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Industrialization Notes
- 1. Ways of theWorld Strayer
- 2.
- 3. At theheart of the Industrial Revolution lay a great acceleration in the rate of technological innovation, leading to enormous increases in the output of goods and services. use of new energy sources (steam engines, petroleum engines) before 1750/1800, the major Eurasian civilizations were about equal technologically greatest breakthrough was the steam engine agriculture was transformed spread from Britain to Western Europe, then to the United States, Russia, and Japan
- 4. The IndustrialRevolution was one of the most significant elements of Europe’s modern transformation. initial industrialization period was 1750–1900 drew on the Scientific Revolution utterly transformed European society pushed Europe into a position of global dominance was more fundamental than any breakthrough since the Agricultural Revolution We don’t know where we are in the industrial era—at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end.
- 5. the factthat other parts of the world have had times of great technological and scientific flourishing Islamic world 750–1100 CE India was the center of cotton textile production and source of many agricultural innovations China led the world in technological innovation between 700 and 1400 CE all had slowed or stagnated by the early modern era the fact that Europe did not enjoy any overall economic advantage as late as 1750 across Eurasia, life expectancy, consumption and nutrition patterns, wage levels, living standards, etc., were broadly similar in the eighteenth century
- 6. why itmight have occurred in Europe some patterns of European internal development favored innovation small, highly competitive states European rulers had an unusual alliance with merchant classes it was in governments’ interest to encourage commerce and innovation in Venice and Holland, merchants controlled the state other societies developed market-based economies by the eighteenth century (e.g., Japan, India, and China) but Europe was at the center of the most varied exchange network contact with culturally different peoples encouraged change and innovation quest for the products and ideas of Asia competition with Indian cotton cloth manufacture popularity of other Asian goods prompted imitation the Americas provided silver, raw materials, and foods
- 7. Britain wasthe most commercialized of Europe’s larger countries small farmers had been pushed out (enclosure movement) market production fueled by a number of agricultural innovations guilds had largely disappeared ready supply of industrial workers with few options British aristocrats were interested in commerce
- 8. British politicallife encouraged commercialization and economic innovation policy of religious toleration (established 1688) welcomed people with technical skills regardless of faith British government imposed tariffs to protect its businessmen it was easy to form companies and forbid workers’ unions patent laws protected inventors’ interests checks on royal authority gave more room for private enterprise
- 9. emphasis ofthe Scientific Revolution was different in Great Britain on the continent: logic, deduction, mathematical reasoning in Britain: observation and experiment, measurement, mechanical devices, practical applications in Britain, artisan/craftsman inventors were in close contact with scientists and entrepreneurs Britain had plenty of coal and iron ore, often conveniently located Britain was not devastated by the Napoleonic wars
- 10. 1. In whatrespects did the roots of the Industrial Revolution lie within Europe? 2. In what ways did that transformation have global roots? 3. What was distinctive about Britain that may help to explain why the Industrial Revolution began there?
