Insulin
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Insulin is a hormone composed of 51 amino acids that is primarily made up of alpha and beta subunits. It is produced in the pancreas and helps regulate blood sugar levels after eating by stimulating the uptake of glucose from the bloodstream. When the body does not properly produce or use insulin, diabetes can result, so maintaining a healthy diet and getting regular medical checkups is important for managing insulin levels and blood sugar.
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This document discusses the perioperative management of patients with diabetes mellitus. It begins by outlining the WHO diagnostic criteria for diabetes. It then discusses the implications of surgery for diabetic patients, including risks of stress-induced hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. The document provides guidance on preoperative evaluation and investigations for these patients. It covers anesthetic management principles including glucose control and the effects of anesthetic drugs on blood sugar. Finally, it describes diabetic emergencies like diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state.
Perioperative Management of Diabetic Patient - Dr PSN Raju
This document discusses the perioperative management of diabetic patients. It begins with definitions and statistics on diabetes prevalence worldwide. It then covers diagnostic criteria, physiology of glucose metabolism, complications of diabetes, and pre-anesthetic evaluation of diabetic patients. The document discusses the metabolic response to anesthesia and surgery in diabetics and goals and methods for achieving glycemic control in the perioperative period. It also addresses anesthetic techniques for diabetics and potential medical/legal pitfalls in their management.
Management of inpatient hyperglycemia
- Correction insulin is preferable to sliding scale insulin for managing inpatient hyperglycemia as it treats current high blood sugars and prevents future highs through the use of basal, nutritional, and correctional insulin components.
- The case study patient should be started on correctional insulin therapy which includes initiation of basal insulin, nutritional insulin with meals, and additional correctional insulin for blood sugars over target.
- When initiating or adjusting insulin therapy in the hospital, consideration should be given to the patient's diabetes type and weight to determine the total daily insulin dose and regimen. Frequent monitoring and adjustments are important to achieve good glycemic control.
Dpp4 inhibitors
DPP-4 inhibitors work by inhibiting the DPP-4 enzyme, which normally breaks down the incretin hormones GLP-1 and GIP. By inhibiting DPP-4, GLP-1 levels are increased for longer after meals. This helps lower blood sugar levels by stimulating insulin secretion, suppressing glucagon secretion, and slowing gastric emptying. DPP-4 inhibitors are used to treat type 2 diabetes, either alone or in combination with other drugs like metformin. They improve glycemic control as measured by HbA1c levels and have benefits like weight neutrality and low risk of hypoglycemia. However, some studies have found possible links between DPP-4 inhibitors and side effects like pancreatitis
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Biochemistry
Biochemistry is the science concerned with the chemical constituents of living cells and the reactions and processes they undergo. It aims to describe and explain all chemical processes within cells on a molecular level. Biochemistry is essential to understanding genetics, physiology, nutrition, immunology, pharmacology, and the biochemical basis of disease. Many diseases have underlying biochemical causes and mechanisms that biochemistry seeks to reveal in order to suggest rational disease treatments and assist with diagnosis, monitoring, and screening. Amino acids are the basic building blocks of proteins and play important roles in many bodily functions and disease states.
Chemistry of proteins
Proteins are composed of chains of amino acids and serve important structural and functional roles in biology. They can be classified based on their composition, structure, and biological function. Common analytical techniques used to study proteins include chromatography, electrophoresis, and mass spectrometry which separate proteins based on properties like size and charge. The diversity of amino acid side chains allows proteins to adopt complex 3D structures and perform a wide variety of critical roles in the body.
INSULIN & ITS PREPARATIONS
The document discusses pancreatic hormones and insulin. It describes the four main cell types in the islets of Langerhans and the hormones they secrete, including insulin secreted by beta cells. Insulin was discovered in 1921 and contains two polypeptide chains connected by disulfide bonds. Insulin regulates glucose levels by facilitating glucose transport and storage and inhibiting gluconeogenesis. Various insulin preparations are discussed, from conventional insulin to highly purified pork insulin to human insulin produced through recombinant DNA technology to analogues like insulin lispro and glargine which have altered pharmacokinetic properties.
Overview of amino acids
This slide show is about overview of building blocks of life i.e. amino acids. It is describes physical, chemical properties, classification, biological functions, modified products of amino acids and biosynthesis of amino acids.
amino acids.pptx
Collagen provides structure, strength and support throughout the body. Vitamins C and the B-complex vitamins are water soluble. The functions of proteins in the body include structure, catalysis, movement, transport, hormones, protection, storage, and regulation. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and are classified as essential, nonessential, or conditionally essential. The 9 essential amino acids are histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine. Each amino acid has distinct roles in the body.
