The document outlines objectives for participants to understand and commit to accident and disease prevention in the workplace, highlighting global statistics on work-related deaths and injuries. It emphasizes the need for a paradigm shift towards prevention, categorizing hazards into chemical, physical, biological, ergonomic, and psychosocial types, while discussing intervention strategies across primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention levels. The importance of compliance with occupational safety and health standards and management responsibilities for creating a safe work environment is also stressed.

2. OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the session, the participants
should be able to:
1. Explain the basic principles and practice
of accident and disease prevention in the
workplace;
2. Express commitment in preventing the
occurrence and recurrence of accidents
and diseases within their organization.

3. I. Global and local updates
II. Brief overview on
- Industrial hygiene
- Safety basics
- Accident costs and consequences
- Safety principles in workplaces
OUTLINE:

4. Do you know that due to work
connected ailments or injuries
there is an average of
6,000 people who die everyday
equivalent to one every 15
seconds.
Source: ILO Data

5. 2.3 million deaths
per year including
651,000 deaths from
Hazardous substances
and 160 million work-
connected diseases each
year.
more
deadly
than
wars.
Source: ILO Data 2005

6. Source: The ILO Programme on Safety and Health at Work and the Environment
SafeWork
EME 6%
FSE 6%
India 13%
China 20%
MEC 8%
OAI 24%
LAC 8%
SSA 15%
Established Market Economies Former Socialist Economies
India China
Other Asia and Islands Sub-Saharan Africa
Latin America and the Caribbean Middle-Eastern Crescent
Fatal occupational injuries- total: 355,000
Global Estimates
(2005)

7. EMPLOYEES COMPENSATION COMISSION DATA
347,310 work-connected sickness,
injury, death claims (2000-2010) or
an average of 141,099 cases per
year, 386 per day

8. 39,587 work-connected injuries
and deaths in 2009:
17,713 with workdays lost
113 are fatal cases
BUREAU OF LOCAL EMPLOYMENT AND STATISTICS DATA (BLES)
Based on 5,126 samples of non-agricultural establishments with 20 or more
workers.
http://bles.dole.gov.ph/SURVEY%20RESULTS/2010%20Survey%20Result/2009-
2010%20BITS%20mainpage.html

9. Occupational Accidents and Injuries 2003 - 2009, BLES
52,515
44,800
36,455
58,720
46,570
39,587
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
2003 2007 2009
Accidents Injuries
http://bles.dole.gov.ph/SUR
VEY
%20RESULTS/2010%20Su
rvey%20Result/2009-
2010%20BITS
%20mainpage.html
19%
9%
15%
35%
2%
11%
9%
Manufacturing Electricity,Gas,Water
Transport, Storage & Communication Real Estate
Others Constrtuction
Mining
113 FATAL CASES, 2009

10. Occupational Diseases 2007 - 2009,
BLES
47,235
71,894
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
2007 2009
http://bles.dole.gov.ph/SURVEY%20RESULTS/2010%20Survey
%20Result/2009-2010%20BITS%20mainpage.html
Diseases 2007 2009
1. Work-related MSD 13,296 28,574
2. Occupational Asthma 8,759 4,906
3. Tuberculosis 2,921
4. Other Infections 6,517 3,482
5. Essential Hypertension 6,152 9,101
6. Occupational Dermatitis 5,965 5,644
7. Peptic Ulcer 4,135 5,871
8. Cardiovascular Diseases 854 767
9. Heat stroke, Cramps, Exhaustion,
Chilblain, Freezing
577 670
10. Cataract 284 140
11. Acute poisonings 189 192
12. Deafness 172 320
13. Others 334 9,306
TOTAL 47,235 71,894

11.  Encourages a paradigm shift from
purely compensation to one where
prevention plays an important role
 Entails active participation of both
employers and workers in achieving
the goals and objectives of WCP
Work Contingency Prevention Concept

12. Types of Preventions
1. Primary Prevention – any intervention that
addresses a risk factor for an injury or
disease
2. Secondary Prevention – refers to the
early detection of diseases and
interventions before symptoms appear
3. Tertiary prevention – clinical management
of workers who are injured.

13. Why Should Accidents/ Injuries and Illness be
Prevented?
1. Needless destruction of life and health is
morally unjustified
2. Accidents, injuries and illnesses produce far
reaching social harm
3. Regulatory requirements for management to
provide a safe and healthful workplace.

15. INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE is the science
concerned with the recognition,
evaluation and control of workplace
environmental factors or hazards
that may affect the health, and safety of
the worker.

16. Hazards are defined as existing or
potential conditions in the workplace
that by themselves or interacting with
other variables can result in death,
injuries, property damage and other
losses.