- 11. There wasa massive increase in output as industrialization took hold in Britain. rapid development of railroad systems much of the dramatic increase was in mining, manufacturing, and services agriculture became less important by comparison (in 1891, agriculture generated only 8 percent of British national income)
- 12. The BritishAristocracy landowning aristocrats had little material loss in the Industrial Revolution but the aristocracy declined, because urban wealth became more important aristocrats had declining political clout i. e.g., high tariffs on agricultural imports were abolished in 1840s by 1900, businessmen led the major political parties titled nobles retained great social prestige and personal wealth
- 13. The MiddleClasses Upper middle class: some became extremely wealthy, bought into aristocratic life The middle classes had the most obvious gains from industrialization middle class: large numbers of smaller businessmen and professionals politically liberal stood for thrift, hard work, rigid morals, and cleanliness Samuel Smiles, Self-Help (1859): individuals are responsible for their own destiny middle-class women were more frequently cast as homemakers,wives, and mothers
- 14. lower middleclass: service sector workers (clerks, secretaries, etc.) by 1900, they were around 20 percent of Britain’s population employment opportunities for women as well as men almost all were single and expected to marry and give up jobs
- 15. in thenineteenth century, about 70 percent of Britons were workers laboring classes suffered most/benefited least from industrialization rapid urbanization by 1851, a majority of Britain’s population was urban by 1900, London was the largest city in the world (6 million)
- 16. horrible urbanconditions vast overcrowding inadequate sanitation and water supplies Epidemics few public services or open spaces little contact between the rich and the poor industrial factories offered a very different work environment long hours, low wages, and child labor were typical for the poor many girls and young women worked usually left outside paid employment when they married
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- 19. “friendly societies,”especially of artisans, for self-help were common other skilled artisans sometimes wrecked machinery and burned mills some joined political movements, aimed to enfranchise working-class men trade unions were legalized in 1824 fought for better wages and working conditions
- 20. Socialist ideasspread gradually Karl Marx (1818–1883) laid out a full ideology of socialism in his own time, saw a growing hostility between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat argued that capitalism can never end poverty foretold a future (communist) golden age when industrial technology would serve the whole community socialist ideas were attractive among more radical trade unionists and some middle-class intellectuals in the late nineteenth century
- 21. British working-classmovement remained moderate material conditions for workers improved in second half of the century capitalists and impoverished working class didn’t polarize because of the large middle and lower middle class wages improved cheap imported food improved diets infant death rates fell male workers gradually got the vote sanitary reform cleaned up cities but immense inequalities remained
- 22. 1. How didthe Industrial Revolution transform British society? 2. How did Britain’s middle classes change during the nineteenth century? 3. How did Karl Marx view the Industrial Revolution? 4. In what ways did his ideas have an impact in the industrializing world of the 19th century?
- 23. The IndustrialRevolution soon spread to continental Western Europe. industrialization had broadly similar outcomes wherever it was established aristocratic, artisanal, and peasant classes declined middle-class women withdrew from paid labor altogether women received lower wages than men, were accused of taking jobs from men establishment of trade unions and socialist movements
- 24. The spreadof industrialization was affected by the cultures of the lands where it was established, pace and timing of industrialization, nature of major industries, role of the state, political expression of social conflict, etc. French industrialization was slower, perhaps less disruptive Germany focused at first on heavy industry was far more concentrated in huge companies generated a more militant and Marxist-oriented labor movement
- 25. American industrializationbegan with New England textiles (1820s) Explosive growth after the Civil War by 1914, the United States was the world’s leading industrial power Europeans provided around one-third of the capital investment The U.S. government played an important role through tax breaks, land grants to railroads, laws making formation of corporations easy, absence of overt regulation Pioneering of mass production techniques Creation of a “culture of consumption” through advertising, catalogs, and department stores Self-made industrialists became cultural heroes (Ford, Carnegie, Rockefeller)
- 26. Serious socialdivisions rose growing gap between rich and poor constant labor of the working class creation of vast slums growing labor protest Why didn’t socialism appeal to American workers? U.S. union organizations were relatively conservative American Federation of Labor focused on skilled workers American workers had a higher standard of living than did their European counterparts middle-class aspirations of white-collar workers
- 27. “Populists” denouncedcorporate interests but populism had little appeal in growing industrial areas “Progressives” were more successful, especially after 1900 Aimed to remedy the ills of industrialization Socialism was labeled as fundamentally “un- American”
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- 29. How wasindustrialization in the US similar to in Europe? How was industrialization in the US different from in Europe?