Fatima Presenta-WPS Office.pptx
The document discusses proteins, including their composition of amino acid chains and functions like organization, transportation, and defense. It defines essential proteins as those containing amino acids the body cannot produce itself and must obtain through diet or supplements, such as those found in meat, eggs, dairy, and grains. Non-essential proteins contain amino acids not required for proper body function but still important for health. Peptide bonds form between amino acids, linking them into chains of different lengths from dipeptides to macropeptides. The 20 standard amino acids that serve as protein building blocks are also outlined.
Insulin
Insulin is a peptide hormone composed of 51 amino acids that is produced by beta cells in the pancreas. It exists as two chains, the A and B chains, linked by disulfide bridges. Insulin regulates blood glucose levels by stimulating liver and muscle cells to take up glucose from the blood in response to elevated glucose levels, causing blood glucose to fall. In addition to glucose, insulin secretion is also stimulated by amino acids, gastrointestinal hormones, acetylcholine, and GIP.
9 essential amino acids in fd green kale
The new Danish Organic FD GreenKale powders and flakes from Green Gourmet Denmark add REAL nutritional VALUE to food & beverage products, dietary supplements, sports nutrition and wellness products : beauty from within, skin products
9 essential amino acids in fd GreenKale ua-desktop
When you want to add real value to your existing produce do think in terms of healthy greens - FD Organic GreenKale is the predominant performer when you talk vitamins and minerals essential for healthy diets.
Finely ground the kale dissolves in liquid and add visual and inherent functional effects allowing improvement of health and well-being of final consumer.
AA for Animals.pptx
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and play a large role in animal health, growth, production and reproduction. They are essential for muscle development, milk production, and important biochemical processes. A lack of essential amino acids can lead to low body weight, disease, and reduced performance. Intravenous amino acid supplementation can help overcome challenges like ruminal degradation, and provide benefits like improved fertility, production, health and immunity. Certain amino acids like lysine, methionine and threonine are typically first-limiting for dairy cows and horses. Ensuring adequate amounts of all essential amino acids is important for animal protein synthesis and performance.
9 essential amino acids in fd green kale
This document discusses the essential amino acids that the human body cannot produce on its own and must obtain through diet. It highlights that green kale from Green Gourmet Denmark contains all nine essential amino acids plus 10 of the non-essential amino acids, providing 19 of the 20 total amino acids required by the body. The green kale is a natural source of complete protein that can help meet the body's daily needs for amino acids to construct new proteins for tissues, cells, and other important functions.
Profile on amino acids for body building
This document discusses various amino acids and their benefits for bodybuilders. It provides details on 8 essential amino acids - histidine, lysine, phenylalanine, methionine, BCAAs (leucine, isoleucine, valine) and their roles in muscle growth, fat loss, hormone production, and more. The document emphasizes that a balanced intake of all amino acids is important for health and recommends dosages for individual supplementation.
Amino acids
This document discusses amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. It defines amino acids as molecules containing both carboxyl and amine groups. There are over 300 amino acids found in nature, but only 22 are used as the standard building blocks in proteins. These standard amino acids differ in the side chain (R group) attached to their alpha carbon. Amino acids join together via peptide bonds to form protein chains. Proteins are essential to all living organisms and are formed through the process of translation.
Amino acids & Aminoacidopathies
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. There are 20 standard amino acids, of which 10 can be synthesized by the human body and are called non-essential, while the other 10 must be obtained through diet and are essential. Amino acids join together via peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains that fold into complex protein structures that perform many critical functions in the body. Both essential and non-essential amino acids are important for growth, tissue repair, enzyme production, and other bodily processes.
An introduction to Insulin
Insulin is a two chain polypeptide having 51 amino acids and molecular weight about 6000.
It has two amino acid chains called α and β chains, which are linked by disulfide bridges. The α-chain of insulin contains 21 amino acids and β-chain contains 30 amino acids.
It is primary hormone which is responsible for controlling the storage and utilization of cellular nutrients.
INTRODUCTION TO METABOLISM OF PROTEIN AND AMINO ACIDS
Protein are the important tissue builders in body which it can help in the cell structure, functions, hemoglobin formation to carry oxygen, enzyme for metabolic reaction and other functions in the body. Also in supply the nitrogen for the DNA and RNA genetic materials and the energy production. This is because, protein contain long chain of amino acids
Protein metabolism is the process to breakdown foods are used by During protein metabolism, some of the protein will converted into glucose through gluconeogenesis process.
Functional proteins 2 (1) (1)
This document discusses functional proteins, which are proteins that perform specific functions in the body beyond just structural roles. It provides examples of different types of functional proteins like enzymes, hormones, hemoglobin, and antibodies. It also discusses sources of proteins from foods like wheat, corn, fish, eggs, yogurt and classifies proteins as either complete or incomplete based on their amino acid content. Combining different plant and animal protein sources can create complete proteins that provide all essential amino acids.
