This document summarizes a study that analyzed the ability of three solvents (phenol, furfural, and N-methyl pyrrolidone) to selectively extract contaminants from used motor oil through solvent extraction. The goal was to improve the viscosity index of the used oil. N-methyl pyrrolidone proved most effective at improving viscosity index, increasing it to 105. Furfural extraction yielded the highest percentage of purified oil at 90%. The study characterized used and fresh motor oils and found that solvent extraction significantly reduced the viscosity and other indicators of contamination in the used oil.
IRJET- Experimental Investigations on CI Diesel Engine with Varied Combustion...IRJET Journal
This document reports on an experimental investigation of a CI diesel engine using neem biodiesel and calcium carbonate nanofluid additive with varied combustion chamber designs. Neem biodiesel was produced from neem oil using transesterification and tested in a single cylinder diesel engine. Calcium carbonate nanofluid was produced and blended with neem biodiesel in two proportions. The engine was tested using diesel, neem biodiesel, and the blended fuels in two combustion chamber designs: hemispherical combustion chamber and shallow depth combustion chamber. Performance parameters like brake power, brake thermal efficiency, and brake specific fuel consumption were evaluated. Exhaust emissions of CO, HC, CO2, O2 and NOx were also recorded
1) The document presents research on operating a diesel engine using blends of tyre pyrolysis oil and diesel. Tyre pyrolysis oil was produced by pyrolyzing waste automobile tires and blending it with diesel in ratios of 10%, 20%, and 30%.
2) Tests found that the brake thermal efficiency of the engine increased with the use of tyre pyrolysis oil blends compared to pure diesel. Emissions of NOx, CO2, and smoke decreased with the tyre pyrolysis oil blends compared to diesel alone.
3) Based on the results, the researcher concluded that a 20% tyre pyrolysis oil and 80% diesel blend performed the best overall, with higher efficiency and lower emissions
A Study On The Performance And Combustion Of A Diesel Engine Fuelled With B...theijes
This paper highlights the performance and combustion of a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine operated on blends of biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil. An additive Diethyl ether (DEE) has been added in three different proportions to B20 blended fuel to study the effect of additive on the performance and combustion of the diesel engine. Our results conclude that the break thermal efficiencies of the diesel engine show an increasing trend with both blended fuels and additive mixed blended fuels, slightly higher than the case of pure diesel fuel.
Effect of Fast Pyrolysis Operating Conditions on Product Yield of Red Meranti...IRJET Journal
1) The document investigates the effect of operating conditions on product yield from fast pyrolysis of red meranti sawdust.
2) It finds that bio-oil yield is maximized at 450°C, a nitrogen flow rate of 25 L/min, and a retention time of 60 minutes for sawdust particles sized 0.3 mm.
3) Temperature has the strongest influence on bio-oil yield, followed by nitrogen flow rate and retention time, while particle size has a negligible effect.
Production and Characterization of Catalytically Cracked Biofuel in DI Diesel...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research analyzing the production and characterization of biofuel made through catalytic cracking of jatropha oil. Jatropha oil was catalytically cracked using zeolite catalyst to produce biofuel. The properties of the biofuel were analyzed and found to be similar to diesel fuel. A diesel engine was tested using the biofuel and its blends. Results showed a slight reduction in brake thermal efficiency for the biofuel blends compared to diesel. Emissions like hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and smoke increased with the biofuel blends compared to diesel alone.
Investigation of Pine Oil-Gasoline Blends through Performance and Emission An...IRJET Journal
This document investigates the performance and emissions of a gasoline engine fueled with blends of pine oil and gasoline. Pine oil was extracted from pine trees using water distillation and then blended with gasoline in variations of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% pine oil. The blends were tested in a Tata Nano engine under various load conditions and the results were compared to gasoline alone. It was found that the 20% pine oil blend increased brake thermal efficiency by 1.64% over gasoline alone due to the blend's higher calorific value and lower viscosity improving combustion. Emissions of CO and HC decreased with the 10% pine oil blend while NOx increased slightly.
This document compares the characteristics of crude palm oil (CPO) and waste cooking oil for biodiesel production via transesterification. It discusses how reaction temperature, time, and stirring speed influence the yield. Testing showed higher temperatures increased fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content, with the highest yield at 60°C. Longer reaction times also increased FAME content by allowing more collisions between molecules. An optimal stirring speed of 500 rpm produced the highest FAME content by promoting homogenization, while speeds too high or low reduced yield. Variables of 60°C, 1.5 hours, and 500 rpm produced biodiesel meeting Indonesian and American standards for properties like density and flash point, though CPO
IRJET- Experimental Investigations on CI Diesel Engine with Varied Combustion...IRJET Journal
This document reports on an experimental investigation of a CI diesel engine using neem biodiesel and calcium carbonate nanofluid additive with varied combustion chamber designs. Neem biodiesel was produced from neem oil using transesterification and tested in a single cylinder diesel engine. Calcium carbonate nanofluid was produced and blended with neem biodiesel in two proportions. The engine was tested using diesel, neem biodiesel, and the blended fuels in two combustion chamber designs: hemispherical combustion chamber and shallow depth combustion chamber. Performance parameters like brake power, brake thermal efficiency, and brake specific fuel consumption were evaluated. Exhaust emissions of CO, HC, CO2, O2 and NOx were also recorded
1) The document presents research on operating a diesel engine using blends of tyre pyrolysis oil and diesel. Tyre pyrolysis oil was produced by pyrolyzing waste automobile tires and blending it with diesel in ratios of 10%, 20%, and 30%.
2) Tests found that the brake thermal efficiency of the engine increased with the use of tyre pyrolysis oil blends compared to pure diesel. Emissions of NOx, CO2, and smoke decreased with the tyre pyrolysis oil blends compared to diesel alone.
3) Based on the results, the researcher concluded that a 20% tyre pyrolysis oil and 80% diesel blend performed the best overall, with higher efficiency and lower emissions
A Study On The Performance And Combustion Of A Diesel Engine Fuelled With B...theijes
This paper highlights the performance and combustion of a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine operated on blends of biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil. An additive Diethyl ether (DEE) has been added in three different proportions to B20 blended fuel to study the effect of additive on the performance and combustion of the diesel engine. Our results conclude that the break thermal efficiencies of the diesel engine show an increasing trend with both blended fuels and additive mixed blended fuels, slightly higher than the case of pure diesel fuel.
Effect of Fast Pyrolysis Operating Conditions on Product Yield of Red Meranti...IRJET Journal
1) The document investigates the effect of operating conditions on product yield from fast pyrolysis of red meranti sawdust.
2) It finds that bio-oil yield is maximized at 450°C, a nitrogen flow rate of 25 L/min, and a retention time of 60 minutes for sawdust particles sized 0.3 mm.
3) Temperature has the strongest influence on bio-oil yield, followed by nitrogen flow rate and retention time, while particle size has a negligible effect.