- 30. Russia wasan absolute monarchy, with the greatest state control of anywhere in the Western world in 1900: no national parliament, no legal political parties, no nationwide elections until 1861, most Russians were serfs in Russia, the state, not society, usually initiated change the state set out to improve Russia’s economic and industrial backwardness
- 31. Russian IndustrialRevolution was launched by the 1890s focused on railroads and heavy industry substantial foreign investment industry was concentrated in a few major cities Growing middle class disliked Russia’s deep conservatism, sought greater role in political life but they were dependent on the state for contracts and jobs also relied on the state to suppress worker radicalism
- 32. Russian workingclass (only about 5 percent of the population) rapidly radicalized No legal outlet for grievances Large-scale strikes Marxist socialism appealed to some educated Russians, gave them hope for the future Founded the Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party (1898) Got involved in workers’ education, union organizing, and revolutionary action
- 33. Major insurrectionbroke out in 1905, after defeat in war by Japan In Moscow and St. Petersburg, workers went on strike, created their own representative councils (“soviets”) Non-Russian nationalities revolted Brutally suppressed, but forced the tsar’s regime to make reforms Granted a constitution Legalized trade unions and political parties Created a national assembly (the Duma)
- 34. Russia fallsbehind the West industrially. 1854-1856 Crimean War: fought on the Black Sea. Western forces damaged the Russian army's entrenched positions. 1855: Alexander II is convinced that it is time for change!
- 36. For twodecades, Russia engages in reform, based on Western standards. 1861: Emancipation of the serfs-serfs got a piece of land they used to work. Creates a large labor force Zemstvoes: local political councils regulating roads, schools, and other regional policies. Literacy increases Increased Women’s rights
- 37. Trans-Siberian Railroad:connected European Russia with the Pacific. Stimulated iron and coal industries. Export of grain to the West. Factories began to spring up throughout Russia.
- 39. Russia’s railroadnetwork had quintupled since 1860 Modern Factories were in St. Petersburg and Moscow. Influx of foreign interests under Count Sergei Witte, Minister of Finance from 1892-1903. High tariffs to support Russian industry Encourage Western investors
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- 41. Intelligentsia: Russianterm for articulate intellectuals as a class. Wanted political freedom and deep social reform. Wanted a different society than that in the West (which they saw as materialistic) Anarchists: desired to abolish all forms of government. Heated opposition to tsarist autocracy
- 42. The Good By 1900, Russia surges to #4 in the world in steel production Second only to the US in petroleum production and refining The Bad Russian factories were huge, but not up to Western technical standards Labor force was not highly skilled Backwards agricultural production system Largely illiterate peasant class which lacks capital Lack of middle-class
- 43. By the1870’s Alexander II is pulling back on reforms. Censorship, dissidents arrested, etc. Alexander II is assassinated by a terrorist bomb in 1881 Successors continue industrialization, but continue political repression as well. Persecution of the Jewish minority. Pogroms: mass executions of Jews
- 44. Socialism: Marxist doctrine spreads from the West to Russia Lenin claimed that a proletariat was developing worldwide due to the spread of international capitalism, in advance of growing industrialization. Bolsheviks: group of Russian Marxists, who formed the majority party.
- 45. Working classunrest grows in the cities, aided by the undercurrents of socialism being pushed by the intelligentsia. Russian workers radicalize much more than Western counterparts Unions, strikes Become interested in the “equality” and “freedom” of Bolshevism Russian government under Alexander III from 1881-1894 remained stubbornly opposed to compromise
- 46. Emperor from1894-1918 The Last Imperial Emperor of Russia Bad fortune was predicted by mystics after the Khadynka Tragedy during his coronation in 1896
- 47. Russo-Japanese War: 1904, Japan wins because Russia can’t mobilize quickly. Unleashes massive protest Brutal repression was not well received, so reform follows. Creation of a national parliament, the DUMA
- 48. Stolypin Reforms: Peasants gain greater freedom Peasants can buy and sell land. Kulaks: wealthy peasant farmers who owned land and used hired labor Nicholas II was unable to keep his promises of reform. Unable to surrender the autocratic tradition
- 49. Limited politicalreforms failed to pacify the radicals or bring stability Growing belief that only a revolution would help World War I provided the revolutionary moment Russian Revolution broke out in 1917 Brought the most radical of the socialist groups to power—the Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin) Only in Russia did industrialization lead to violent social revolution
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- 51.
- 52. 1. What werethe major differences between industrialization in the United States and in Russia 2. Why did Marxist socialism not take root in the United States? 3. What factors contributed to the making of a revolutionary situation in Russia by the beginning of the 20th century?