Functional proteins 2 (1)
This document discusses functional proteins, which are proteins that perform specific functions in the body beyond just being building blocks. It provides examples of different types of functional proteins like enzymes, hormones, hemoglobin, and antibodies. It also discusses sources of proteins from foods like wheat, corn, fish, eggs, yogurt, and classifies proteins as either essential, non-essential, complete or incomplete based on amino acid profiles and ability to be synthesized in the body. Food fortification is mentioned as a way to make incomplete proteins more complete.
PROTEIN AND AMINO ACIDS-CLASS-I.pptx
There are 20 amino acids that are the building blocks of proteins. Amino acids are classified based on their polarity and the nature of their side chains. They can be hydrophobic, hydrophilic neutral, acidic, or basic. Proteins are polymers of amino acids joined by peptide bonds. They have primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary levels of structure that determine their shape and function. Denaturation disrupts a protein's structure leading to loss of biological activity.
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Genetics & Biotechnology 2011
This document touches on a variety of personal topics without providing much detail on any single topic. It lists questions about genetics, biotechnology, vacations, work hours, family, career goals, academics, transportation, hobbies, motivation, organization, and super powers. The overall content is a list of questions without answers or connections between the topics.
Dna2
DNA is made up of phosphate, deoxyribose sugars, and nitrogenous bases, and it contains phosphate, amine, and carbonyl groups. DNA holds and copies genetic code along with its brother RNA. DNA provides the code for protein synthesis and copies itself to pass that code down to new cells.
Adrenaline2
Adrenaline is a hormone and neurotransmitter produced in the adrenal glands that helps the body respond to stress by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and strength. It has the chemical formula C9H13NO3 and contains carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen. While normally inactive in the adrenal glands, adrenaline causes excitement and enjoyment when released but can also cause side effects like lightheadedness and headaches after it wears off.
Saturated fat
Saturated fat is an organic compound found in meat and dairy products that is solid at room temperature. It contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and is made up of fatty acids and glycerol. Saturated fat provides energy for the body and is stored in fat cells, but eating too much is linked to increased cholesterol levels and risk of heart disease. It also plays roles in hormone production, cell membranes, and organ structure.
Glycogen
Glycogen is a carbohydrate made up of glucose monomers that serves as the main energy storage molecule in animals. It is composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen and contains hydroxyl and carbonyl functional groups. Glycogen functions to store glucose in animal tissues like muscle and liver, maintaining blood glucose levels and providing short-term energy. As the storage form of glucose, glycogen allows animals to store the chemical energy from food for later use.
Glucose
Baby glucose carbohydrate wonders about his identity and purpose. He makes friends on his first day of school by learning about his molecular structure and bonds. His first job is to provide energy for plant cells through cellular respiration. He is adopted by an enthusiastic parent who will provide him with plants and allow him to chemically bond with other glucoses to form new compounds. Mr. and Mrs. Carbohydrate have many glucose children.
Estrogen bio ap
Estrogen is a steroid hormone made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. It forms its own subunits due to missing hydrogens that cause it to bond into rings. Estrogen has an alcohol functional group at the C3 and C17 positions. Estrogen is part of a family of steroids that contain four rings, including cholesterol and testosterone. Estrogen's family functions to modulate reproduction, metabolism and blood pressure. Estrogen is the primary female sex hormone and can activate estrogen receptors to turn genes on and off.
Dna
DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is located in the nucleus of every cell and contains the genetic instructions that determine an organism's traits. It is composed of four chemical bases - adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine - that pair up in a double helix structure. DNA replicates itself and directs protein synthesis, playing a key role in passing genetic information from parents to offspring and allowing organisms to grow and develop.
Biooo sucrossee
Sucrose is the most abundant organic chemical in the world, composed of glucose and fructose bonded together. It contains acetal and hydroxyl functional groups and serves important functions as a sweetener in food, a preservative at high concentrations, and as an energy transport molecule for plants. Sucrose breaks down into glucose and fructose during digestion to provide energy for human brain function and metabolism.
Biomolecule.glucose
The document details the adoption of the molecule glucose on September 24, 2010. Glucose is a monosaccharide made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen that serves as a source of energy through cellular respiration. As a carbohydrate, glucose indirectly provides energy to cells and is produced through photosynthesis and cellular respiration. The potential parent believes they would make a good parent for glucose as glucose could fuel them with energy for their busy lifestyle, and glucose's role in metabolism could keep the potential parent and family lean and healthy.
Biomolecule adoption power point s.v.
Sam Viknyansky has adopted a phospholipid molecule named Frank and created a scrapbook to document Frank's development. The scrapbook entries describe Frank's physical traits and talents, his family which includes other lipid molecules, and activities he enjoys like swimming and exploring cells. Sam loves Frank for the joy and cell protection he provides.