Production and Characterization of Catalytically Cracked Biofuel in DI Diesel...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research analyzing the production and characterization of biofuel made through catalytic cracking of jatropha oil. Jatropha oil was catalytically cracked using zeolite catalyst to produce biofuel. The properties of the biofuel were analyzed and found to be similar to diesel fuel. A diesel engine was tested using the biofuel and its blends. Results showed a slight reduction in brake thermal efficiency for the biofuel blends compared to diesel. Emissions like hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and smoke increased with the biofuel blends compared to diesel alone.
Investigation of Pine Oil-Gasoline Blends through Performance and Emission An...IRJET Journal
This document investigates the performance and emissions of a gasoline engine fueled with blends of pine oil and gasoline. Pine oil was extracted from pine trees using water distillation and then blended with gasoline in variations of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% pine oil. The blends were tested in a Tata Nano engine under various load conditions and the results were compared to gasoline alone. It was found that the 20% pine oil blend increased brake thermal efficiency by 1.64% over gasoline alone due to the blend's higher calorific value and lower viscosity improving combustion. Emissions of CO and HC decreased with the 10% pine oil blend while NOx increased slightly.
This document compares the characteristics of crude palm oil (CPO) and waste cooking oil for biodiesel production via transesterification. It discusses how reaction temperature, time, and stirring speed influence the yield. Testing showed higher temperatures increased fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content, with the highest yield at 60°C. Longer reaction times also increased FAME content by allowing more collisions between molecules. An optimal stirring speed of 500 rpm produced the highest FAME content by promoting homogenization, while speeds too high or low reduced yield. Variables of 60°C, 1.5 hours, and 500 rpm produced biodiesel meeting Indonesian and American standards for properties like density and flash point, though CPO
1. The document discusses using pyrolysis to recycle scrap tires, which produces tyre pyrolysis oil (TPO).
2. Fractional distillation is used to separate TPO into different compositions by temperature, yielding a distillate of 350ml between 200-270°C that is blended with diesel fuel.
3. The remaining high viscosity TPO is useful as a base for manufacturing lubricants, increasing the commercial value of TPO and allowing for better recycling of the 1 billion scrap tires generated annually worldwide.
Experimental investigations of diesel engine using fish oil biodiesel and its...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Experimental investigation and optimization study of combustion chamber geome...IJERD Editor
An experimental investigation and optimization study of various piston geometries was conducted
on Greaves single cylinder direct injection compression ignition engine using straight diesel and blends of rice
bran biodiesel. The three combustion chamber geometries used in this study were Standard toroidal piston
(STP), hemispherical bowl piston (HBP) and Shallow toroidal re-entrant piston (STRP) at compression ratios of
18:1, 19.04:1 and 16.4:1 respectively. Rice bran biodiesel was derived by two step trans-esterification process
with an optimum yield of 86% with molar ratio 1:6, 06% of catalyst (KOH), 90 min reaction time and 65oC
reaction temperature. The performance parameters like brake specific energy consumption, brake thermal
efficiency and the emission parameters like carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen
were analysed in detail. It was noticed that the BSEC of STRP was 12.1% with diesel and 14.02% with B100
biodiesel blend. The brake thermal efficiency was also found to be improved with biodiesel blend with STRP on
comparison with STP and HBP. The carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emission was found to decrease with
STRP geometry were as HBP exhibited negative improvement. NOx emission was also found to increase with
STRP.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation of Engine Characteristics of Diesel Engine ...IRJET Journal
This document reports on an experimental investigation of engine characteristics when operating a diesel engine using blends of neem biodiesel and methanol at different injection pressures. A single cylinder diesel engine was tested using blends containing 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% neem biodiesel, along with blends containing 20% and 40% neem biodiesel with 5% and 10% methanol. The engine was operated at various loads at a constant speed of 1500 rpm and injection pressures of 180 bars and 200 bars. Test results showed that blends containing 40% neem biodiesel with 5% and 10% methanol (B40M5 and B40M10) had the best performance in terms of brake
IRJET- Experimental Investigation of Biodiesel (Caster-RICINUS COMMUNIS) ...IRJET Journal
This document describes an experimental investigation of biodiesel produced from castor seeds (Ricinus communis) and tested in a variable compression ratio diesel engine. The study involved producing biodiesel via transesterification of castor oil with methanol using a base catalyst. Various blends of castor biodiesel and petroleum diesel were tested in a single cylinder diesel engine to analyze performance and emission characteristics compared to pure petroleum diesel. The results provide information on the potential for castor biodiesel to be used as an alternative or additive to petroleum diesel fuel.
This document is an industrial training report submitted by a student at the Research Designs & Standards Organisation in Lucknow, India. It covers the student's training in various labs, including the Lubricants and Tribology lab, Paints and Corrosion Engineering lab, Rubber and Plastic lab, and Composite lab. The report includes sections on lubricants, greases, paints, and tests conducted on these materials. It provides acknowledgements and introduces concepts such as friction, lubrication functions, lubricant classification and properties. Standard tests are described for properties like viscosity, flash point, pour point, and more.
Improving the temperature limit of diesel filterabilityIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study that tested different mixtures of diesel fuel to improve the temperature limit of filterability. Eight diesel mixtures were prepared with varying percentages of light gas oil, heavy gas oil, kerosene and naphtha. The mixtures were tested for flash point, distillation characteristics, and cold filter plugging point (TLF). Only two summer mixtures met standards for distillation and TLF. For winter mixtures, adding the additive "infenium" was needed to meet the TLF standard of -5°C. The best mixture would meet standards while containing maximum heavy gas oil, minimum naphtha and minimum infenium for economic reasons.
Wauquier, j. p._-_petroleum_refining_i_crude_oil_-_petroleum_products_-_proce...Khalid Nawaz
This document provides an overview of topics related to petroleum refining, including: the composition of crude oil and petroleum products; fractionation and analysis of crude oils; characterization of crude oils and fractions; methods for calculating hydrocarbon properties; characteristics of petroleum products for energy and non-energy uses; standards and specifications for products; evaluation of crude oils; refining activities for motor fuels and lubricants; and an introduction to refining processes. It includes appendices on pure component characteristics and standard test methods.