18. Identification of Occupational
Hazards
 Chemical Hazards
 Physical Hazards
 Ergonomic Hazards
 Biologic Hazards
 Psychosocial Hazards
Classification

19. Route of Exposures
 InhalationInhalation
 Oral routeOral route
 Skin contactSkin contact

20. Chemical Hazards
- Gases
- Vapors
- Liquids
-Aerosols (dusts,
fibers, fumes, mists,
fogs)
-Noxious or toxic
- Corrosive
- Allergens
- Irritants
- Asphyxiants
- Carcinogens
- Mutagenics
- Reproductive Toxicants
- Systemic Poisons
Classification of Hazards

21. Chemical Hazards
Points to remember:
 Chemicals are part of everyone’s life.
There are about 5-7 million different
chemicals known in the world
 For majority of chemicals in the
workplace, little or nothing is known
about their possible immediate or term
effects on health, yet workers are still
required to work with potentially toxic
substances

22. Small-scale shoemaker, who applies glue using
fingers, has dermal exposure to the contents
of the glue
Worker in a small enterprise that
makes boxes, who sprays wood
with coal tar, a confirmed human
carcinogen, and other hazardous
substances, has daily dermal
exposure

23. Spray painting on cars without the use of personal protective equipment

24. Toxic Property Part of body
affected
Time scale of
appearance
Effect Example
Irritant or
corrosive
Any but usually
the eyes, lungs
and skin
A few minutes
to several
days
Inflammation, burns
of exposed areas
Ammonia,
sulfuric acid,
caustic soda
Fibrogenic Generally lungs Years Gradual loss of lung
function leading to
disability and death
Asbestos,
bagasse
Allergic Lungs and skin Days to years Chronic asthma like
disease; industrial
dermatitis of skin
Toluene, amine
hardeners for
epoxy resins
Dermatitic Skin Days to years Inflamed, peeling of
skin
Strong acids,
alkalis,
detergents
Carcinogenic Skin, lungs,
bladder
10-40 years Cancer in affected
areas
Asbestos, certain
tars and oils
Poisonous Liver, brain,
kidney
A few minutes
to many years
Death of cells in vital
organs affected
Carbon tetra
chloride, carbon
monoxide
Asphyxiants Lungs Minutes Gases replace
normal oxygen
content or air
Carbon dioxide,
methane,
nitrogen
Table 1. Types of Toxic Effects Caused by Industrial Chemicals

25. Biological Hazards
A. Infectious Agents
- workers in hospitals
and laboratories
B. Non-infectious Agents
- viable organisms
- biogenic toxins
bacteria, molds and
toxins that affect
workers in cotton mill,
sewage and sludge
treatment , in silos
- biogenic allergens
workers in agriculture
Classification of Hazards

26. Biologic Hazards

31. Physical hazards
- Noise
- Hot or Cold temperature
- Poor illumination
- Radiation
- Vibration
Examples of Typical Noise Levels
Noise Source dB
Pneumatic chipper at 1 meter 115
Textile room 103
Newspaper press 95
Power lawn mower at 1 meter 92
Diesel truck 50 km/hr at 20 m 85
Passenger car 60 km/hr at 20 m 65
Conversation at 1 m 55
Quiet room 40
Classification of Hazards

34. Figure 1. A worker in front of the furnace Figure 2. Environmental measurement with a
shield in place

35. Foundry Work Process

36. Ergonomic Hazards
A. Physical Ergonomics
- working postures, materials handling, repetitive movements,
workplace layout
- work related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD)
B. Cognitive Ergonomics
- mental workload , decision-making, skilled performance,
human-computer interaction
C. Organizational Ergonomics
- working time, communication, staff resource management, work design, team work,
participatory design, community ergonomics, cooperative work, new work
paradigms, virtual organizations, and quality management
Classification of Hazards

37. Ergonomic Hazards

43. Psychosocial hazards
• Work demands
• Inter-personal relationship and
leadership
• Work-family conflict
• Job satisfaction
• Job insecurity
• Influence and development
• Role ambiguity
Classification of Hazards

44. Evaluation of Hazards
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
•Physico-chemical properties
•Fire and explosion hazard data
•Reactivity
•Health Hazard data
-- signs and symptoms
- exposure limits
- emergency and first aid
- safe handling: usage and
precaution
- prescribed control measure
Workplace Inventory

45. Workplace Inventory
Equipment/ Machines/ Tools
• Type
• Use
• Biomechanical aspects related to operation
of such devices (specifications/ limitations)
• Physical condition (brand new/ refurbished)
• Maintenance (schedules/ service life
replacement)

46. Workplace Inventory
Operation/ Production/ Service
Process details
•Process flow from raw materials to
finished product
•Individual steps in the process that may
have potential hazards involved