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- 54. Beyond Europeand North America, only Japan underwent major industrialization in the nineteenth century. Did not transform societies Non-industrialized societies still felt the impact of European and North American developments
- 55. Tokugawa Shogunate:Strict isolationism in Japan. Feudal society between emperor, shogun, daimyo, and samurai Ban on Western books was repealed in 1720 Schools of Dutch studies throughout Japan around 1850
- 56. Bureaucrats sawno other possibility than to open Japan Daimyo oppose this, as do many samurai. They appeal to the emperor (long a religious and ceremonial figure), rather than the shogun Samurai are split on their support…some want change, others stress conservatism
- 57. 1866: JapaneseCivil War- Samurai forces defeat Shogunate forces and declare Mutsuhito, or Meiji (Enlightened One) the new emperor. 1868: Meiji Restoration-A profound period of change in Japan that will guide Japan to becoming a world power into the 20th century
- 58. Abolishes feudalism Daimyo are replaced by nationally appointed prefects (district administrators) Political power was centralized Emperor and advisors enact economic and social change, quickly
- 59. Modeled afterthe Germans Emperor commanded the military directly and directly named his ministers Western style clothing Diet could pass laws, upon agreement of both houses, and pass budgets Japanese government thus includes centralized Imperial Rule, combined with limited representative bodies copied from the West Japan incorporated business leaders into its governing structure, while Russia defended its traditional social elite
- 60. Create theconditions necessary for industrialization… New government banks funded growing trade and provide capital for industry State-built railroads spread Steamships connect the islands Guilds and internal road tariffs are abolished…create a national market Land Reform
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- 62. 1. Discuss theevents that led to the development of industrialization in Japan 2. In what ways and with what impact was Japan linked to the global economy of the 19th century? 3. In what ways was Japan similar to Europe in the 19th century? 4. In what ways was Japan different to Europe in the 19th century?
- 63. After Independencein Latin America The four vice-royalties of Spanish America became eighteen separate countries International wars hindered development of the new nations Mexico lost vast territories to the United States (1846– 1848) Paraguay was devastated by war (1864–1870) Political life was highly unstable Often, military strongmen (caudillos) gained power They were unstable, too
- 64. Independence broughtlittle fundamental change to social life Slavery was abolished (though not until late 1880s in Brazil and Cuba) Most legal distinctions between racial categories were abolished But creole whites remained overwhelmingly in control of productive economic resources The vast majority were impoverished Caste War of Yucatán (1847–1901) was one of the few rebellions of the poor
- 65. Rapid populationincrease Rapid urbanization Actively sought European immigrants Few people benefitted from the export boom Upper middle class landowners did very well Middle class grew somewhat Over 90% of the population was still lower-class
- 66. industrial workersmade up a modest segment of the lower class attempted unions and strikes harshly repressed Only in Mexico did conditions provoke a nationwide revolution Overthrow of the dictator Porfirio Díaz (1876–1911) Major, bloody conflict (1910–1920) Huge peasant armies New constitution (1917) proclaimed universal suffrage, land redistribution, disestablishment of the Catholic Church, minimum wage, eight-hour work day.
- 67. The exportboom did not cause a thorough Industrial Revolution governments supported free trade, so cheaper and higher-quality foreign goods were available than could be made at home instead, economic growth was dependent on Europe and North America the case of the “banana republics” under pressure from the United States repeated U.S. military intervention
- 68. 1. In whatways and with what impact was Latin America linked to the global economy of the 19th century? 2. In what ways was Latin America similar to Europe in the 19th century? 3. In what ways was Latin America different to Europe in the 19th century?
Editor's Notes
- #3 http://www.youtube.com/v/B3u4EFTwprM&index=33&list=PLBDA2E52FB1EF80C9
- #19 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QAkW_i0bDpQ&list=UUX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
- #29 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r6tRp-zRUJs&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtMwmepBjTSG593eG7ObzO7s&index=24
- #41 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GYAk5jCTQ3s&index=4&list=UUX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
- #51 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8PFQ7Th_rAs
- #52 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P-x4VcmHfxU
- #54 https://www.youtube.com/v/4vHvmAVSyUI
- #62 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nosq94oCl_M&index=34&list=PLBDA2E52FB1EF80C9