Enhancement in viscosity of diesel by adding vegetable oilIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Performance Evaluation of Al2o3 Nano Fluid with Canola OilIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the performance of a diesel engine fueled with canola oil biodiesel blended with diesel (B15) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanofluid additives. The canola oil was converted to biodiesel through a base-catalyzed transesterification process. The engine was tested with B15 and Al2O3 nanofluid additives ranging from 30-120ppm. Results showed that B15 with 90ppm nanofluid additive achieved the best performance, with a 3.9% reduction in specific fuel consumption and a 3.29% increase in brake thermal efficiency compared to diesel. Emissions of HC, CO, and NOx also improved
Statistical evaluation of vegetable oil as lubricant for aluminium 6063IRJET Journal
The document presents a statistical evaluation of using vegetable oils as lubricants for aluminum 6063. It investigates the performance of different vegetable oils (sunflower oil, soybean oil, palm oil, and peanut oil) compared to straight cutting oil on friction force, wear rate, and pin temperature. An experiment was designed using Taguchi methods with density of oil, RPM, load, and sliding distance as control factors. Analysis of variance was used to determine the impact of each factor on the output parameters. The results found that oils with higher density provided better lubrication at higher loads and RPM, though did not control temperature as well as straight cutting oil. Vegetable oils performed better than straight cutting oil from a lubrication perspective.
Treatment of aged transformer oil using dry sludge in lab-scale refining unitPremier Publishers
Experimental analysis of drinking water treatment sludge revealed that it is enriched with aluminum and silicon oxides which are the most metal oxides used in reclamation of transformer insulating oils. The potential use of inexpensive and available water treatment dry sludge as sorbent material for the removal of acidity, water content and some impurities from aged transformer oil by adsorption methodology was investigated using lab-scale refining unit. Dry sludge was found to improve the electrical and physical properties of aged transformer oils.High improvement of breakdown voltage occurs after using dry sludge reclaimed transformer oil and changed from 15 to 72 kV/ cm. Also some improvements have been achieved such as water content changed from 48 to 9 ppm and total acidity changed from 0.37 to 0.01mg KOH/g of oil.Viscosity, specific gravitywere improved. Also, some undesirable gases in aged oil(more than ten years in service) were removed. Furthermore the use of dry sludge as sorbent material renders the treated oil to some extent like new one. Also Dry sludge is available at any water treatment plant with no costs (waste product). Environmentally, after sludge reclamation process for the used transformer oil, the sludge can be recycled by ignition and used in further treatment processes.
The document discusses oil refinery processes. It begins by outlining the key steps in refining including physical processes like distillation, thermal processes, catalytic processes, and treatment of heavy residues. It then provides more detail on specific physical processes like desalting, distillation including atmospheric and vacuum distillation, propane deasphalting, solvent extraction and dewaxing, and blending.
Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Constant Speed Diesel Engine ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the performance and emissions of a diesel engine fueled with blends of rubber seed oil, jatropha oil, and diesel fuel. Specifically, it tested a 20% blend of rubber seed and jatropha oil with diesel. The tests were conducted on a single cylinder diesel engine at a constant speed of 1500 rpm and injection pressures of 200, 220, and 240 bar. Results showed that the 20% biodiesel blend reduced specific fuel consumption and increased brake thermal efficiency compared to other biodiesel blends. Emissions of CO2, CO, and NOx were also lower with the 20% blend versus other blends. In general, the study found that biodiesel bl
These slides are developed for a part of the undergraduate course in Petroleum Refinery Engineering. The slides are also helpful for Masters level introductory course.
IRJET- Effect of Ethanol Blended with Cottonseed Oil Methyl Ester on Engine P...IRJET Journal
This study investigated the effects of varying injection pressure on the performance and emissions of a diesel engine fueled with a blend of 20% cottonseed oil methyl ester, 10% ethanol, and 70% diesel (B20E10).
The biodiesel blend was produced via transesterification of cottonseed oil to reduce its viscosity. The engine was tested at injection pressures of 200, 220, and 240 bars and its carbon monoxide (CO) and nitric oxide (NOx) emissions as well as brake thermal efficiency were evaluated and compared to neat diesel fuel. The results showed that CO and NOx emissions decreased with the biodiesel blend compared to diesel alone, while hydrocarbon emissions increased gradually. Higher injection pressure
IRJET- Manufacturing of Pongamia Oil based Bio-Lubricant for Machining Applic...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on manufacturing a bio-lubricant from pongamia oil for machining applications. Pongamia oil was chemically modified through epoxidation to increase its lubricating properties. Its flash point and viscosity increased after epoxidation, making it more suitable as a lubricant. Turning experiments were conducted using epoxidized pongamia oil, mineral oil, and no oil. Cutting force and surface roughness were measured and analyzed using Design of Experiments methods to identify optimal machining parameters for minimum force and roughness. Results showed that epoxidized pongamia oil performed comparably to mineral oil and provided an environmentally-friendly alternative for machining
Crimson Publishers-Temperature Assessment and Process Optimization of Alkali ...CrimsonPublishersRDMS
Temperature Assessment and Process Optimization of Alkali Catalyzed Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil Using Microwave Flow System by Hamed Nayebzadeh in Research & Development in Material Science
1. The document analyzes combustion and heat release characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with blends of soybean biodiesel and diesel. Soybean oil was converted to biodiesel via transesterification, producing soybean methyl ester (SOME) biodiesel.
2. Combustion tests were conducted with SOME blends (5%, 10%, 15%) using pistons with different geometries - torodial, shallow torodial, and deep torodial. The shallow torodial piston showed the best combustion characteristics, with up to 6% higher peak cylinder pressure compared to the other pistons.
3. In-cylinder pressure and heat release rate were measured. SOME blends
Iaetsd evaluation of performance and emission characteristics of lhrIaetsd Iaetsd
The document evaluates the performance and emission characteristics of a Low Heat Rejection (LHR) engine fueled with biodiesel. Experiments were conducted on a 5HP single cylinder diesel engine operating at 1500 rpm. The standard engine was converted to an LHR engine by coating the piston crown and cylinder head. Tests were performed using diesel, biodiesel blends (B5-B25), and pure biodiesel. Results show the LHR engine achieved higher brake thermal efficiency and lower brake specific fuel consumption compared to the standard engine. Emissions of CO and HC decreased for the LHR engine while NOx increased with higher biodiesel content due to increased in-cylinder temperatures.
IRJET- Spectrometric Analysis of Lubrication Oils used in Spinning Indust...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes lubricating oils used in spinning industries through spectrometric analysis. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to analyze samples of various oils after different durations of use in machines like carding, RSB/comber, speed frame spindle and ring frame gear and spindle. FTIR identified functional groups and chemical bonds to detect changes in properties from new to used oils. Analysis found some oils had little change while others showed signs of degradation or additional additives in used samples. The study aims to better understand oil degradation and machine wear to improve reliability and maintenance costs.
Experimental Analysis of Fuel Produced from Automotive Waste Lube OilIRJET Journal
This document describes an experimental study that analyzed the performance and emissions of a diesel engine fueled with blends of pyrolysis fuel produced from waste automotive oil and diesel. The pyrolysis fuel was produced through microwave pyrolysis, which thermally cracks waste oil into smaller hydrocarbon chains. Various blends of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 50% pyrolysis fuel with diesel were tested in a single cylinder diesel engine. The results showed that brake thermal efficiency decreased with increasing blend ratios due to higher brake specific fuel consumption. Emissions of NOx and CO increased with pyrolysis fuel blends compared to diesel alone.
