Smooth, raised, mucoid, pink coloured
colonies on MacConkey agar
-ve rod + + - - + - Escherichia coli
4. Antibiogram of Bacteria Isolated from Wounds of Diabetic Patients on Admission at Federal Medical Centre, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
Anyadoh-Nwadike et al. 175
Table 2: Summary of the number of bacteria isolated from diabetic foot infection
Bacterial Isolates Number of isolates Percentage (%)
Gram Positive Staphylococcus aureus 31 34.07
Gram Negative
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 25 27.47
Escherichia coli 20 21.98
Klebsiella sp. 8 8.79
Proteus mirabilis 7 7.69
Total 91 100
TABLE 3a: Antibiotic Susceptibility of Gram negative bacterial isolates from the wounds of diabetic patients
ZONES OF INHIBITION (mm)
Isolates ID AMP S SXT CIP AU CN PEF NA OFX CEP
Proteus mirabilis
B2
G1
I
0
17
0
15
0
15
0
20
0
15
13
14
0
0
0
0
11
19
0
21
11
0
0
0
0
11
0
0
0
0
Klebsiella sp.
A1
C1
F
H
0
14
15
17
19
17
20
20
18
17
17
25
20
21
16
25
16
18
17
21
15
16
20
20
17
15
19
15
0
20
25
19
20
19
23
18
0
18
16
16
Escherichia coli B1
D1
E1
I2
0
15
13
11
20
20
18
19
17
19
15
17
11
15
17
19
0
10
13
10
15
13
14
15
17
20
23
20
0
19
14
15
16
19
20
17
0
16
17
14
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
A2
B3
C2
D2
F2
0
5
0
3
0
8
4
7
5
0
0
0
7
4
0
0
2
2
3
5
0
0
0
2
0
7
9
10
4
3
6
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
2
3
4
0
0
2
4
0
5
3
0
0
Key: AMP – Ampicillin; S – Streptomycin; SXT – Septrin; CIP – Ciprofloxacin; AU – Augumentin; PEF – Peflacin; NA –
Nalidixic acid; OFX – Tarivid; CEP – Ceporex
TABLE 3b: Antibiotic Susceptibility of Gram positive bacterial isolates from the wounds of diabetic patients
Isolate ID Zone of inhibition
S LEV E CIP CN NOR AML RD APX CHL
S. aureus
A3 17 11 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
C3 20 13 19 20 9 22 0 0 0 0
E2 17 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F3 20 9 20 8 3 0 0 0 0 3
G2 18 15 12 14 0 0 0 0 0 0
Key: S – Streptomycin; LEV – Levofloxacin; E – Erythromycin; CIP – Ciprofloxacin; CN – Gentamycin; NOR – Norfloxacin;
AML – Amoxicillin; RD – Rifampin; APX – Ampiclox; CHL – Chloramphenicol
Table 4: Interpretation of the Antibiotic susceptibility pattern in percentage of the Gram negative bacterial isolates
S/
NO
Antibiotics Pseudomonas E. coli Klebsiella Proteus
S (%) I (%) R (%) S (%) I (%) R (%) S (%) I (%) R (%) S (%) I (%) R (%)
1 Ampicillin - - 100 - 25 75 25 50 25 33.33 - 66.67
2 Streptomycin - - 100 100 - - 100 - - 66.67 - 33.33
3 Septrin - - 100 100 - - 100 - - 33.33 - 66.67
4 Ciprofloxacin - - 100 - - 100 - 75 25 - - 100
5 Augmentin - - 100 - - 100 50 50 - - - 100
6 Gentamycin - - 100 50 50 - 100 - - 33.33 - 66.67
7 Peflacin - - 100 75 25 - 25 75 - 33.33 - 66.67
8 Nalixidic Acid - - 100 25 50 25 75 - 25 - - 100
9 Tarivid - - 100 100 - - 100 - - - - 100
10 Ceporex - - 100 - 75 25 - 75 25 - - 100
KEY: S – Sensitive, I – Intermediate, R- Resistant
5. Antibiogram of Bacteria Isolated from Wounds of Diabetic Patients on Admission at Federal Medical Centre, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
World J. Microbiol. 176
Antibiotic susceptibility test results /Antibiogram
Most of the organisms were multidrug resistant with
Pseudomonas aeruginosa showing the highest (100%)
resistance. The least resistance was shown by Klebsiella
Sp. Streptomycin showed the best broad-spectrum
activities against both Gram positive (Tables 3b & 5) and
Gram negative bacteria (Tables 3a & 4).
