The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain due to several key factors: abundant natural resources like coal and iron; a growing population and workforce; entrepreneurs seeking profit; and capital investment. Major inventions in textiles, steam power, and iron production drove industrialization. This led to rapid urbanization, the rise of new social classes, and difficult working conditions for many. The Second Industrial Revolution saw new technologies in steel, electricity, chemicals, and transportation further transform economies.

1. INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION

2. Why did it begin in Great
Britain?
1.Farming (more land new
crops, better food)
2.Britain had many
workers (pop)

3. 3. British had money or
CAPITAL to invest.
4. ENTREPRENEURS:
businessmen who want
new opportunities to make
money.

4. 5. natural resources such
as coal, iron, & water
for power & shipping.
6. Colonies create
markets to sell goods

5. 1. 1765: . James Hargreaves-
invented spinning jenny-
makes thread. Cotton
industry grows!!

6. Other inventions:
2. 1775: James
Watt-
improved
steam engine-
run machines,
faster
transportation

7. 2. Edmund Cartwright- water
powered loom-weaves
cloth, powered by rivers
next to factories

8. COAL & IRON
3. Henry Cort
invents
PUDDLING-
process to
burn away
impurities in
iron to make
hi quality iron

9. 4. 1804: Robert Trevithick
1 steam locomotive
st
•Creates new jobs, mkts
& lowers costs of
shipping. Trains go up to
50 mph, build
100s miles
of track

11. 5. Robert Fulton credited w/
Clermont , 1 steamboat
st

12. • INDUSTRIAL
CAPITALISM- an
eco system based
on industrial
production & new
classes developed
as a result

13. • Factories built.
• Owners have
shifts to run
machines
constantly.
• Employees work
assembly lines,
repeating same
task.
• Fined & beaten for
being late

14. • Many workers
had been
farmers &
many were
women or
kids (young as
5) who worked
12-16 hr days,
for little pay

23. Social Changes
New social classes
developed:
1. Middle Class
were managers,
store owners,
market planners
2. Industrial
Working Class-
were factory
workers.

24. 1. Worked
12- 16 hr
days, 6 days
a weeks
2. Little pay.
3. Dangerous,
loud & dirty
conditions

25. • Society changed:
• Most factory laborers were
farmers ( 2/3 were women &
kids)
• Many moved to the cities
• Working class & middle class
developed

26. • Women paid ½ &
were 50% of
factory laborers.
• Many also work
out of home
(called a
COTTAGE
INDUSTRY) doing
cleaning, laundry,
etc

28. NORTH AMERICA
Don’t write:
Btw 1800-1860 pop grew!
• canals & RRs link US
• 50% of people live on farms
in US, but many moving to
the North to work
in cities

29. How did population change?
Urbanization (city growth)
factors include:
*Pop doubles in Europe. (266
mil)
* Less wars & diseases, &
better food led to growth.
* people come to city to work
in factories

30. EUROPE BY 1815

32. •Living conditions poor in
cities
•Cheap, crowded, dirty
apartments
•Rats & trash spread
disease,
•sewage & poor
sanitation

34. •Conditions worsen &
socialism grows (idea
govt should take control
of means of production)
& Trade unions dev to
fight to raise
wages,
& improve
conditions

35. REVOLUTIONS OF 1848

36. CONGRESS OF VIENNA

37. • GB, AUS, PRU,
RUS meet
Sept 1814 for
peace
settlement at
CONGRESS OF
VIENNA
• Led by
Klemens Von
Metternich

38. •Principle of Legitimacy-
restore monarchies to
power
•Divide territories so that
so no one too strong
•GB, Rus, Pru Aus,
Fr meet
to keep peace

39. • adopt PRINCIPLE of
INTERVENTION- right to
send in armies if rev
occurs. But Britain refused

40. • New ideas:
• LIBRALISM-idea people
should be free from govt
restraint (freedom of
speech, separation
of church &
state, want a
constitutional
monarchy)

41. •NATIONALISM- a unique
cultural identity of a people
based on a common
language, religion, history.
Often leads people to want
own nation. Starts
revolutions, upsets balance
of power

42. • GERMANY was 38 states (German
Confederation)
• Rulers promise new constitutions
& meet as Frankfort assembly to
write one. Draft it, but can’t
enforce.
• ITALY: 9 states, some owned by
Austria.
• Revolts break out to create unified
Italy w/ liberal constitutions, but
Austrians stop it.

43. SECOND INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION

44. •DON’T WRITE!!!
• Second Industrial Rev
lasted from 1870s into
1900s.
• 1st rev focused on
railroads, iron, coal, and
cloth. 2nd focused on:

45. 1. Iron replaced
by steel- light,
strong
2. electricity-
heat & light,
factories could
run 24 hrs
3. chemicals &
oil

46. NEW 1. telephone in
INVENTIONS 1876- Alexander
Graham Bell
2. Radio- Guglielmo
Marconi
3. Plane- Wright
brothers
4. Internal
combustion
engine- Daimler

47. OTHER CHANGES
•Wages
increased &
prices drop
due to
cheaper
transportation
& factories

48. • Italy, Aus-
Hungary,
SP, Port &
Rus still
agricultural,
not
industrial.

49. Top- wealthy 5% of pop own
30-40% of money
• Middle Class- Drs, lawyers,
civil servants
• Lower-middle class-
shopkeepers
• Lower class- sales people,
secretaries.
• Working class- 80% of
pop (servants, farmers)

50. GROCERY STORE late
1800s

51. 1. Women- new jobs open up.
Create jobs as clerks,
secretaries, typists
2. Women work until
marriage in working class
families.
3. Feminism grows.
4. Can divorce, own
property, go to college

54. FUN!!!! • People had
time & $$$$
for leisure
• Pro sports
(Reds 1869)
• Amusement
parks & dance
halls
open

56. CONEY ISLAND’S 1st COASTER

57. CONEY ISLAND RIDES

58. CONEY
ISLAND
RIDES

66. •State financed schools
set up for boys & girls to:
•train labor for factories
•Increase literacy
•Create patriotism

67. ORGANIZING THE WORKING
CLASS
•Karl Marx & Friedrich
Engels upset by factory
conditions & blame
industrial capitalism.
•Wrote in Communist
Manifesto that:

68. COMMUNIST MANIFESTO
a.history is a class
struggle
b. Oppressors or
Bourgeoisie are middle
class who own means of
production (land, $$$)
& control govt

69. COMMUNIST MANIFESTO
c. Oppressed or Proletariat
are working class &
depend on oppressor
d. Huge struggle
will occur w/
violent
revolution

70. KARL MARX
e. Proletariat
will
overthrow
bourgeoisie
& form
dictatorship
to organize
production.

71. KARL MARX
f . Creates no
social or
economic
classes or
differences
.