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- 1. CHAPTER 26 Asia in the Era of Imperialism, 1800–1914 India and British Empire Competition for Southeast Asia China under pressure Japan’s metamorphosis U.S. Receives- Pacific Gives Not doing country comparison
- 2. States vs. Country • There is a difference between the terms state, country, and nation even though the words are often used interchangeably. • Country and State are synonymous terms that both apply to self-governing political entities. • A nation, however, is a group of people who share the same culture but do not have sovereignty.
- 4. I. India and the British Empire in Asia A. The Evolution of British Rule 1. 1857 Great Mutiny/Great Revolt- Sepoy troops revolt, no cow/pig fat, grease rifle cartridges, high taxes, and low caste soldiers 2. Parliamentary rule: top civil officials all white. Queen Victoria empress of India
- 6. I. India and the British Empire in Asia B. The Socioeconomic Effects of British Rule 1. Industrial infrastructure-transportation. Telegraphs, railroads 5th largest in world 2. Exports and imports-textile industry damaged, hand spinners, hand weavers displaced 3. Standard of living-poor, no improvement. Tenant farming, new sewer drainage
- 7. I. India and the British Empire in Asia C. The British and the Indian Educated Elite 1. Rammohun Roy- Upanishads-modern Hinduism based on sacred texts of Hinduism 2. Indian Civil Service- entry exams taken in England- in 1870, only 1 out of 916 bureaucratic members were Indian 3. Indian National Congress-educated Indians demand equality.
- 10. II. Competition for Southeast Asia A. The Dutch East Indies 1. Java War-Javanese resistance to Dutch rule 1825-1830 2. Culture System-peasants plant 1/5 of land to export 3. Western education-children of ruler and elite class B. Mainland Southeast Asia 1. Nguyen Dynasty-end peasant rebellion. Irrigation canals, transportation, royal palaces. Peasants heavy construction 2. French control-King Minh Mang executes French missionaries, French colonize Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia (French Indochina) 3. Independent Siam-King Chulalongkorn-played powers against each other
- 12. II. Competition for Southeast Asia C. The Philippines 1. Spanish influences-no improvements, centralized govt, uneducated, local chief rule, island stopover 2. Spanish-American War- sinking of Maine, 1898 3. Commodore George Dewey-asks Filipino rebels to fight Spanish forces, but rebels declare independence. a. Colonial rule b. public works/economic development c. improved education d. medicine/ elected legislative assembly
- 14. III. China Under Pressure A. The Opium War 1. Opium trade-smuggled opium grown in India into China, addiction fueled trade 2. Hong Kong-portugal banned British from Macao. British go to Hong Kong 3. War and extraterritoriality- continuation of trade causes war. Cause of war: open Chinese ports to international trade. Result: 5 ports open to British. Extraterritoriality: exempts British from local Chinese law
- 16. III. China Under Pressure B. Internal Problems-not all from foreign origin 1. Hong Xiuquan-younger brother of Jesus, give up drugs, foot binding 2. Taiping Rebellion 1851-1864- Political and religious uprising: Hong’s followers Taiping rebels. 20 million people lost lives.
- 18. III. China Under Pressure C. The Self-Strengthening Movement 1. Modernization –westernize military, mines, telegraphs 2. Conservative opposition-compound China’s earlier defeats 3. 1895 Sino-Japanese War-separated Korea from Chinese, Taiwan and factory rights D. Republican Revolution 1. The Boxers-secret society blamed foreigners for China’s problems 2. Sun Yatsen-sparked end to China’s imperial system 3. 1911 Revolution-army officers and students toppled Chinese monarchy
- 21. IV. Japan’s Rapid Transformation-50 plus years A. The “Opening” of Japan 1. Political domains-daimyo 2. Gunboat diplomacy-treaties by military force B. The Meiji Restoration 1. Meiji reformers-America Japan’s mother, France Japan’s father 2. Centralized authority-elevated emperor, no domains 3. Meiji educational reforms-open to all citizens 4. Constitutional government-first non-western 5. Westernized culture-looked to west, not China.
- 23. IV. Japan’s Rapid Transformation C. Industrialization 1. Coal-govt involved 2. Export competition-China reduced, silk tea trade 3. Entrepreneurs-govt encouraged new tech and businesses 4. Rural frustration-farmers can’t make living, or make taxes
- 26. IV. Japan’s Rapid Transformation D. Japan as an Imperial Power 1. Korean relations-religious uprising. “protect Korean govt” Sino-Japanese war. Taiwan and Korea protectorate 2. Russo-Japanese War-attacks Russia, gets foothold in China
- 29. V. The Pacific Region and the Movement of People A. Settler Colonies in the Pacific: Australia and New Zealand 1. Aborigines-settled long before Euros arrived, disease, persecution 2. Penal colony-British criminals, until 1896 3. European migration-free passage and land, 500,00 inhabitants, gold rush B. Asian Emigration 1. Chinese-all of Great Britains’ colonial holdings, large fortunes, prejudices/discrimination 2. Indian-Southeast Asia, indentured laborers
- 32. VI. The Countries of Asia in Comparative Perspective 1. Variations-NO 2. Commonalities-NO
Editor's Notes
- Rammohun Roy wanted to combine republican Western ideals with Indian culture. He did so by becoming educated in Western Culture and became a writer and reformer. He was against traditional Hindu practices and echoed his voice against Sati system, polygamy, caste rigidity and child marriage. He was greatly moved by his sister-in-laws death who became Sati. He put remarkable efforts in the education system of India, by modernizing the education system and establishing English schools. For example, He founded the Hindu college at Calcutta (Kolkata) in 1822.