Table 5: Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolated
Gram-positive bacteria
S/No Antibiotics Staphylococcus aureus
S (%) I (%) R (%)
1 Streptomycin 100 - -
2 Levofloxacin - - 100
3 Erythromycin - 60 40
4 Ciprofloxacin - 20 80
5 Gentamycin - - 100
6 Norfloxacin 20 - 80
7 Amoxicillin - - 100
8 Rifampin - - 100
9 Ampiclox - - 100
10 Chloramphenicol - - 100
KEY: S – Sensitive, I – Intermediate, R- Resistant
DISCUSSION
Pus samples from nine (9) diabetic patients who had foot
ulcers (wounds) were examined microbiologically. A total
of 91 bacterial isolates were obtained from the nine
patients. The isolates fell into five (5) species; four (4)
Gram negative and one Gram positive (Tables 1 and 2).
More Gram negative bacterial species were isolated than
Gram positive bacteria; Staphylococcus aureus was the
only Gram-positive bacterium isolated (Tables 1 and 2).
This corroborated the works of Pappau et al., (2011),
Benwan et al., (2012) and even Reham et al., (2015) but
contradicted the works of Abdulrazak et al., (2005) and
Citron et al., (2007). This may imply a changing trend in
microorganisms associated with diabetic foot ulcers
having Gram-negative bacteria gradually replacing Gram-
positive bacteria.
Of the 91 bacterial isolates obtained, Staphylococcus
aureus was the most abundant isolate while Proteus was
the least (Table 2). This observation is similar to a study
carried out in Ranchi, India (Ankur et al., 2017) and in
concordance with the report of Kassam et al., (2017).
Anyadoh-Nwadike et al., (2011) explains that the
abundance of this organism especially in hospitals could
be attributed to its versatility and possibly because it is also
a normal flora of the skin, it can be deposited easily in the
hospital environment by patients, relatives of the patients,
visitors and even the health workers. Of the samples, eight
(8) had more than one infecting bacterial species implying
polybacterial /mixed infections while one sample (H) had
just one bacterial infection (Table 1); Lipsky et al., (2012)
and Zubair et al., (2010) in their findings observed mixed
infections in diabetic foot infections but in the study by
Joseph et al., (2013), none of the samples resulted in more
than one or two bacterial pathogens. According to Todar
(2020), most of the bacterial species isolated in this study
(Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis,
Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella sp.) are
opportunistic pathogen and mostly cause nosocomial
infections. This is not surprising as the subjects were on
hospital admission. The fact that the patients showed
diminished resistance may possibly be due to the already
underlying ailment (diabetes) was also a risk factor (Todar,
2020; Zubair et al., 2010).
The antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the Gram positive
bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) showed that all S.
aureus isolates were very susceptible to Streptomycin
while showing 100% resistance to Levofloxacin,
Gentamycin, Amoxicillin, Ampiclox and Chloramphenicol
(Tables 3b and 5). Anyadoh-Nwadike et al., (2015)
however noted 28.9% and 48.3% susceptibility to
Gentamycin by S. aureus isolated from urine and high
vaginal swabs respectively. They also reported 47.1%
susceptibility of S. aureus to Amoxicillin. These reveal that
the antibiogram of the organism keeps changing and may
be linked to the environment from which it is isolated. It
also had high (80%) resistance to Ciprofloxacin (Tables 3b
and 5). A similar result was recorded in the work of
Aynalem et al., (2017) but a slight difference was observed
in a study carried out in Kano, Northwestern Nigeria
(Emmanuel and Magaji, 2011) where Staphylococcus
aureus was highly susceptible to Levofloxacin and showed
an intermediate result for Streptomycin. The reason for
the high resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to most of
the antibiotics may be because of their overuse as empiric
treatment option for any suspected Staphylococcal
infection. Secondly, Staphylococcus aureus can grow and
survive under harsh environmental conditions unlike many
organisms (Anyadoh-Nwadike et al., 2011).
Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed the highest resistance
(100%) to all the antibiotics (Tables 3a and 4). High
resistance was also observed in the work of Manikandan
and Prabhakaran (2015). Chikwendu et al., (2010),
Paranjothi and Dheepa (2010) and even Sujeet et al.,
(2016) have all recorded consistent resistance of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa to most of these antibiotics,
especially Ciprofloxacin. Pseudomonas aeruginosa has
been acclaimed a recalcitrant organism (Todar, 2020;
Zheng et al., 2019). E. coli showed a 100% resistance to
Ciprofloxacin and Augmentin but had a high resistance
(75%) to Ampicillin (Tables 3a and 4). Treating the
infections with these commonly used first line antibiotics
will therefore not affect these bacteria and the wound will
remain infected. Klebsiella showed no resistance to all the
antibiotics but this contrasts with the report of Ibiene et al.,
(2011) where Klebsiella showed the highest percentage of
resistance of all isolates. The quinolones including
ciprofloxacin are newer antibiotics known to be broad
6. Antibiogram of Bacteria Isolated from Wounds of Diabetic Patients on Admission at Federal Medical Centre, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
Anyadoh-Nwadike et al. 177
spectrum in action, however, this study corroborates
reports from recent studies that these antibiotics are fast
losing the fight. Anyadoh-Nwadike et al., (2018) noted that
the molecular mechanism of such resistance to quinolones
involves modification of the quinolone on the DNA of the
bacteria which is the target sites of the quinolones.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus
have been reported to be the most common organisms to
cause wound infection (Taiwo et al., 2002; Orji et al., 2009;
Shriyan et al., 2010) and the fact that they exhibit such rate
of antibiotic resistance calls for serious concern. It implies
a great demand on management of diabetic ulcers.
Several epidemiological studies indicate that antibiotic
resistance is increasing in clinical isolates (Todar, 2020;
Anyadoh-Nwadike et al., 2015). With increasing cases of
antibiotic resistance, diabetic patients who have wound
ulcers may have worsened conditions such as amputation
of lower extremity, systemic formation and even gangrene
formation. The use of combined antibiotics may be a
successful remedy for this problem. It is also crucial that
antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the specific infecting
bacterium be properly ascertained before a drug regimen
is proposed for the patient. The physiologic disposition of
the patient also must be considered.
CONCLUSION
This study has revealed a polymicrobial infection of
diabetic ulcers. It also revealed multidrug resistance by
pathogens especially opportunistic pathogens capable of
surviving with minimal nutritional requirements (Todar
2020; Ryan and Ray, 2004). Streptomycin and Septrin
and Tarivid were efficacious against the Gram negative
bacteria (Tables 3a and 4). while Streptomycin was very
effective against the Gram positive species (Tables 3b and
5). Streptomycin may therefore be said to be broad
spectrum in action against bacteria associated with
diabetic ulcers/wounds. The presence of multiple antibiotic
resistance was high especially among the most common
bacterial species associated with diabetic wounds;
Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
(Tables 4 and 5). This observation is very important in the
management of diabetic patients’ ulcers. It will also help
in developing an appropriate antibiotic treatment regimen
and thus, prevent the cases from getting worse. However,
there is need for antibiotic susceptibility testing and
consideration of patient’s physiologic disposition before
introducing antibiotic regimen.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
Authors hereby declare that there is no known conflict of
interests.
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