1. The document discusses using pyrolysis to recycle scrap tires, which produces tyre pyrolysis oil (TPO).
2. Fractional distillation is used to separate TPO into different compositions by temperature, yielding a distillate of 350ml between 200-270°C that is blended with diesel fuel.
3. The remaining high viscosity TPO is useful as a base for manufacturing lubricants, increasing the commercial value of TPO and allowing for better recycling of the 1 billion scrap tires generated annually worldwide.
Experimental investigations of diesel engine using fish oil biodiesel and its...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Experimental investigation and optimization study of combustion chamber geome...IJERD Editor
An experimental investigation and optimization study of various piston geometries was conducted
on Greaves single cylinder direct injection compression ignition engine using straight diesel and blends of rice
bran biodiesel. The three combustion chamber geometries used in this study were Standard toroidal piston
(STP), hemispherical bowl piston (HBP) and Shallow toroidal re-entrant piston (STRP) at compression ratios of
18:1, 19.04:1 and 16.4:1 respectively. Rice bran biodiesel was derived by two step trans-esterification process
with an optimum yield of 86% with molar ratio 1:6, 06% of catalyst (KOH), 90 min reaction time and 65oC
reaction temperature. The performance parameters like brake specific energy consumption, brake thermal
efficiency and the emission parameters like carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen
were analysed in detail. It was noticed that the BSEC of STRP was 12.1% with diesel and 14.02% with B100
biodiesel blend. The brake thermal efficiency was also found to be improved with biodiesel blend with STRP on
comparison with STP and HBP. The carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emission was found to decrease with
STRP geometry were as HBP exhibited negative improvement. NOx emission was also found to increase with
STRP.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation of Engine Characteristics of Diesel Engine ...IRJET Journal
This document reports on an experimental investigation of engine characteristics when operating a diesel engine using blends of neem biodiesel and methanol at different injection pressures. A single cylinder diesel engine was tested using blends containing 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% neem biodiesel, along with blends containing 20% and 40% neem biodiesel with 5% and 10% methanol. The engine was operated at various loads at a constant speed of 1500 rpm and injection pressures of 180 bars and 200 bars. Test results showed that blends containing 40% neem biodiesel with 5% and 10% methanol (B40M5 and B40M10) had the best performance in terms of brake
IRJET- Experimental Investigation of Biodiesel (Caster-RICINUS COMMUNIS) ...IRJET Journal
This document describes an experimental investigation of biodiesel produced from castor seeds (Ricinus communis) and tested in a variable compression ratio diesel engine. The study involved producing biodiesel via transesterification of castor oil with methanol using a base catalyst. Various blends of castor biodiesel and petroleum diesel were tested in a single cylinder diesel engine to analyze performance and emission characteristics compared to pure petroleum diesel. The results provide information on the potential for castor biodiesel to be used as an alternative or additive to petroleum diesel fuel.
This document is an industrial training report submitted by a student at the Research Designs & Standards Organisation in Lucknow, India. It covers the student's training in various labs, including the Lubricants and Tribology lab, Paints and Corrosion Engineering lab, Rubber and Plastic lab, and Composite lab. The report includes sections on lubricants, greases, paints, and tests conducted on these materials. It provides acknowledgements and introduces concepts such as friction, lubrication functions, lubricant classification and properties. Standard tests are described for properties like viscosity, flash point, pour point, and more.
Improving the temperature limit of diesel filterabilityIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study that tested different mixtures of diesel fuel to improve the temperature limit of filterability. Eight diesel mixtures were prepared with varying percentages of light gas oil, heavy gas oil, kerosene and naphtha. The mixtures were tested for flash point, distillation characteristics, and cold filter plugging point (TLF). Only two summer mixtures met standards for distillation and TLF. For winter mixtures, adding the additive "infenium" was needed to meet the TLF standard of -5°C. The best mixture would meet standards while containing maximum heavy gas oil, minimum naphtha and minimum infenium for economic reasons.
Wauquier, j. p._-_petroleum_refining_i_crude_oil_-_petroleum_products_-_proce...Khalid Nawaz
This document provides an overview of topics related to petroleum refining, including: the composition of crude oil and petroleum products; fractionation and analysis of crude oils; characterization of crude oils and fractions; methods for calculating hydrocarbon properties; characteristics of petroleum products for energy and non-energy uses; standards and specifications for products; evaluation of crude oils; refining activities for motor fuels and lubricants; and an introduction to refining processes. It includes appendices on pure component characteristics and standard test methods.
Enhancement in viscosity of diesel by adding vegetable oilIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Performance Evaluation of Al2o3 Nano Fluid with Canola OilIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the performance of a diesel engine fueled with canola oil biodiesel blended with diesel (B15) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanofluid additives. The canola oil was converted to biodiesel through a base-catalyzed transesterification process. The engine was tested with B15 and Al2O3 nanofluid additives ranging from 30-120ppm. Results showed that B15 with 90ppm nanofluid additive achieved the best performance, with a 3.9% reduction in specific fuel consumption and a 3.29% increase in brake thermal efficiency compared to diesel. Emissions of HC, CO, and NOx also improved
Statistical evaluation of vegetable oil as lubricant for aluminium 6063IRJET Journal
The document presents a statistical evaluation of using vegetable oils as lubricants for aluminum 6063. It investigates the performance of different vegetable oils (sunflower oil, soybean oil, palm oil, and peanut oil) compared to straight cutting oil on friction force, wear rate, and pin temperature. An experiment was designed using Taguchi methods with density of oil, RPM, load, and sliding distance as control factors. Analysis of variance was used to determine the impact of each factor on the output parameters. The results found that oils with higher density provided better lubrication at higher loads and RPM, though did not control temperature as well as straight cutting oil. Vegetable oils performed better than straight cutting oil from a lubrication perspective.
Treatment of aged transformer oil using dry sludge in lab-scale refining unitPremier Publishers
Experimental analysis of drinking water treatment sludge revealed that it is enriched with aluminum and silicon oxides which are the most metal oxides used in reclamation of transformer insulating oils. The potential use of inexpensive and available water treatment dry sludge as sorbent material for the removal of acidity, water content and some impurities from aged transformer oil by adsorption methodology was investigated using lab-scale refining unit. Dry sludge was found to improve the electrical and physical properties of aged transformer oils.High improvement of breakdown voltage occurs after using dry sludge reclaimed transformer oil and changed from 15 to 72 kV/ cm. Also some improvements have been achieved such as water content changed from 48 to 9 ppm and total acidity changed from 0.37 to 0.01mg KOH/g of oil.Viscosity, specific gravitywere improved. Also, some undesirable gases in aged oil(more than ten years in service) were removed. Furthermore the use of dry sludge as sorbent material renders the treated oil to some extent like new one. Also Dry sludge is available at any water treatment plant with no costs (waste product). Environmentally, after sludge reclamation process for the used transformer oil, the sludge can be recycled by ignition and used in further treatment processes.