47. Workplace Inventory
Plant/ Factory/ Establishment
• Design
• Construction
• Lay-out
• Building materials
• Sanitation and safety facilities
• Existing hazard controls

48. Workplace Inventory
Workers
• Sex and age distribution
• Jobs/ tasks assigned
• Educational attainment
• Skills
• Health profile

49. Workplace Inventory
Management
• Attitudes regarding occupational
safety and health and its
commitment to OSH Standards
compliance

50. Evaluation of Hazards
Determine the magnitude or extent
of identified workplace hazards
• Quantity/ concentration levels
compared to permissible exposure
limits, TLVs)
• Duration, location, timing of
hazards
• Number of workers exposed

51. • Engineering Control
• Administrative Control
• Personal Protective
Equipment
Control measures

52. Noise Pollution Control
 Isolate or cover machines or parts
of machines’ productivity noise.
Compressors placed
outside the work area

53. Noise Pollution Control
 Isolate or relocate work processes
that generate excessive noise
Work process placed
in an open space

54.  Collection ducts connected
into a main repository
Management of Airborne
Contaminants
 Use of local exhaust system
connected into a collection dust
to prevent the worker from being
exposed to harmful dust and
vapors.
 Collection ducts connected
into a main repository

55. 55
Personal Protective
Equipment
-Used as a last resort or, if no
other protection is available

57. Some Signs/ Indicators
Fire hazards Electrical hazards
Imminent danger
situation
Airborne contaminants/
other sources of pollution

58. Worker
Equipment
& materials
Environment Performance
T
A
S
K
Fig. 2 Breakdown of Work System in the Presence of an Accident
A
C
C
I
D
E
N
T

59. Accident
 Is an occurrence or eventIs an occurrence or event
UNEXPECTEDUNEXPECTED
UNFORESEENUNFORESEEN
UNPLANNEDUNPLANNED
UNWANTEDUNWANTED
 thatthat
– interrupts or disrupts the normal and orderlyinterrupts or disrupts the normal and orderly
progress of any activityprogress of any activity
– Physical harmPhysical harm
– Damage to propertyDamage to property
– Delay in operationDelay in operation

60. Vehicular Accidents
US accident statistics:
- 45% of all accidental deaths are workers
- 4.5% occur in the workplace
- 2.5% occur in non-vehicle work accidents

61. Accident Costs
DIRECT COSTSDIRECT COSTS
INDIRECT COSTSINDIRECT COSTS

62. Accident Costs
DIRECT COSTSDIRECT COSTS
INDIRECT COSTSINDIRECT COSTS
 Medical CostsMedical Costs
 Insurance PremiumsInsurance Premiums
 Employee CompensationEmployee Compensation

63. Accident Costs
DIRECT COSTSDIRECT COSTS
INDIRECT COSTSINDIRECT COSTS
 Medical CostsMedical Costs
 Insurance PremiumsInsurance Premiums
 Employee CompensationEmployee Compensation
 Inspect/repair/remove/replaceInspect/repair/remove/replace
damaged or destroyeddamaged or destroyed
equipment and materialsequipment and materials
 Order replacement parts,Order replacement parts,
materials or entire machinesmaterials or entire machines
 Rent temporary replacementRent temporary replacement
machines/toolsmachines/tools
 Pay overtime wagesPay overtime wages
 Absorb possible lost salesAbsorb possible lost sales
 Hire and train new employeeHire and train new employee
 Investigate accidentInvestigate accident
 Complete written reportsComplete written reports
 File workers’ compensation orFile workers’ compensation or
insurance claimsinsurance claims
 Clean-up areaClean-up area
 Repair damaged work areasRepair damaged work areas

64. Accident Consequences
• Near Miss
• Property
Damage
• First Aid
• Lost Time
• Fatality

65. Safety Principles
You only
see the
tip of the
pyramid.
Accidents
Incidents
and
Unreported
occurrences

66. Accidents are due to:
1. Unsafe Conditions
2. Unsafe Practices

67. Accidents are caused by either one or a
combination of 3 factors:
- Unsafe conditions
- Unsafe acts
- Management failure

68. Unsafe Conditions
• Inadequate guards or
protection
• Defective
tools/equipment
• Congestion
• Substandard
housekeeping
• Excessive noise
• Inadequate illumination
or ventilation

69. Some Signs/ indicators:
 Safety signages
 Fire extinguishers
 Emergency exits
 Personal protective equipment
 Machine guards
 First aid equipment
UNSAFE WORKING CONDITIONS

70. Example of an Unsafe Condition and Unsafe Act

71. Unsafe Practices
• Operating without authority or
permit
• Failure to warn or secure
• Operating at improper speed
• Making safety devices inoperable
• Using defective equipment
• Using equipment improperly
• Failure to use personal protective
equipment
• Improper loading or placement
• Improper lifting
• Taking improper position
• Servicing equipment in motion
• Horseplay
• Drinking or drugs

