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Industrial Hygiene
The document discusses various workplace hazards grouped into four categories: chemical, physical, ergonomic, and biological. It provides examples and details of common hazards within each category. The goal of industrial hygiene is to anticipate hazards, recognize their effects, evaluate exposures, and implement controls to protect worker safety and well-being. The document emphasizes that occupiers have a responsibility to be aware of hazards, design safer systems, and encourage proper safety procedures through good management.
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Industrial Hygiene
- 1. Industrial Hygiene Compiled By: Vasant Oak DGM – EHSS What’s Up - 9987592242
- 2. Goal of IndustrialHygiene • Worker safety and well-being –Anticipation –Recognition – Evaluation – Control
- 4. Workplace Hazards • Chemical •Physical • Ergonomic • Biological
- 6. Chemical Hazards • Irritants •Asphyxiants • CNS Agents • Specific organ agents • Genetic activity Acute versus Chronic
- 7.
- 8. Irritants • Primary/Secondary – Primary– at source of contact – Secondary – travels through blood to another area • Reversible/Irreversible • Sensitization – Irritant that has a delayed reaction on subsequent exposure
- 9. Asphyxiants • Simple Asphyxiants –N2 – CO2 – He – CH4 • Dilute air so oxygen content is low • Chemical Asphyxiants – CO – HCN – H2S • Interact at cellular level to inhibit oxygen uptake.
- 10. Central Nervous SystemDepressants • Narcotics • Anesthetics • Depressants
- 11. CNS Depressants • AliphaticHydrocarbons – Increased chain length enhances effect – Addition of an alcohol group (i.e. ethanol) – Addition of a halide group enhances the effect
- 12. Specific Organ Attack •May be reversible or irreversible – Blood - Hemotoxic – Liver – Hepatotoxic – Lungs – Pulmonotoxic – Kidneys – Nephrotoxic – Skin – Dermatotoxic – Nerves & Brain - Neurotoxic
- 13. Genetic Activity • Typicallyis irreversible – Causes cancer – Carcinogen – Causes chromosome damage – Mutagen – Causes birth defects – Teratogen – Causes damage to reproductive system - Reproductive Hazard
- 14. Anticipation of ChemicalHazards • Consider the following: – Raw materials – Intermediates formed – Final products – Disposal of used products – Maintenance materials • “Cradle to Grave” thought process
- 15. Anticipation of ChemicalHazards • Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has established Permissible Exposure limits – They are defined in time weighted average, TWA, for most working conditions. Short Term Exposure Limits, STEL, for 15 minute exposure. Ceiling, C, for maximum allowable concentration. • American Council of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has established Threshold Limit Values, TLV.
- 16. Anticipation of ChemicalHazards • Material Safety Data Sheets, MSDS
- 17. Recognition of ChemicalHazards • Odors – Not all agents have detectable odor • Frequent headaches • Dermatitis • Drowsiness • Personality changes • Clusters of problems
- 19. Workplace Hazards • Chemical •Physical • Ergonomic • Biological
- 20. Physical Hazards • Dustsand Fibers • Noise • Corrosives • Temperature Extremes • Ionizing Radiation • Non-Ionizing Radiation
- 21. Dusts and Fibers •Concerned about particle size and penetration into pulmonary track – D > 0.5 micron – does not reach lungs (but may ingest) – 0.2 < D < 0.5 micron – respirable and gets stuck in lungs – D < 0.2 micron – are exhaled
- 22. Noise Hazard Recognition •Need to shout • Ringing sensation • Degraded hearing after work • Auditory testing
- 23. Noise Hazard • Soundlevel measurement L = 10 * Log (I/I0)2 L = Sound intensity, decibels (dB) P = Sound pressure, rms (Pa) I0 = Reference sound pressure, rms (20 Pa)
- 24. Typical Noise Sources SourceSound Level (dB) Rocket 195 Jet Engine 160 Rock Band 115 Power Lawn Mower 95 Factory 90 Noisy Office 80 Conversation 65 Quite Room 40 Whisper 20
- 25. OSHA Sound LevelPEL’s Sound Level (dB) Exposure Time Limit (hr) < 90 No Limit 90 8 95 4 100 2 105 1 110 ½ 115 ¼ > 115 0