The document discusses oil refinery processes. It begins by outlining the key steps in refining including physical processes like distillation, thermal processes, catalytic processes, and treatment of heavy residues. It then provides more detail on specific physical processes like desalting, distillation including atmospheric and vacuum distillation, propane deasphalting, solvent extraction and dewaxing, and blending.
Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Constant Speed Diesel Engine ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the performance and emissions of a diesel engine fueled with blends of rubber seed oil, jatropha oil, and diesel fuel. Specifically, it tested a 20% blend of rubber seed and jatropha oil with diesel. The tests were conducted on a single cylinder diesel engine at a constant speed of 1500 rpm and injection pressures of 200, 220, and 240 bar. Results showed that the 20% biodiesel blend reduced specific fuel consumption and increased brake thermal efficiency compared to other biodiesel blends. Emissions of CO2, CO, and NOx were also lower with the 20% blend versus other blends. In general, the study found that biodiesel bl
These slides are developed for a part of the undergraduate course in Petroleum Refinery Engineering. The slides are also helpful for Masters level introductory course.
IRJET- Effect of Ethanol Blended with Cottonseed Oil Methyl Ester on Engine P...IRJET Journal
This study investigated the effects of varying injection pressure on the performance and emissions of a diesel engine fueled with a blend of 20% cottonseed oil methyl ester, 10% ethanol, and 70% diesel (B20E10).
The biodiesel blend was produced via transesterification of cottonseed oil to reduce its viscosity. The engine was tested at injection pressures of 200, 220, and 240 bars and its carbon monoxide (CO) and nitric oxide (NOx) emissions as well as brake thermal efficiency were evaluated and compared to neat diesel fuel. The results showed that CO and NOx emissions decreased with the biodiesel blend compared to diesel alone, while hydrocarbon emissions increased gradually. Higher injection pressure
IRJET- Manufacturing of Pongamia Oil based Bio-Lubricant for Machining Applic...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on manufacturing a bio-lubricant from pongamia oil for machining applications. Pongamia oil was chemically modified through epoxidation to increase its lubricating properties. Its flash point and viscosity increased after epoxidation, making it more suitable as a lubricant. Turning experiments were conducted using epoxidized pongamia oil, mineral oil, and no oil. Cutting force and surface roughness were measured and analyzed using Design of Experiments methods to identify optimal machining parameters for minimum force and roughness. Results showed that epoxidized pongamia oil performed comparably to mineral oil and provided an environmentally-friendly alternative for machining
Crimson Publishers-Temperature Assessment and Process Optimization of Alkali ...CrimsonPublishersRDMS
Temperature Assessment and Process Optimization of Alkali Catalyzed Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil Using Microwave Flow System by Hamed Nayebzadeh in Research & Development in Material Science
1. The document analyzes combustion and heat release characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with blends of soybean biodiesel and diesel. Soybean oil was converted to biodiesel via transesterification, producing soybean methyl ester (SOME) biodiesel.
2. Combustion tests were conducted with SOME blends (5%, 10%, 15%) using pistons with different geometries - torodial, shallow torodial, and deep torodial. The shallow torodial piston showed the best combustion characteristics, with up to 6% higher peak cylinder pressure compared to the other pistons.
3. In-cylinder pressure and heat release rate were measured. SOME blends
Iaetsd evaluation of performance and emission characteristics of lhrIaetsd Iaetsd
The document evaluates the performance and emission characteristics of a Low Heat Rejection (LHR) engine fueled with biodiesel. Experiments were conducted on a 5HP single cylinder diesel engine operating at 1500 rpm. The standard engine was converted to an LHR engine by coating the piston crown and cylinder head. Tests were performed using diesel, biodiesel blends (B5-B25), and pure biodiesel. Results show the LHR engine achieved higher brake thermal efficiency and lower brake specific fuel consumption compared to the standard engine. Emissions of CO and HC decreased for the LHR engine while NOx increased with higher biodiesel content due to increased in-cylinder temperatures.
IRJET- Spectrometric Analysis of Lubrication Oils used in Spinning Indust...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes lubricating oils used in spinning industries through spectrometric analysis. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to analyze samples of various oils after different durations of use in machines like carding, RSB/comber, speed frame spindle and ring frame gear and spindle. FTIR identified functional groups and chemical bonds to detect changes in properties from new to used oils. Analysis found some oils had little change while others showed signs of degradation or additional additives in used samples. The study aims to better understand oil degradation and machine wear to improve reliability and maintenance costs.
Experimental Analysis of Fuel Produced from Automotive Waste Lube OilIRJET Journal
This document describes an experimental study that analyzed the performance and emissions of a diesel engine fueled with blends of pyrolysis fuel produced from waste automotive oil and diesel. The pyrolysis fuel was produced through microwave pyrolysis, which thermally cracks waste oil into smaller hydrocarbon chains. Various blends of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 50% pyrolysis fuel with diesel were tested in a single cylinder diesel engine. The results showed that brake thermal efficiency decreased with increasing blend ratios due to higher brake specific fuel consumption. Emissions of NOx and CO increased with pyrolysis fuel blends compared to diesel alone.
Pressure Distribution and Load Carrying Capacity of Journal Bearing by using ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study that compares the pressure distribution and load carrying capacity of a journal bearing when using different lubricants, including a jatropha bio-oil. The study finds that the jatropha bio-oil has higher viscosity than the synthetic 20W40 oil and turbine oil tested. Testing of the journal bearing setup found that the bio-oil was able to operate at higher loads and speeds compared to the other oils, with maximum pressures of 1420 psi at 1500 rpm for a 600 N load and 1369 psi at 2000 rpm for a 600 N load. The results suggest that jatropha bio-oil improves the load carrying capacity of journal bearings over petroleum-based oils.
Determination of physico chemical properties of castor biodiesel a potentialIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study that determined the physicochemical properties of castor biodiesel as a potential alternative to conventional diesel. Castor oil was extracted from seeds using solvent extraction. The oil was then transesterified to produce fatty acid methyl esters (biodiesel) using methanol and a base catalyst. Physicochemical properties of the castor oil and biodiesel were analyzed and found to exhibit properties suitable for biodiesel, with improved properties compared to the original oil. Thermal stability tests also showed satisfactory results, indicating castor biodiesel's potential as an alternative fuel.
Project thesis Refining of used motor oil using Solvent ExtractionSyed Waqas Haider
It is thesis of my final year project at the completion of my BE Chemical Engineering Degree
Project Title: Refining Of Used Motor Oil
Technique Used: Solvent Extraction technique was used for refining
Analytical Method: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR)
Characterization on Gasoline Engine Using MTBE and DIE AdditivesIRJET Journal
This document describes a study that tested the effects of adding two oxygenated fuel additives, methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and di-isopropyl ether (DIE), to gasoline in a twin cylinder spark ignition engine. The additives were each blended at 5 ml with gasoline. Test results showed that both MTBE and DIE increased brake thermal efficiency by 1-2% and reduced hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions by 7-9% and 13-25% respectively, while also increasing oxides of nitrogen emissions. The physical and chemical properties of the gasoline and additive blends were analyzed to understand their combustion characteristics.