74. Office Safety

75. Safe Access
And
Fall Protection
Lifting Techniques
(Ergonomics)

76. Poorly Designed Work Station
- Awkward reaching creating a possible tipping hazard
- No upper lumbar support on chair could lead to CTD’s
Ergonomics
Ergonomically Correct Work Station

77. 1.Unsafe lift. Blocked view and not using handrail.
2.Trash on stairs.
3.Foot protection. Employees must wear protective footwear when
heavy items may fall on the feet.
Safe Access Fire and Electrical Safety

78. 78
Imminent Danger Situation
-A broken post which may cause
roof collapse
Coco-shavings
- Presence of coco-shavings/ fibers
near electrical connections and
machine.
Coco-shavings

79. Some Proposed
Improvements in the
Workplace

80. 80
Good Housekeeping
-“If in doubt, take it out”.
Improve lay-out for efficient workflow
Before After

81. 81
Proper Materials Handling & Storage
- Store chemicals and other hazardous
substances in separate areas with
proper labels and warning signs
After
Before

82. An easy-to-move cart on
wheels to transport metal
scraps
Proper Materials Handling and Storage
Use mechanical devices for
lifting, lowering and moving
heavy materials

83. 83
Fire protecting equipment
-provide appropriate fire extinguisher
near the sources of potential fire,
should be within easy reach and
properly labeled.

84. 84
Machine Guards
-Guards should fit the danger
areas as closely as possible, but
should leave the operation easy
to use.
Machine Guards
-Fixed guards should be made of
strong material and provide
protection against flying
fragments.

85. Waste Disposal System
-Provision of waste receptacles on wheels for easier transport
and disposal
Before After

86. 86
Before
After
Adequate Lighting
-Natural light is the best and
cheapest source of
illumination. Make full use of it
through installation of
skylights.

87. 87
First Aid Medicines/ Equipment
- Emergency medicines & equipment
of adequate quantity as determined
by the first-aider or health personnel
of the enterprise
Qualified First-Aider
- Must have completed a course/
training under PNRC or any
organization accredited by the
same

88. Proper Use of Signages

89. Proper Use of Signages

90. Accident COSTS MONEYAccident COSTS MONEY
Safety SAVES MONEYSafety SAVES MONEY
More workplace accidents that take place result to
higher company insurance premium
and
Higher company premiums means lower profit on
each product unit sold

91. Philosophy of Accident Prevention
• Society as a whole has a moral responsibility to
prevent needless destruction of life and health,
particularly in the workplace
• The employer is primarily responsible for
ensuring a safe, healthy work environment
• Employees are held accountable for following
prescribed safety standards and guidelines

92. • The Philippine Constitution, 1987
“labor shall be entitled
to…humane conditions of work…”
Philippine Labor
Code, 1974
Book IV is devoted to prevention
and compensation of work-related
injuries and illnesses
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY
AND HEALTH STANDARDS
A set of specific
rules on OSH
LEGAL BASIS

93. Rules of the OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
STANDARDS
1000 General Provisions
1010 Other Safety Rules
1020 Registration
1030 Training & Accreditation
1040 Health and Safety
Committee
1050 Notification & Keeping of
Records of Accidents/Illnesses
1060 Premises of
Establishments 1070
Environmental Control 1080
Personal Protective Equipment
1090 Hazardous
Materials 1100 Gas &
Electric Welding & Cutting
Operations 1120
Hazardous Work Processes 1140
Explosives 1150
Materials Handling & Storage
1160 Boiler
1170 Unfired Pressure Vessels
1180 Internal Combustion
Engine 1200 Machine
Guarding 1210
Electrical Safety 1220
Elevators & Related Equipment
1230
Identification of Piping System
1240 Power Piping Lines
1410 Construction
Safety 1420 Logging
1940 Fire Protection &
Control 1950 Pesticides &
Fertilizers 1960 OH
Services 1970 Fees
1980 Authority
of LGUs 1990 Final
Provisions

95. To fulfill the SOCIAL
obligation
To fulfill the FISCAL obligation
To fulfill the LEGAL obligation

96. 96
People working
in a safe and
healthful workplace
are…
Productive Competitive
Efficient

97. In Summary:
• Millions of work-connected illness, injuries
and deaths worldwide each year
• Common occupational hazards are chemical,
physical, biologic and ergonomic
• Hazards are controlled thru engineering,
administrative and use of PPE
• Accidents can be avoided, mindset change is
needed
• Direct and indirect costs of accidents
• Accidents are due to unsafe conditions and
unsafe practices
• Management commit to safety in order to
fulfil its legal, fiscal and social obligation

98. Break - +++
Have a safe day!