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In Vitro Fertilization
In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a complex series of procedures used to treat fertility issues and assist with conception. The first attempts at IVF date back to the 1800s but the first successful live birth using IVF was in 1978 in England. Since then, major advancements have been made including improved fertility drugs, safer egg retrieval techniques, intracytoplasmic sperm injection for low sperm counts, culturing embryos longer, and embryo biopsy for genetic screening. IVF is now used to treat various causes of infertility such as blocked tubes, older patients, male infertility, and endometriosis.
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In Vitro Fertilization
- 1. In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) PreparedBy: Veronica Baje
- 2. What is InVitro Fertilization? • In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a complex series of procedures used to treat fertility or genetic problems and assist with the conception of a child.
- 3. History • 1800 A physiciannamed Dr. Sims at the Women’s Hospital in New York performed a fresh intrauterine insemination from a man’s sperm. This created one pregnancy that ended in miscarriage. • 1884 Dr. William Pancoast in Philadelphia performed the first donor insemination using sperm from the medical student voted “best looking” in his class. It was anonymous, and both the husband and wife were not even informed that a donor was being used until years later.
- 4. • 1934 Gregory Pincusperformed IVF-like research on rabbits but was fired from Harvard due to his controversial research. • 1965 Dr. Jones of Baltimore Hospital worked with Dr. Edwards of England and fertilized the first human egg in vitro. • 1969 Published Journal that contains the result of a Laparoscopy surgery performed by Dr. Edwards joined Dr. Patrick Steptoe to retrieve an egg and fertilize it in vitro (in the lab). • 1978 The first successful live birth from IVF was announced by Drs. Edwards and Steptoe in England.
- 5. • 1980 After wadingthrough more regulatory hurdles, the first U.S. IVF clinic was opened by the Jones doctors in Virginia. The race was on but Australia was the second county to announce a test tube baby. • 1981 The U.S. announced the birth of IVF baby Elizabeth Carr in 1981.
- 6. Advancements in InVitro Fertilization Fertility Drugs were improved. IVF egg retrievals began to be performed vaginally instead of by laparoscopy. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) allowed men with low sperm to become fathers by 1991. Embryo transfers slowly moved from day 1 to day 3 and are now performed on day 5 by all outstanding fertility centers, as embryology labs became capable of culturing embryos safely for longer periods of time. “live-cam” 24-hour footage became available to monitor cell division. Embryo biopsy techniques evolved to safer and a more accurate prediction of the genetic makeup of an embryo. Comprehensive Chromosome Screening (CCS) of the whole embryo genome (24 Chromosomes).
- 7. Medical Uses 1. Blockedtubes 2. Older patients/patients with low ovarian reserve 3. Male infertility 4. Unexplained infertility 5. Polycystic ovary syndrome 6. Endometriosis 7. Premature ovarian failure
Editor's Notes
- #3 During IVF, mature eggs are collected (retrieved) from your ovaries and fertilized by sperm in a lab. Then the fertilized egg (embryo) or eggs are implanted in your uterus. One cycle of IVF takes about two weeks.
- #4 In the mid 1800’s, scientists finally discovered that pregnancies occurred from a combination of sperm and egg. Donor Insemination: A procedure that uses syringe to place semen into a woman’s vagina to assist her in getting pregnant. This practice which keeps the patient from not knowing the donor is no longer allowed today
- #5 Lesley Brown gave birth to Louise Joy Brown, first successful live birth from IVF.
- #7 Laparoscopy - is an operation performed in the abdomen or pelvis through small incisions with the aid of a camera. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection - is an in vitro fertilization procedure in which a single sperm cell is injected directly into the cytoplasm of an egg Embryo biopsy - Potential method for preimplantation diagnosis of genetic disorders used in conjunction with in vitro fertilization in which cells are removed and analyzed at a very early stage in embryonic development.
- #8 Blocked tubes: For women with blocked or damaged fallopian tubes, IVF provides the best opportunity of having a child using their own eggs. Older patients/ patients with a low ovarian reserve: IVF can be used to maximise the chance of older patients conceiving. Male infertility: Couples with a male infertility problem will have a much higher chance of conceiving with IVF than conceiving naturally. Unexplained infertility: 1 in 6 couples will suffer fertility problems and sometimes these remain undiagnosed after investigation. These patients may benefit from intervention. PCOS: Polycystic ovary syndrome is common condition in which there is a hormone imbalance leading to irregular menstrual cycles. IVF has proved very successful in patients with PCOS, who will not conceive with ovulation induction. Endometriosis: Patients with endometriosis, where parts of the womb lining grow outside the womb, may like to try IVF, as it has proved successful in this group. Premature ovarian failure: Women with premature ovarian failure or menopause can have IVF treatment using donor eggs, which typically has high success rates.