IRJET-Performance of Bio Oil on Journal Bearing Instead of Synthetic OilIRJET Journal
1) The document compares the performance of jatropha bio-oil to synthetic oils like 20W40 and Turbinol XT46 as a lubricant in journal bearings.
2) Tests found that jatropha bio-oil had higher maximum pressure, load carrying capacity, and pressure distribution compared to the synthetic oils when used as a lubricant in journal bearings.
3) Jatropha bio-oil therefore shows potential as an environmentally-friendly alternative lubricant that can improve the performance of journal bearings over conventional synthetic oils.
Determination of machine condition by oil analysis Done By Raymon CharlyRaymon Charly
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on machine condition monitoring through oil analysis. It discusses various techniques for analyzing lubrication oil samples such as FTIR spectroscopy, ferrography, particle counting, and online debris monitoring. These analysis methods examine properties of the oil like viscosity and acidity, as well as contamination levels and concentrations of wear metals. The results can provide insights into equipment health and identify failure risks to enable preventative maintenance.
Study of Lubricating Oil Deterioration Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spect...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study on analyzing the deterioration of lubricating oil using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Samples of lubricating oil were collected from a generator set at different time intervals and their kinematic viscosity was measured. FTIR analysis was performed to obtain the percentage transmittance values. A correlation was found between viscosity and transmittance, with the highest correlation for a peak indicating sulfonate compound formation. An equation was developed relating oil viscosity in mm2/s to the transmittance percentage at 1373 cm-1 wavenumber. The study concluded FTIR can efficiently analyze oil deterioration and predict viscosity from spectral data.
This document evaluates the thermooxidation stabilities of additive-free base oils used in two commercially available grades of automotive crankcase oil (SAE-28W50 and SAE-10W40). The base oils were obtained by stripping the commercial oils of their additive components. The base oils were then thermally oxidized using a modified Turbine Oil Oxidation Test apparatus at increasing temperatures up to 380°C. The stabilities were evaluated based on parameters like Total Acid Number and Total Oxidation Products. Results showed that the synthetic base oil (SAE-10W40) was the least stable, followed by the blended base oil, while the mineral base oil (SAE-28
IRJET- Design and Development of Engine with Ejector for Mixing Nano Air-...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that designed and developed a diesel engine with an ejector to mix nano air-bubbles into the fuel. The study found that mixing nano air-bubbles into diesel fuel reduced fuel consumption and exhaust emissions. Specifically, it reduced brake specific fuel consumption, increased charging efficiency, and slightly reduced exhaust smoke density. These effects occurred because the nano air-bubbles promoted and activated combustion through physical and chemical processes. The study used an in-line ejector-type mixer to continually inject nano air-bubbles into the fuel line. It then tested engine performance and found the above benefits.
IRJET- An Experimental Effect of ZnO Nanoparticles in SAE 20W50 OilIRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study on the effect of adding ZnO nanoparticles to SAE 20W50 engine oil on the oil's viscosity. Samples were prepared with ZnO nanoparticle concentrations of 0.125-1.5% mixed into the base oil. The viscosity of the nanofluid samples was measured at temperatures from 30-50°C using a Saybolt viscometer. Results showed that the viscosity of the nanofluid increased by 30-37% compared to the base oil, with higher viscosities at higher nanoparticle concentrations. This suggests ZnO nanoparticles have the potential to improve engine lubrication performance by increasing oil viscosity.
Waste Automotive Oil as Alternative Fuel for IC EngineIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on converting waste automotive engine oil into fuels through various pyrolysis processes. It first provides background on waste automotive oil and pyrolysis. It then describes several specific pyrolysis methods studied by researchers: pyrolitic distillation, catalytic pyrolysis using zeolite or alumina catalysts, and microwave pyrolysis. Several studies are highlighted that analyzed the properties and performance of fuels derived from these pyrolysis processes, such as a diesel-like fuel and gasoline-like fuel. In general, the pyrolysis-derived fuels were found to have properties similar to conventional fuels and to perform well in engines. The document concludes that pyrolysis represents a promising approach for converting waste oil into valuable fuels and feedstocks
Experimental Study on the use of Neem Oil as Lubricant in IC EngineIRJET Journal
This study experimentally tested neem oil as a bio-lubricant additive blended with conventional engine oil. Neem oil was blended at concentrations of 10%, 15%, and 20% and tested for properties like density, flash point, fire point, and viscosity. Testing found that the bio-lubricant blends had improved high-temperature properties over base oil alone. A wear test also showed the bio-lubricant blends had lower wear rates than the base oil. Finally, the study tested the bio-lubricant blends on an engine and found they did not negatively impact performance or increase emissions compared to base oil alone.
The document summarizes key aspects of oil analysis that can be used to detect oil degradation in gas engines. It discusses several techniques including measuring kinematic viscosity, viscosity index, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, total base number, total acid number, and initial pH. These metrics provide information about oxidation, nitration, additive depletion, and corrosion protection. Regular oil analysis is important for gas engines using fuels like biogas that can vary in quality, to assess oil condition and determine optimal drain intervals.
Effect of CuO nanoparticles on Tribological Properties of Lubricating OilIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the effect of adding copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles to lubricating oil. It finds that CuO nanoparticles can significantly improve the tribological and thermophysical properties of base oils. Specifically:
1) CuO nanoparticles reduce wear and friction in lubricating oils, with studies finding reductions in wear of up to 48% and reductions in coefficient of friction of up to 69%.
2) They also increase the thermal conductivity and viscosity of base oils, improving their ability to dissipate heat. Viscosity was found to increase by up to three times with the addition of CuO nanoparticles.
3) The mechanisms for these improvements involve CuO nanoparticles forming protective surface films and polishing
Design and development of pyrolysis batch reactor and characterization of tir...eSAT Journals
Abstract Owing to the increased fuel crises and rapid growth of transportation sector, it is very much necessary to identify and alternative to petroleum feed stocks. On the other hand disposal of solid waste material raises the hazard of environmental pollution. In order to bridge these gaps, a pyrolysis batch reactor was designed and fabricated in the present investigation with an overall dimension of 400 X 200 X 458 cm and handling capacity of 10 kgs per cycle. The yield of TPO was optimized with reaction temperature to produce high quantity of gaseous outputs. Elemental analysis, Gas chromatography Mass spectrometry analysis and Fourier transform infrared analysis were carried out and found that limonene was the major compound in the TPO. The FT IR analysis also revealed the presence of aliphatic and aromatic compounds in the TPO. The physio-chemical properties of TPO were determined using Indian standard 1448 standards and were found to usable in internal combustion engine as treated TPO and blends of TPO with straight diesel. Keywords: Pyrolysis, Elemental analysis, Limonene, Calorific value, Sulphur.
