this power-point slide presentation includes lots of information like how MRI coil works. what is shimming, magnet, fringe, and design of mri coil and also magnet. this will help a lot for radiologist and technician radiographers.. thanks.
this power-point slide presentation includes lots of information like how MRI coil works. what is shimming, magnet, fringe, and design of mri coil and also magnet. this will help a lot for radiologist and technician radiographers.. thanks.
Quality Assurance Programme in Computed TomographyRamzee Small
Introduction to Computed Tomography
Basic description of the components of a CT System
Introduction to Quality Assurance
Quality Assurance and Quality Control Tests in Computed Tomography base on frequency
Objective of QA/QC Test
In this lecture, we will be talking only about the interaction of an ionizing electromagnetic radiation with matter, specifically about the interaction of X-Rays with the matter
Note: Gamma rays interact with the matter by the same way that X-rays interact with matter. In this lecture, we just focused on X-rays to complete our previous lecture about the production of X-rays
Quality Assurance Programme in Computed TomographyRamzee Small
Introduction to Computed Tomography
Basic description of the components of a CT System
Introduction to Quality Assurance
Quality Assurance and Quality Control Tests in Computed Tomography base on frequency
Objective of QA/QC Test
In this lecture, we will be talking only about the interaction of an ionizing electromagnetic radiation with matter, specifically about the interaction of X-Rays with the matter
Note: Gamma rays interact with the matter by the same way that X-rays interact with matter. In this lecture, we just focused on X-rays to complete our previous lecture about the production of X-rays
X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation with unique properties that make them valuable in various fields, including medical imaging, material analysis, and industrial applications
Understanding how X-rays interact with matter is crucial to harnessing their potential effectively.
This Presentation delves into the fundamental principles of X-ray interactions with matter and explores the different types of interactions that occur during the process.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
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Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Planning Of Procurement o different goods and services
interaction of x ray with matter
1. M.KARTHIKEYAN
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
AAA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, SIVAKASI
karthikeyan@aaacet.ac.in
ME8097 NON DESTRUCTIVE
TESTING AND EVALUATION
2. UNIT V RADIOGRAPHY (RT)
1. Principle, interaction of X-Ray with matter,
2. imaging, film and film less techniques,
3. types and use of filters and screens,
4. geometric factors, Inverse square, law,
5. characteristics of films - graininess, density, speed, contrast,
6. characteristic curves, Penetrameters,
7. Exposure charts, Radiographic equivalence.
8. Fluoroscopy- Xero-Radiography,
9. Computed Radiography, Computed Tomography
3. X-rays in the diagnostic range interact with matter primarily via
two major processes, which are fundamental in understanding
how an image is formed in a radiographic exam.
These processes are the:
1. photoelectric effect
2. Compton scatter
4. PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
Photoelectric effect or photoelectric absorption is one of the
principal forms of interaction of x-ray and gamma photons with
matter.
A photon interacts with an inner shell electron in the atom and
removes it from its shell.
5. PROBABILITY OF PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
The probability of this effect is maximum when:
the energy of the incident photon is equal to or just greater
than the binding energy of the electron in its shell (absorption
or k edge) and
the electron is tightly bound (as in K shell)
The electron that is removed is then called a photoelectron and
the incident photon is completely absorbed in the process.
Hence, the photoelectric effect contributes to the attenuation of
the x-ray beam as it passes through matter.
To stabilize the atom an outer shell electron fills the vacancy in
the inner shell.
6. The energy which is lost by this electron as it drops to the inner
shell is emitted as characteristic radiation (an x-ray photon) or
as an Auger electron.
The probability of photoelectric absorption occurring is
proportional to the cube of atomic number of the attenuating
medium (Z), and
inversely proportional to the cube of the energy of the incident
photon (E), and
proportional to the physical density of the attenuating medium
(p)
7. • Thus the overall the probability of photoelectric absorption can
be summarized as follows:
Photoelectric absoption ~ p(Z³/E³)
• Therefore if Z doubles, photoelectric absorption will increase by
a factor of 8 (2³ = 8), and if E doubles photoelectric absorption
will reduce by a factor of 8.
• Small changes in Z and E can therefore significantly affect
photoelectric absorption.
• This has practical implications in the field of radiation
protection and is the reason why materials with a high Z such as
lead (Z = 82) are useful shielding materials.
• Photoelectric absorption is also utilized in mammography and
when using contrast agents to improve image contrast.
8. • The dependence of photoelectric absorption on Z and E means
that it is the major contributor to beam attenuation up to
approximately 30 keV when human tissues (Z = 7.4) are
irradiated.
• At beam energies above this, the Compton effect predominates.
9. COMPTON EFFECT
• Compton effect or Compton scatter is one of principle forms
of photon interaction.
• It is the main cause of scattered radiation in a material. It
occurs due to the interaction of the photon (x-ray
or gamma) with free electrons (unattached to atoms) or loosely
bound valence shell (outer shell) electrons.
• The resultant incident photon is scattered (changes direction)
and imparts energy to the electron (recoil electron).
• The scattered photon will have a different wavelength (observed
phenomenon) and thus a different energy (E=hc/λ).
• Energy and momentum are conserved in this process.
10. • The Compton effect is a partial absorption process and as the
original photon has lost energy, known as Compton shift (i.e. a shift
of wavelength/frequency).
• The wavelength change of the scattered photon can be determined
by 0.024 (1- cos θ), where θ is scattered photon angle. Thus, the
energy of the scattered photon decreases with increasing scattered
photon angle.
• Probability of Compton effect
• directly proportional to
– number of outer shell electrons, i.e. the electron density
– physical density of the material
• inversely proportional to
– photon energy
• does not depend on
– atomic number (unlike photoelectric effect and pair production)
11. • In other words, the probability of the Compton effect is
dependent on the number of electrons per gram in the absorbing
material, which for most elements is approximately the same
(approx. 3 x 1023).
• An exception though is the element hydrogen, which has no
neutrons in its nucleus and therefore has an electron density
which is twice that of all other elements (approx. 6 x 1023 ), thus
the Compton effect is independent of the atomic number (Z) of
the absorber.
• The significance of the Compton effect is it becomes the
dominant process when human tissues are irradiated in the 30
keV to 30 MeV energy range which is the diagnostic and
therapeutic radiation range.