- 26. Noise Control • Encloseequipment • Enclose operator • Slower rotational speed • Intake/Exhaust mufflers • Padded mountings
- 27. Corrosive Hazards • Usuallyconcerned with the affect of corrosives on process equipment • Concern for contact of workers with corrosives – Usually involves necrosis, the death of local tissue due to contact of agent
- 28. Temperature Extremes • HeatStress – Heat Stroke – Heat Exhaustion • Cold Stress – Frostbite – Hypothermia
- 29. Heat Stress • Body’sEnergy Balance – Metabolic rate – Radiation – Convection – Sweating • External Conditions – Temperature – Humidity – Air movement – Radiation In a typical healthy individual the internal core body temperature may rise as much as 3°C during heat stress
- 30. Cold Stress • LessCommon in Industrial Situations – Cold climates – Refrigerated space – Wind chill • Responses to Cold Stress – Body core temperature is typically 37°C – Shivering when body Tc < 36°C – Lose Consciousness at Tc < 34°C
- 31. Temperature Stress Control •Hot Stress – Air movement – Periodic rest – Remove to cooler location • Cold Stress – Limit exposure time – Protective clothing
- 32. Ionizing Radiation • Physicaldamage to cells • Possible genetic damage • Types of Radiation – Alpha – emitted from nuclei of radioactive particles – Beta – similar to but with more penetrating (~ 1 cm) – X-ray – produced from high speed electrons striking material – Gamma – originates from nucleus, produces burns – Neutrons – emitted from disintegration of isotopes, very penetrating
- 33. Common Units toMeasure Radiation • Rad – the unit of absorbed dose of ionizing radiation equal to the absorption of 100 ergs/g • Roentgen – exposure to x-rays or gamma rays equal to absorption in 1 cm3 of air to produce 1 electrostatic unit of charge • Rem – the dosage of ionizing radiation that will cause the same biological effect as 1 rad of x-, gamma or beta • Curie – the rate at which radioactive material emits particles, 3.7x1010 disintegrations per second
- 34. Protection from IonizingRadiation • Alpha, Beta - Little protection required • X-ray, Gamma - Extensive high density shielding • Neutrons - Special shielding techniques
- 35. Non-Ionizing Radiation • Lowfrequency - ~ 3 m wavelength • Microwaves - 3 m to 3 mm • Infrared - 3 mm to 750 nm • Visible light - 750 nm to 400 nm
- 36. Non-Ionizing Radiation • UltravioletRadiation – UV-A 400 to 320 nm • Harmful only to eyes, causes sun tan – UV-B 320 to 280 nm • Causes skin damage (sun burn), source arc welding – UV-C 280 to 220 nm • Severe damage, source germicidal lamps
- 37. Laser Light • Especiallydangerous for eyes • Retinal burns • Corneal burns
- 38. Workplace Hazards • Chemical •Physical • Ergonomic • Biological
- 39. Ergonomic Hazards • PhysiologicalHazards – Awkward movements – Muscle strain • Psychological Hazards – Boredom – Concentrated attention – Simulated inputs
- 40. Ergonomic Hazards • Increasingemphasis due to repetitive nature of some industrial manufacturing jobs. • Also with more operators working at computers or workstations there are ergonomic concerns.
- 41. Workplace Hazards • Chemical •Physical • Ergonomic • Biological
- 42. Biological Hazards • Pathogenicorganisms – Five levels of classification • 1 least dangerous • 5 most dangerous – Pathogenic organisms are typically not found in a chemical processing facility – Possible biological hazards in an industrial setting • AIDS • Hepatitis B
- 43. Biological Hazards • Industrieswith possible biological hazards – Pharmaceutical Manufacturing – Food processing or agricultural products • Typically hazards are well contained
- 46. Occupier’s Responsibility • Beaware of industrial hazards and possible effects. • Design inherently safer systems that minimize worker exposure to hazards. • As a manager encourage proper safety procedures and good housekeeping to minimize employees exposure to hazardous situations.
- 47. Let’s Do It…Together Compiled By : Vasant Oak DGM – EHSS What’s Up - 9987592242