Experimental Studies on Fuel Filter Coated with Nanoparticles on the Exhaust ...IRJET Journal
1. The study examines coating fuel filters with cerium oxide nanoparticles to improve filtration performance and reduce vehicle exhaust emissions.
2. Tests found the nanoparticle coated fuel filter reduced CO emissions by 51.57%, CO2 by 30.66%, and HC by 36.9% in a petrol engine, and reduced HSU% by 32.8% in a diesel engine.
3. The results indicate coating fuel filters with cerium oxide nanoparticles can enhance filter performance and reduce air pollution from vehicle exhaust.
Synthesis of Biolubricants from Non Edible OilsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on synthesizing biolubricants from non-edible oils like mahua and karanja oils. The researchers first characterized the chemical and physical properties of the crude oils. They then converted the oils into biodiesel via esterification and transesterification reactions. The biodiesels were further processed via a trimethylolpropane route to produce di-esters and tri-esters, known as biolubricants. The properties of the resulting mahua and karanja biolubricants were analyzed and found to compare favorably to standard engine oil properties. The researchers concluded that biolubricants can successfully be produced from abundant non-
IRJET- Engine Oil Color Monitoring SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes a system to monitor engine oil condition using a turbidity sensor and microcontroller. The system takes oil samples at intervals of 2000km and 3000km from a vehicle. A turbidity sensor measures the sample's turbidity and a microcontroller controls LEDs to indicate the oil condition - green for fresh, blue for medium usage, and red for heavily used. The system aims to help owners change oil only when fully used to avoid unnecessary changes. It was developed by engineering students and described turbidity sensing and microcontroller components used to monitor engine oil degradation over mileage.
Similar to Improving the Viscosity Index of used Lubricating Oil by Solvent Extraction (20)
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the Sungal Tunnel project in Jammu and Kashmir, India, which is being constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM).
2) NATM involves continuous monitoring during construction to adapt to changing ground conditions, and makes extensive use of shotcrete for temporary tunnel support.
3) The methodology section outlines the systematic geotechnical design process for tunnels according to Austrian guidelines, and describes the various steps of NATM tunnel construction including initial and secondary tunnel support.
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTUREIRJET Journal
This study examines the effect of response reduction factors (R factors) on reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures through nonlinear dynamic analysis. Three RC frame models with varying heights (4, 8, and 12 stories) were analyzed in ETABS software under different R factors ranging from 1 to 5. The results showed that displacement increased as the R factor decreased, indicating less linear behavior for lower R factors. Drift also decreased proportionally with increasing R factors from 1 to 5. Shear forces in the frames decreased with higher R factors. In general, R factors of 3 to 5 produced more satisfactory performance with less displacement and drift. The displacement variations between different building heights were consistent at different R factors. This study evaluated how R factors influence
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RCC ELEMENT OF SLAB WITH STARK STEEL (HYSD STEEL) A...IRJET Journal
This study compares the use of Stark Steel and TMT Steel as reinforcement materials in a two-way reinforced concrete slab. Mechanical testing is conducted to determine the tensile strength, yield strength, and other properties of each material. A two-way slab design adhering to codes and standards is executed with both materials. The performance is analyzed in terms of deflection, stability under loads, and displacement. Cost analyses accounting for material, durability, maintenance, and life cycle costs are also conducted. The findings provide insights into the economic and structural implications of each material for reinforcement selection and recommendations on the most suitable material based on the analysis.
Effect of Camber and Angles of Attack on Airfoil CharacteristicsIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study analyzing the effect of camber, position of camber, and angle of attack on the aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils. Sixteen modified asymmetric NACA airfoils were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) by varying the camber, camber position, and angle of attack. The results showed the relationship between these parameters and the lift coefficient, drag coefficient, and lift to drag ratio. This provides insight into how changes in airfoil geometry impact aerodynamic performance.
A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the progress and challenges of aluminum-based metal matrix composites (MMCs), focusing on their fabrication processes and applications. It discusses how various aluminum MMCs have been developed using reinforcements like borides, carbides, oxides, and nitrides to improve mechanical and wear properties. These composites have gained prominence for their lightweight, high-strength and corrosion resistance properties. The document also examines recent advancements in fabrication techniques for aluminum MMCs and their growing applications in industries such as aerospace and automotive. However, it notes that challenges remain around issues like improper mixing of reinforcements and reducing reinforcement agglomeration.
Dynamic Urban Transit Optimization: A Graph Neural Network Approach for Real-...IRJET Journal
This document discusses research on using graph neural networks (GNNs) for dynamic optimization of public transportation networks in real-time. GNNs represent transit networks as graphs with nodes as stops and edges as connections. The GNN model aims to optimize networks using real-time data on vehicle locations, arrival times, and passenger loads. This helps increase mobility, decrease traffic, and improve efficiency. The system continuously trains and infers to adapt to changing transit conditions, providing decision support tools. While research has focused on performance, more work is needed on security, socio-economic impacts, contextual generalization of models, continuous learning approaches, and effective real-time visualization.
Structural Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey Symmetric and Asymmetric Shape...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research project that aims to compare the structural performance of conventional slab and grid slab systems in multi-story buildings using ETABS software. The study will analyze both symmetric and asymmetric building models under various loading conditions. Parameters like deflections, moments, shears, and stresses will be examined to evaluate the structural effectiveness of each slab type. The results will provide insights into the comparative behavior of conventional and grid slabs to help engineers and architects select appropriate slab systems based on building layouts and design requirements.
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes and reviews a research paper on the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) structures with plan and vertical irregularities, with and without infill walls. It discusses how infill walls can improve or reduce the seismic performance of RC buildings, depending on factors like wall layout, height distribution, connection to the frame, and relative stiffness of walls and frames. The reviewed research paper analyzes the behavior of infill walls, effects of vertical irregularities, and seismic performance of high-rise structures under linear static and dynamic analysis. It studies response characteristics like story drift, deflection and shear. The document also provides literature on similar research investigating the effects of infill walls, soft stories, plan irregularities, and different
This document provides a review of machine learning techniques used in Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). It begins with an abstract that summarizes key applications of machine learning in ADAS, including object detection, recognition, and decision-making. The introduction discusses the integration of machine learning in ADAS and how it is transforming vehicle safety. The literature review then examines several research papers on topics like lightweight deep learning models for object detection and lane detection models using image processing. It concludes by discussing challenges and opportunities in the field, such as improving algorithm robustness and adaptability.
Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes temperature and precipitation trends in Asosa District, Benishangul Gumuz Region, Ethiopia from 1993 to 2022 based on data from the local meteorological station. The results show:
1) The average maximum and minimum annual temperatures have generally decreased over time, with maximum temperatures decreasing by a factor of -0.0341 and minimum by -0.0152.