At padoptbiomolecule
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an organic chemical that provides energy to drive many processes in living cells, including mechanical work, transport of molecules, and chemical reactions. It consists of adenine, ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups. ATP is produced through cellular respiration and is found in the mitochondria of plant and animal cells. It stores and transports chemical energy within cells, then releases energy when one of the phosphate groups is removed through hydrolysis. This energy powers essential cellular functions like muscle contraction, active transport, and endergonic reactions that require energy input to occur.
Atp
ATP is an organic compound that contains adenine, ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups. It serves as the primary energy source within cells and is necessary for functions like muscle contraction, moving substances across membranes, and generating nerve impulses. ATP supports life by providing energy for cellular processes, transporting substances, and powering muscle movement.
Atp
ATP is a hyperactive baby boy who was born weighing 507.184 mols. He was named after his biological father, Adenosine Triphosphate. ATP was born with a phosphate group which contributes to his high energy nature. He comes from the Nucleotide family, with his mother being Adenosine and his aunts being the three Phosphates. ATP brings joy and energy to his new family.
Adrenaline
Adrenaline is a hormone and neurotransmitter produced in the adrenal glands that helps the body respond to stress by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and strength. It has the chemical formula C9H13NO3 and contains carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen. While normally inactive in the adrenal glands, adrenaline causes excitement and enjoyment when released but can also cause side effects like lightheadedness and headaches after it wears off.
Adrenaline
Adrenaline is a hormone composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. Its chemical formula is C9H13NO3. It works by binding to receptors on cells and activating G proteins, which then signal enzymes inside the cell. Adrenaline contains two functional groups, NH2 and OH, and is an organic compound called epinephrine. Epinephrine increases heart rate, dilates air passages, and participates in the fight-or-flight response. It is released during stress and helps the body adjust while also being used to treat allergic reactions, cardiac arrest, and asthma.
Adopt a molecule!
Baby Adrenaline is a molecule up for adoption that helps the body react to danger by increasing heart rate and dilating blood vessels. It has amino and carboxyl functional groups and is comprised of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. Though afraid of air and light, adrenaline signals the body to run when in danger by contracting blood vessels and dilating air passages.
Testosterone
Testosterone is composed of hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon. It contains hydroxyl and carbonyl functional groups and is characterized by a carbon skeleton made of four fused rings. Testosterone is responsible for male secondary sex characteristics, reproductive organ growth, sperm production, muscle building, metabolism, immunity, and overall health and well-being in both men and women.
Jerck Pharma
JERCK Pharmaceutical has developed an antidote called M1N1 Detoxin to combat tetrodotoxin poisoning from undercooked pufferfish. Tetrodotoxin poisoning inhibits sodium ion channels, causing numbness, pain, vomiting, irregular heartbeats, paralysis, and potentially death. M1N1 Detoxin works by denaturing tetrodotoxin so it can no longer inhibit sodium ion channels, allowing a free flow of sodium ions and restoring neuronal function. The antidote is available for $20.99 per bottle with a 10 day supply.
Bbanks Pharmaceuticals
BBANKS Pharmaceuticals is a Fortune 500 company established in 2006 that has created over 15 original neural drugs. The main factory is located in Chicago and the founder is Steph Adams, who also serves as CEO, while Brian Needles is the owner.
A 31-year-old man died from tetrodotoxin poisoning after eating puffer fish at a barbecue. Tetrodotoxin binds to sodium ion channels in nerves, preventing the transmission of electrical signals and causing paralysis.
BBANKS' latest product, Santerodox, is a pill advertised as able to save lives from puffer fish poisoning by attaching to tetrodotoxin molecules and reversing paralysis. It is claimed to work by pinpointing where
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South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
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বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
Insulin
- 1. Insulin Adopted by: Samantha Barton
- 2. Elements within Insulin Insulin is primarily made up of:
- 3. Subunits of Insulin Insulin has more than one non reducible form The alpha: Mr=135,000 The beta: Mr=95,000 The gamma: Mr=210,000 The two major parts of the molecule are the alpha and beta particles while the gamma particles are minor.
- 4. Functional Groups of Insulin Insulin is made up of 51 amino acids
- 6. Organic Compounds of Insulin Insulin is a protein
- 7. General Function of Amino Acids Amino Acids serve primarily as the building blocks for proteins (including insulin) Order of the amino acids determines function and shape of protein Proteins are simply a long chain of amino acids, without water due to peptide bonding
- 8. Function of Insulin Insulin is a hormone located within the pancreas Helps to regulate the body’s blood sugar after meals If a blood sugar is high, more insulin will be released, if blood sugar is low, less insulin will be released Insulin gene consists of two separate chains of amino acids, A and B
- 9. Adoption Process Insulin is necessary to all of our bodies When one’s body does not produce insulin properly, we become diabetic I will fuel my body with a proper diet in order to keep my insulin production healthy and normal I will also have regular check-ups making sure that my sugar levels maintain healthy