- British and Sikh leaders at Lahore, depicting the negotiations in the Treaty of Lahore giving Britain control over the region.
- The presiding judge, an officer with the British East India Company, is seated on a chair with his top hat on the table. The Indian assistants are seated on the floor, and the plaintiffs and defendants in the case are standing. Notice the attention the Indian craftsman paid to the details of the dress and hats of each of the figures in this 20-inch-long wooden model. (© Victoria and Albert Museum, London, UK/V&A Images/Art Resource, NY)
- MAP 26.1 Asia in 1914 India remained under British rule, while China precariously preserved its political independence. The Dutch Empire in modern-day Indonesia was old, but French control of Indochina was a product of the new imperialism. ANALYZING THE MAP Consider the colonies of the different powers on this map. What European countries were leading imperialist states, and what lands did they hold? Can you see places where colonial powers were likely to come into conflict with each other? CONNECTIONS Do the sizes of the various colonial territories as seen on this map adequately reflect their importance to the countries that possessed them? If not, what else should be taken into account in thinking about the value of these sorts of colonial possessions?
- The twelfth emperor of the Nguyen Dynasty, Khai Dinh (1885–1925) had to find ways to get along with the French governor general (in this picture, Albert Sarraut) if he wished to preserve his dynasty. Seen here in 1917 or 1918, he had adopted Western leather shoes but otherwise tried to keep a distinct Vietnamese identity in his dress. (© Maurice-Louis Branger/Roger-Viollet/Getty Images)
- Rizal advocated making the Philippines a province of Spain, giving it representation in the Spanish parliament, replacing Spanish friars with Filipino priests, and making Filipinos and Spaniards equal before the law. He spent a year at the British Museum doing research on the early phase of the Spanish colonization of the Philippines. He also wrote two novels. He is tried for sedition by the military and found guilty. ON his death certificate, he crossed out the words “chines half-breed and put pure native.” Becomes a martyr when he is executed.
- Treaty of Nanjing. An unequal treaty that marked the end of the first Opium War. The settlement reached by Britain and China in 1842 was written in both English and Chinese. The chief negotiators of both sides signed the document, and the seals of both countries were placed on it. The Chinese seal was impressed with red ink in the traditional way, while the British used wax. (© Mary Evans Picture Library/National Archives, UK/The Image Works)
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- If your going to have a revolt, this is how you want to do it.
- Soon after this 15-mile-long railroad was constructed near Shanghai in 1876 by the British firm of Jardine, Matheson, and Company, the provincial governor bought it in order to tear it out. Many Chinese of the period saw the introduction of railroads as harmful not only to the balance of nature but also to people’s livelihoods, since the railroads eliminated jobs in transport like dragging boats along canals or driving pack horses. (Private Collection/Visual Connection Archive)
- In 1872 the newspaper Shenbao was founded in Shanghai, and in 1884 it added an eight-page weekly pictorial supplement. Influenced by the pictorial press then popular in Europe, it depicted both news and human interest stories, both Chinese and foreign. This scene shows a tailor shop in Hong Kong where Chinese tailors use sewing machines and make women’s clothes in current Western styles. To Chinese readers, men making women’s clothes and placing them on bamboo forms would have seemed as peculiar as the style of the dresses. (From Dianshizhai huabao, a Shanghai picture magazine, 1885 or later/Visual Connection Archive)
- A set of woodblock prints depicting the new sights of Tokyo included this illustration of a military parade ground. The soldiers’ brightly colored Western-style uniforms undoubtedly helped make this a sight worth seeing. (The Granger Collection, NYC — All rights reserved.
- Japan’s First Skyscraper Meiji Japan’s fascination with things Western led to the construction of Western-style buildings. Japan’s first elevator made possible this twelve-story tower built in Tokyo in 1890. Situated in the entertainment district, it was filled with shops, theaters, bars, and restaurants. (“Pavilion Above the Clouds,” Sugoroku 1890, Utagawa Kunimasa IV [1848–1920]/Mead Art Museum, Amherst College, MA, USA/The Bridgeman Art Library) ANALYZING THE IMAGE Locate all the people in this picture. How are they dressed? What are they doing? CONNECTIONS Keeping in mind that the building in this picture was built in 1890, what connections can you draw between the politics of the period and this visual celebration of a new style of architecture?
- Fukuzawa Yukichi was one of the most prominent intellectuals and promoters of westernization in Meiji Japan. His views on domestic policy were decidedly liberal, but he took a hard-line approach to foreign affairs. His ruthless criticism of Korea and China published on March 16, 1885, can be read as inviting colonialism. In 1895, ten years after writing this call to action, he rejoiced at Japan’s victory over China in their conflict over Korea. Five tenets about China and Korea. Civilization does more good than harm Racial background and education that allowed Japan to overtake Korea If no change, Korea and China would be subdivided by westerners Westerners would associate Japan as backwards because of Korea and China Believed that Korea should be treated as the westerners colonized other countries.
- Life of Emigration puzzle 1840, to attract people to move to Australia, aimed at children.
- Maori Chief, 1885. Chief Wahnui with family and friends. Fought in the Maori wars in 1864-1865 against British, but 20 years later, you can see they adopted many western elements.