2) Mann-Kendall tests found the decreasing temperature trends to be statistically significant for annual maximum temperatures but not for annual minimum temperatures.
3) Annual precipitation in Asosa District showed a statistically significant increasing trend.
The conclusions recommend development planners account for rising summer precipitation and declining temperatures in
P.E.B. Framed Structure Design and Analysis Using STAAD ProIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and analysis of pre-engineered building (PEB) framed structures using STAAD Pro software. It provides an overview of PEBs, including that they are designed off-site with building trusses and beams produced in a factory. STAAD Pro is identified as a key tool for modeling, analyzing, and designing PEBs to ensure their performance and safety under various load scenarios. The document outlines modeling structural parts in STAAD Pro, evaluating structural reactions, assigning loads, and following international design codes and standards. In summary, STAAD Pro is used to design and analyze PEB framed structures to ensure safety and code compliance.
A Review on Innovative Fiber Integration for Enhanced Reinforcement of Concre...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on innovative fiber integration methods for reinforcing concrete structures. It discusses studies that have explored using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites with recycled plastic aggregates to develop more sustainable strengthening techniques. It also examines using ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete to improve shear strength in beams. Additional topics covered include the dynamic responses of FRP-strengthened beams under static and impact loads, and the performance of preloaded CFRP-strengthened fiber reinforced concrete beams. The review highlights the potential of fiber composites to enable more sustainable and resilient construction practices.
Survey Paper on Cloud-Based Secured Healthcare SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a survey on securing patient healthcare data in cloud-based systems. It discusses using technologies like facial recognition, smart cards, and cloud computing combined with strong encryption to securely store patient data. The survey found that healthcare professionals believe digitizing patient records and storing them in a centralized cloud system would improve access during emergencies and enable more efficient care compared to paper-based systems. However, ensuring privacy and security of patient data is paramount as healthcare incorporates these digital technologies.
Review on studies and research on widening of existing concrete bridgesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes several studies that have been conducted on widening existing concrete bridges. It describes a study from China that examined load distribution factors for a bridge widened with composite steel-concrete girders. It also outlines challenges and solutions for widening a bridge in the UAE, including replacing bearings and stitching the new and existing structures. Additionally, it discusses two bridge widening projects in New Zealand that involved adding precast beams and stitching to connect structures. Finally, safety measures and challenges for strengthening a historic bridge in Switzerland under live traffic are presented.
React based fullstack edtech web applicationIRJET Journal
The document describes the architecture of an educational technology web application built using the MERN stack. It discusses the frontend developed with ReactJS, backend with NodeJS and ExpressJS, and MongoDB database. The frontend provides dynamic user interfaces, while the backend offers APIs for authentication, course management, and other functions. MongoDB enables flexible data storage. The architecture aims to provide a scalable, responsive platform for online learning.
A Comprehensive Review of Integrating IoT and Blockchain Technologies in the ...IRJET Journal
This paper proposes integrating Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technologies to help implement objectives of India's National Education Policy (NEP) in the education sector. The paper discusses how blockchain could be used for secure student data management, credential verification, and decentralized learning platforms. IoT devices could create smart classrooms, automate attendance tracking, and enable real-time monitoring. Blockchain would ensure integrity of exam processes and resource allocation, while smart contracts automate agreements. The paper argues this integration has potential to revolutionize education by making it more secure, transparent and efficient, in alignment with NEP goals. However, challenges like infrastructure needs, data privacy, and collaborative efforts are also discussed.
A REVIEW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COCONUT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE.IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on the performance of coconut fibre reinforced concrete. It summarizes several studies that tested different volume fractions and lengths of coconut fibres in concrete mixtures with varying compressive strengths. The studies found that coconut fibre improved properties like tensile strength, toughness, crack resistance, and spalling resistance compared to plain concrete. Volume fractions of 2-5% and fibre lengths of 20-50mm produced the best results. The document concludes that using a 4-5% volume fraction of coconut fibres 30-40mm in length with M30-M60 grade concrete would provide benefits based on previous research.
Optimizing Business Management Process Workflows: The Dynamic Influence of Mi...IRJET Journal
The document discusses optimizing business management processes through automation using Microsoft Power Automate and artificial intelligence. It provides an overview of Power Automate's key components and features for automating workflows across various apps and services. The document then presents several scenarios applying automation solutions to common business processes like data entry, monitoring, HR, finance, customer support, and more. It estimates the potential time and cost savings from implementing automation for each scenario. Finally, the conclusion emphasizes the transformative impact of AI and automation tools on business processes and the need for ongoing optimization.
Multistoried and Multi Bay Steel Building Frame by using Seismic DesignIRJET Journal
The document describes the seismic design of a G+5 steel building frame located in Roorkee, India according to Indian codes IS 1893-2002 and IS 800. The frame was analyzed using the equivalent static load method and response spectrum method, and its response in terms of displacements and shear forces were compared. Based on the analysis, the frame was designed as a seismic-resistant steel structure according to IS 800:2007. The software STAAD Pro was used for the analysis and design.
Cost Optimization of Construction Using Plastic Waste as a Sustainable Constr...IRJET Journal
This research paper explores using plastic waste as a sustainable and cost-effective construction material. The study focuses on manufacturing pavers and bricks using recycled plastic and partially replacing concrete with plastic alternatives. Initial results found that pavers and bricks made from recycled plastic demonstrate comparable strength and durability to traditional materials while providing environmental and cost benefits. Additionally, preliminary research indicates incorporating plastic waste as a partial concrete replacement significantly reduces construction costs without compromising structural integrity. The outcomes suggest adopting plastic waste in construction can address plastic pollution while optimizing costs, promoting more sustainable building practices.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
UNLOCKING HEALTHCARE 4.0: NAVIGATING CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS FOR EFFECTIVE I...amsjournal
The Fourth Industrial Revolution is transforming industries, including healthcare, by integrating digital,
physical, and biological technologies. This study examines the integration of 4.0 technologies into
healthcare, identifying success factors and challenges through interviews with 70 stakeholders from 33
countries. Healthcare is evolving significantly, with varied objectives across nations aiming to improve
population health. The study explores stakeholders' perceptions on critical success factors, identifying
challenges such as insufficiently trained personnel, organizational silos, and structural barriers to data
exchange. Facilitators for integration include cost reduction initiatives and interoperability policies.
Technologies like IoT, Big Data, AI, Machine Learning, and robotics enhance diagnostics, treatment
precision, and real-time monitoring, reducing errors and optimizing resource utilization. Automation
improves employee satisfaction and patient care, while Blockchain and telemedicine drive cost reductions.
Successful integration requires skilled professionals and supportive policies, promising efficient resource
use, lower error rates, and accelerated processes, leading to optimized global healthcare outcomes.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.